光强和硝态氮水平对铜藻(Sargassum horneri)生长和光合生理特性的影响

以金潮种铜藻(Sargassum horneri)为对象,探讨了不同硝态氮水平下光照强度对其生长和光合生理特性的影响,以期为金潮暴发机制的研究提供一定的参考。实验设置了高(100μmol·L-1)、低(自然海水,50μmol·L-1) 2个硝态氮浓度和高(150μmol photons·m-2·s-1)、中(60μmol photons·m-2·s-1)、低(10μmol photons·m-2·s-1)三个光照水平,检测了藻体在不同硝态氮浓度和光照条件下适应培养7 d后生长、色素含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、氮吸收速率及最大光合放氧速率(Pmax)等生理指标的变化。结果表明:氮浓度相同时,铜藻的生长速率、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、氮吸收速率、Pmax均随光照强度的增加而增加,而色素含量随着光照强度的增加而降低;低氮条件下,除类胡萝卜素外,以上指标在高光处理下均显著高于低光处理(P0.05);高氮条件下,除可溶性糖外,以上指标在高光条件下也均显著高于低光处理(P0.05);同一光照强度下,色素及可溶性蛋白含量、氮吸收速率及Pmax随氮浓度的增加而增加;可溶性糖含量随着硝态氮浓度的增加而减少;且在3个光照条件下,高氮处理下藻体的Pmax均显著高于低氮处理。总之,不同光照和氮浓度处理7 d后,高光、高氮适应后的藻体表现出较高的生长和光合作用潜能。铜藻断裂后漂浮于海面极易获得较高光强条件,而富营养海水中的高氮条件会刺激铜藻的光合潜能而使其加速生长,进而加剧铜藻金潮的暴发。     

ALA对遮荫条件下西瓜幼苗强光抑制的保护效应

以遮荫生长的盆栽西瓜幼苗为材料,研究了100mg/L5-氨基乙酰丙酸(5-aminolevulinic acid,ALA)处理对暗适应叶片转入强光下叶绿素荧光特性的影响.结果显示,遮荫能显著提高暗适应叶片的Fo,降低Fv/Fm和Fv/Fo;正常光照下生长的植株叶片暗适应后转入1500μmol·m-2·s-1作用光强下5min的ΦPSⅡ、qP和Pc分别为0.176、0.399和0.180,约为600μmol·m-2·s-1作用光强下的62%、72%和64%;而遮荫下生长的幼苗叶片暗适应后转入1500μmol·m-2·s-1作用光强下的ΦPSⅡ、qP和Pc分别为0.089、0.301和0.089,仅为600μmol·m-2·s-1作用光强的40%、66%和40%;遮荫还显著降低西瓜叶片暗适应后转入强光1500μmol·m-2·s-1的PCR和qL,同时提高L(PFD).ALA处理能提高遮荫西瓜幼苗叶片PCR、Pc、qL和Hd等荧光参数,降低Ex、ΦNO和L(PFD);SOD活性抑制剂DDC处理降低PCR、Pc、qL和Hd等荧光参数,而ALA处理可以逆转DDC的抑制效应;ALA处理能提高西瓜幼苗叶片SOD、POD和APX活性.研究发现,遮荫导致西瓜幼苗光抑制程度加重,ALA通过增强PSⅠ附近SOD等抗氧化酶活性,促进水-水循环,增加热耗散,减轻光抑制,提高西瓜幼苗叶片的光化学效率,从而对强光下的光合作用起到保护作用.     

