地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32对硝酸盐的同化及其硝酸还原酶特性

对地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32菌株的研究发现,像植物及真菌硝酸还原酶一样,地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32硝酸还原酶也是诱导酶,其合成受铵盐阻遏,受硝酸盐的诱导。氯霉素抑制实验的结果表明,该菌株硝酸还原酶的诱导涉及到蛋白质的新合成。钼和钨的竞争实验说明U-32菌株硝酸还原酶也为一钼酶。另外在离体实验中,发现硝酸还原酶活力受到KCN和NADH的抑制,但至今未能找到其生理电子供体。此外,U-32菌株硝酸还原酶也不表现类似于植物的黄递酶等组份酶活性。该菌株硝酸还原酶和其力复霉素产量有一定相关性,但两者确切的关系尚待研究。     

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32硝酸还原酶的基因克隆

Southern杂交分析表明在地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32染色体DNA和黑曲霉niaD(硝酸还原酶基因)之间存在着明显的同源性。利用异源niaD探针从地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32基因文库中筛选得到一个能与niaD杂交的5.0kb的PstⅠ片段。该片段经同位素标记后能与地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32染色体上一个相同的PstⅠ片段杂交,位于这一片段上的2.1kb SmaⅠ-EcoR Ⅴ片段只能与以硝酸盐为唯一氮源的总RNA杂交,而不能与相同条件下以铵盐为唯一氮源的总RNA杂交,这些结果表明,所克隆到的5.0kb PstⅠDNA片段含有地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32的硝酸还原酶基因。这是好氧细菌硝酸还原酶基因克隆的首次报道。由该酶蛋白分子量推测,其结构基因大小在1.5kb左右,进一步的杂交分析发现在5.0kb的PstⅠ片段中含有完整的NR基因。用20种限制酶对重组质粒pJL1进行了限制酶酶谱的构建,发现有10种酶在pJL1外源片段上无切点,6种酶为单切点,EcoRⅠ与SmaⅠ各有两个切点。     

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32硝酸还原酶的基因克隆

outhern杂交分析表明在地中海拟无枝菌酸菌u－32染色体DNA和黑曲霉niaD(硝酸还原酶基因)之间存在着明显的同源性。利用异源niaD探针从地中海拟无枝菌酸菌u－32基因文库中筛选得到一个能与niaD杂交的5.0kb的Pst Ⅰ片段。该片段经同位素标记后能与地中海拟无枝菌酸菌u－32染色体上一个相同的Pst Ⅰ片段杂交,位于这一片段上的2．1kb sma Ⅰ—EcoR Ⅴ片段只能与以硝酸盐为唯一氮源的总RNA杂交,而不能与相同条件下以铵盐为唯一氮源的总RNA杂交,这些结果表明,所克隆到的5,0kb Pst Ⅰ DNA片段含有地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-3z的硝酸还原酶基因。这是好氧细菌硝酸还原酶基因克隆的首次报道。由该酶蛋白分子量推测,其结构基因大小在1．5kb左右,进一步的杂交分析发现在5．0kb的Pstl片段中含有完整的NR基因。用20种限制酶对重组质粒pJLl进行了限制酶酶谱的构建。发现有10种酶在pJLl外源片段上无切点,6种酶为单切点,EcoR Ⅰ与Sma Ⅰ各有两个切点。     

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌(Amycolatopsis mediteranei)U-32硝酸还原酶的定位、纯化及性质

在力复霉素ＳＶ研究中,发现硝酸盐对抗生素合成呈现多效性作用,不仅大幅度提高产量,还对产生菌——地中海拟无枝菌酸菌生理产生多方面的影响,从而提出整体性调节的结论．这一多效性作用是由硝酸盐所引起的,为此对硝酸还原酶进行了研究．首先,通过原生质体渗透裂解发现地中海拟无枝菌酸菌Ｕ－３２的硝酸还原酶是一个胞质酶．该酶极不稳定,缓冲液中加入硝酸钾、甘油等保护剂能极大地提高其稳定性．通过硫酸鱼精蛋白沉淀,硫酸铵分级分离,Ｐｈｅｎｙｌ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ４Ｂ、Ｂｉｏ－ＧｅｌＡ１．５ｍＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｃｅｌ和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５柱层析等多步纯化得到了电泳纯的硝酸还原酶．该酶为一７９ｋＤ的单亚基酶,每分子酶含有约２．２９原子的钼,但并不含有非血红素铁、酸不稳定硫、ＦＭＮ及ＦＡＤ,其等电点为６．２,反应最适ｐＨ为７．２,最适温度为４０℃．对硝酸根的Ｋｍ值为１３．３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ．同时分析了该酶的吸收光谱．     

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32染色体特性的脉冲场电泳分析

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌(Amycolatopsis mediterranei)U32是产力复霉素SV的工业生产菌株。采用脉冲场电泳分析发现,地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32仅有一条约10 Mb的线性染色体, 没有内源性质粒。利用Southern杂交法,对11个编码力复霉素生物合成、相关初级、次级代谢关键酶以及调控蛋白的基因,在U32染色体DNA的PshBI酶切片段上进行了定位。分析发现在一条长度约700kb的PshBI酶切片段上,分别存在着力复霉素合成基因簇(rif)、氮代谢的亚硝酸还原酶小亚基基因(nasD)、衔接初级与次级代谢的甲基丙二酰变位酶基因(mcm)、脂肪酸代谢的乙酰辅酶A羧化酶生物素载体蛋白基因(accA)以及一套核糖体RNA转录单元。同时还发现U32至少有5套核糖体RNA转录单元。其余定位的基因均只出现单一杂交信号。     

力复霉素产生菌地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32丙氨酸脱氢酶基因克隆及表达

丙氨酸脱氢酶(EC1411)可逆催化丙氨酸脱氨生成丙酮酸和NADH。它是生物体内的氨基酸代谢和氨同化途径的关键酶。在地中海拟无枝菌酸菌(Amycolatopsis mediterranei)U32中,丙氨酸脱氢酶的活力与力复霉素的生物合成有负相关现象,其活力受KNO3全局效应的调控。根据结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)和天蓝链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)的丙氨酸脱氢酶氨基酸的保守序列和地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32对氨基酸密码子的使用偏好,设计一对简并PCR引物。以此引物从地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32中扩增到一555bp的片段,并以此片段为探针从地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32 基因组cosmid文库中成功的克隆到了丙氨酸脱氢酶结构基因(ald)。它编码了一个371个氨基酸的蛋白质,基因的GC含量为72.5％,符合链霉菌的基因结构特征。在起始密码子的上游6个碱基处,有一典型的链霉菌核糖体结合位点(RBS)：AGGAGG,第75位的氨基酸为赖氨酸,是丙酮酸结合位点。以pET28b为载体,在E.coli BL21(DE3)中高效表达了ald基因。用IPTG在22℃时诱导得到的丙氨酸脱氢酶活力最高。用HisTag柱纯化了表达的丙氨酸脱氢酶。酶学性质研究表明该酶专一性以LAla和NAD(H)为底物。     

利用同源重组建立地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32染色体的基因置换/中断系统

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32是力复霉素SV的工业产生菌,其遗传操作一直是一个难题。在该菌株DNA高效电转化的基础上,利用同源重组的原理,建立了地中海拟无枝菌酸菌染色体的基因置换/中断系统。通过大肠杆菌重组质粒pDK110构建、转化及两步重组筛选,成功地用α淀粉酶基因（amy）取代了地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32染色体上的3-氨基-5-羟基苯甲酸合成酶基因（ahbas）。第一步单交换和第二步双交换的频率分别是0.5%～0.7% 和 2%。将质粒pDK110变性后转化可显著提高重组频率,在第二步筛选双交换前对单交换重组子进行电击也能够提高其双交换重组的频率。此外,通过转化构建的两端带同源区段的线性DNA片段及一步重组筛选,我们在地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32染色体的amrD,rifO基因中间插入了阿普拉霉素抗性基因（apr）,其效率约为30～50转化子/μgDNA。     

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U—32的3—氨基5—羟基苯甲酸合成酶（AHBAS）？…

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌Ｕ－３２是一种临床上重要的抗生素－力复霉素ＳＶ的产生菌,研究表明,在地中海拟无枝菌酸菌的力复霉素生物合成过程中,３－氨基５－羟基苯甲酸合成酶（ＡＨＢＡＳ）是合成中间体Ｃ７Ｎ母核（又称ＡＨＢＡ）的关键酶。通过筛以广宿主粘粒ｐＬＡＦＲ３为载体构建的地中海拟无枝菌酸菌Ｕ－３２的基因文库,获得６个阳性克隆子。将含有ＡＨＢＡＳ基因的约２．５ｋｂ的片段克隆到ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔⅡＳＫ和ＫＳ     

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U-32的3-氨基5-羟基苯甲酸合成酶(AHBAS)基因的克隆与序列分析

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌（Ａｍｙｃｏｌａｔｏｐｓｉｓｍｅｄｉｔｅｒｒａｎｅｉ）Ｕ３２是一种临床上重要的抗生素———力复霉素ＳＶ的产生菌。研究表明,在地中海拟无枝菌酸菌的力复霉素生物合成过程中,３氨基５羟基苯甲酸合成酶（ＡＨＢＡＳ）是合成中间体Ｃ７Ｎ母核（又称ＡＨＢＡ）的关键酶。通过筛选以广宿主粘粒（Ｃｏｓｍｉｄ）ｐＬＡＦＲ３为载体构建的地中海拟无枝菌酸菌Ｕ３２的基因文库,获得６个阳性克隆子。将含有ＡＨＢＡＳ基因的约２５ｋｂ的片段克隆到ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔⅡＳＫ和ＫＳ上,进行酶谱分析得到其在染色体上的初步定位。序列测定表明地中海拟无枝菌酸菌Ｕ３２中的ＡＨＢＡ合成酶基因,由１１６７ｂｐ组成,起始密码子为ＡＴＧ,终止密码子为ＴＧＡ,共编码３８８个氨基酸,所克隆到的ＡＨＢＡ合成酶基因在大肠杆菌的启动子控制下获得诱导表达,蛋白分子量约为４３ｋＤ。     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY AND RATES OF GROWTH AND NITRATE INCORPORATION UNDER STEADY-STATE LIGHT OR NITRATE LIMITATION IN THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1

Although activity of the enzyme nitrate reductase (NR) can potentially be used to predict the rate of nitrate incorporation in field assemblages of marine phytoplankton, application of this index has met with little success because the relationship between the two rates is not well established under steady-state conditions. To provide a basis for using NR activity measurements, the relationships among NR activity, growth rate, cell composition, and nitrate incorporation rate were examined in cultures of Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt)Hasle and Heimdal, growing a) under steady-state light limitation, b) during transitions between low and high irradiance (15 or 90 μmol quanta.m^?2.s^?1), and c) under steady-state nitrate limitation. Using a modified assay for NR involving additions of bovine serum albumin to stabilize enzyme activity, NR activity in light-limited cultures was positively and quantitatively related to calculated rates of nitrate incorporation, even in cultures that were apparently starved of selenium. During transitions in irradiance, growth rates acclimated to new conditions within 1 day; through the transition, the relationship between NR activity and nitrate incorporation rate remained quantitative. In nitrate-limited chemostat cultures, NR activity was positively correlated with growth rate and with nitrate incorporation rates, but the relationship was not quantitative. NR activity exceeded nitrate incorporation rates at lower growth rates (<25% of nutrient-replete growth rates), but chemostats operating at such low dilution rates may not represent ecologically relevant conditions for marine diatoms. The strong relationship between NR activity and nitrate incorporation provides support for the idea that NR is rate-limiting for nitrate incorporation or is closely coupled to the rate-limiting step. In an effort to determine a suitable variable for scaling NR activity, relationships between different cell components and growth rate were examined. These relationships differed depending on the limiting factor. For example, under light limitation, cell volume and cell carbon content increased significantly with increased growth rate, while under nitrate limitation cell volume and carbon content decreased as growth rates increased. Despite the differences found between cell composition and growth rate under light and nitrate limitation, the relationships between NR activity scaled to different compositional variables and growth rate did not differ between the limitations. In field situations where cell numbers are not easily determined, scaling NR activity to particulate nitrogen content may be the best alternative. These results establish a strong basis for pursuing NR activity measurements as indices of nitrate incorporation in the field.     

MoeA,an enzyme in the molybdopterin synthesis pathway,is required for rifamycin SV production in Amycolatopsis mediterranei U32

Rifamycin SV contains one amide nitrogen atom at its C(7)N moiety. Earlier labeling studies suggested that nitrogen might be incorporated from a pathway involved in a molybdenum-dependent nitrate reductase. However, no genetic evidence is available thus far. The structural gene moeA, which is involved in molybdopterin synthesis in various organisms, has been cloned from rifamycin SV-producing Amycolatopsis mediterranei strain U32. The amino acid sequence deduced from the moeA gene showed significant similarity to members of the MoeA protein family and contains all the structural features that are highly conserved in the putative functional domains of MoeA proteins. Southern hybridization showed that there is only one moeA gene in the A. mediterranei genome. To further investigate the possible physiological function of the moeA gene, a double crossover gene replacement was achieved by inserting an aparmycin resistance gene into moeA in the A. mediterranei U32 chromosome. Phenotype analysis showed that the moeA gene is required for A. mediterranei growth in a minimal medium with nitrate as sole nitrogen source, possibly because nitrate reductase activity is diminished due to disruption of the moeA gene. Compared to the wild type strain, moeA-disrupted mutants lost 95% of their rifamycin SV production capacity in complex fermentation media. The results demonstrate that the moeA gene is necessary for rifamycin SV production in A. mediterranei, and that the nitrogen assimilation pathway involved in nitrate reductase is the major pathway for the genesis of the amide nitrogen atom in the rifamycin SV molecule.     

曼陀罗细胞中6-BA结合蛋白与硝酸还原酶活力的关系

曼陀罗单倍体细胞,在无水层情况下,经紫外线诱变,在氯酸盐培养基上筛选得到一株缺少硝酸还原酶活力的突变细胞株。经3年培养证明突变性状稳定。对它进行生理生化分析,看到它核内细胞分裂素结合蛋白减少。结合蛋白与细胞分裂素结合后能够促进核内 RNA 聚合酶活力,加速基因转绿。在正常细胞中,细胞分裂素能够促进硝酸还原酶诱导活力,而在这些缺少核内细胞分裂素结合蛋白的突变细胞中,外源细胞分裂素对酶活力的诱导没有作用。从而猜测,在突变细胞中,由于激素不能充分与结合蛋白结合,降低了细胞中转绿的总水平,可能是硝酸还原酶活力提不高的原因。本文还讨论了激素与受体结合后在调控基因表达上的可能途径。     

高等植物叶片中的硝酸还原酶活性稳定因子

从小麦、油菜、浮萍、番茄、烟草的叶片中分离得到NR-SF。不同植物材料中NR及NR-SF能起交叉反应;不同NR-SF影响NR酶动力学性质相同;不同NR-SF的凝胶电泳谱带显示蛋白和糖蛋白性质。NR-SF广泛存在于植物细胞中。     

细胞分裂素促进小麦硝酸还原酶的诱导

细胞分裂素促进硝酸还原酶的诱导,脱落酸强烈抑制该酶的诱导,并抵消细胞分裂素的作用。6-苄基腺瞟呤(6-BA)的促进效应与 NO_3~-的诱导作用有关。无 NO_3~-存在时,6-BA 无直接诱导作用,适宜浓度的 NO_3~-可诱导较高的酶活性,这时6-BA 的促进作用也较强。无光照时,NO_3~-只能诱导黄化叶片产生很低的酶活性,这时6-BA 的促进作用也很弱。在1—2小时的诱导期内,环己酰亚胺抑制酶的诱导。结果表明细胞分裂素对酶诱导的促进作用不仅与 NO_3~-的存在有关,还与 NO_3~-诱导硝酸还原酶的必要条件有关,即依赖于酶的诱导过程。     

玉米根细胞质膜硝酸还原酶的研究

以水双相分配分离法从玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍ ａｙｓＬ．）根细胞中提取的高纯度正面向外和内面向外的质膜囊泡为材料,鉴定出质膜上存在有硝酸还原酶（ＮＲ）。通过缺氮和加氮培养,证明质膜ＮＲ具有诱导性。外源电子供体实验表明,质膜ＮＲ除了能利用ＮＡＤＨ 作为电子供体外, 也能直接或间接利用ＮＡＤＰＨ 作为电子供体。通过Ｔｒｉｔｏｎ Ｘ－１００, 结合胰蛋白酶及其抑制剂实验证明了质膜ＮＲ是偏于膜外侧的跨膜蛋白,它对胰蛋白酶具有特异的敏感性。讨论了质膜ＮＲ的功能     

The roles of nitrate and ammonium in the regulation of the development of nitrate reductase in Chlamydomonas reinhardii

The regulation of the development of nitrate reductase (NR) activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardii has been compared in a wild-type strain and in a mutant (nit-A) which possesses a modified nitrate reductase enzyme that is non-functional in vivo. The modified enzyme cannot use NAD(P)H as an electron donor for nitrate reduction and it differs from wild-type enzyme in that NR activity is not inactivated in vitro by incubation with NAD(P)H and small quantities of cyanide; it is inactivated when reduced benzyl viologen or flavin mononucleotide is present. After short periods of nitrogen starvation mutant organisms contain much higher levels of terminal-NR activity than do similarly treated wild-type ones. Despite the inability of the mutant to utilize nitrate, no nitrate or nitrite was found in nitrogen-starved cultures; it is therefore concluded that the appearance of NR activity is not a consequence of nitrification. After prolonged nitrogen starvation (22 h) the NR level in the mutant is low. It increases rapidly if nitrate is then added and this increase in activity does not occur in the presence of ammonium, tungstate or cycloheximide. Disappearance of preformed NR activity is stimulated by addition of tungstate and even more by addition of ammonium. The results are interpreted as evidence for a continuous turnover of NR in cells of the mutant with ammonium both stimulating NR breakdown and stopping NR synthesis. Nitrate protects the enzyme from breakdown. Reversible inactivation of NR activity is thought to play an insignificant rôle in the mutant.Abbreviations NR nitrate reductase - BV benzyl viologen