神农架四种树生地衣对不同形态氮素胁迫的生理响应

为揭示氮沉降增加对神农架地区地衣多样性的潜在影响,本文以该地区常见的4种树生地衣[肺衣(Lobaria pulmonaria)、东方肺衣(Lobaria orientalis)、小刺褐松萝(Usnea luridorufa)和粗毛松萝(Usnea dasopoga)]为对象,以去离子水和不同浓度的硝态氮(KNO30.05、0.5 mol·L~(-1))、铵态氮((NH_4)_2SO_40.025、0.25 mol·L~(-1))和混合氮(NH_4NO_30.05、0.5mol·L~(-1))溶液浸泡处理地衣,测定氮处理的荧光诱导曲线参数、地衣浸出液电导率(RE)和叶绿素OD435/OD415值,分析4种地衣的氮敏感性以及硝态氮、铵态氮和混合氮对4种地衣光合色素稳定性、光系统Ⅱ及细胞膜稳定性的毒性差异性。结果表明:(1)不同形态氮素对地衣的毒性及其作用途径存在差异性。其中,混合氮对地衣光合系统的毒性尤其显著,对地衣Fv/Fm、Y(Ⅱ)和OD435/OD415的毒性总体呈现混合氮铵态氮硝态氮;不同氮素对地衣的细胞膜完整性毒性存在显著差异,呈现出铵态氮混合氮硝态氮;硝态氮单独作用对4种地衣的叶绿素稳定性、光系统Ⅱ及细胞膜稳定性毒性均较低;(2)4种地衣的氮敏感性表现出种特异性。硝态氮处理的OD435/OD415以粗毛松萝最为敏感,肺衣最不敏感;混合氮处理对Fv/Fm毒性表现为肺衣≈东方肺衣小刺褐松萝≈粗毛松萝,对RE的影响表现为肺衣≈东方肺衣小刺褐松萝≈粗毛松萝;铵态氮处理对Fv/Fm毒性表现为小刺褐松萝≈东方肺衣粗毛松萝≈肺衣,对OD435/OD415的毒性表现为肺衣≈东方肺衣小刺褐松萝≈粗毛松萝。上述研究结果可为我国氮沉降增加背景下神农架自然保护区地衣多样性的保护与管理提供理论依据。     

三种大型绿藻光合能力的差异及其在珊瑚养殖中的应用

利用水下饱和脉冲调制叶绿素荧光仪(Diving-PAM)测定了珊瑚养殖水处理中3种常见大型海藻石莼(Ulva lactuca)、条浒苔(Enteromorpha clathrata)和羽状蕨藻(Caulerpa mexicana)光能转化效率(Fv/Fm),快速光曲线(RLC)相关参数和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)。结果表明:石莼和条浒苔的Fv/Fm分别为0.808±0.004和0.816±0.009,显著高于羽状蕨藻。最大相对电子传递速率rETRmax(17.52±2.92和19.59±4.43μmol e·m-2·s-1)、半饱和光强Ik(53.41±8.18和59.71±13.52μmol photons·m-2·s-1)也明显高于羽状蕨藻(rETRmax和Ik分别为13.72±5.41μmol e·m-2·s-1和32.67±14.06μmol photons·m-2·s-1),表明石莼和条浒苔有着比羽状蕨藻更高的光合能力和对强光的耐受能力,光保护能力更强;羽状蕨藻较高的RLC初始斜率α表明其在弱光下拥有更强的光捕获能力,弱光下光合效率更高;随光照的增强(0~373μmol photons·m-2·s-1),羽状蕨藻NPQ的增幅有限(0~0.2),最大值仅为条浒苔和石莼的38.1%和62.5%,表明这种藻类更容易受到强光的抑制。因此,在珊瑚养殖的水处理中,可以根据不同的光照选择适宜的藻种或藻种组合并根据光梯度进行布局,反之也可以根据藻种来选择合适的光源,以达到最佳的处理效率。     

不同培养条件对枝鞘藻生长、虾青素和油脂积累的影响

以丝状绿藻枝鞘藻(Oedocladium sp.)为实验材料,研究在100、300μmol·m-2·s-1和双侧300μmol·m-2·s-13种光强以及1、3、9、18 mmol/L 4种初始氮浓度下,两步法培养(第12 d时实验组分别更换为无氮培养基及加盐培养基)对枝鞘藻生长、油脂和虾青素积累的影响。结果显示:枝鞘藻最大生物量在双侧300μmol·m-2·s-1光强,18 mmol/L初始氮浓度更换为无氮培养基的条件下达到,为9.61 g/L;最高虾青素含量和最高油脂含量在双侧300μmol·m-2·s-1光强,3 mmol/L初始氮浓度更换为加盐培养基条件下达到,分别达到干重的1.62%和51.19%。研究结果表明高光条件有利于枝鞘藻的生长,双侧高光条件下低氮浓度更换为加盐培养基最有利于枝鞘藻虾青素和油脂的积累。     

低温弱光胁迫及恢复对切花菊光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以切花菊品种‘神马’为试材,在偏低温弱光(16℃/12℃,PFD100μmol.m-2.s-1)和临界低温弱光(12℃/8℃,PFD60μmol.m-2.s-1)下分别胁迫11d,然后转入正常条件(22℃/18℃,PFD450μmol.m-2.s-1)恢复11d,研究不同低温弱光强度及恢复对菊花光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:低温弱光导致菊花叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和气孔限制值(Ls)下降,而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)上升.偏低温弱光胁迫下菊花叶片暗适应下最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和初始荧光(Fo)无明显变化,但光适应下最大光化学效率(Fv′/Fm′)在处理前期略有下降,后期则有所回升;而临界低温弱光处理的Fo明显升高,Fv/Fm和Fv′/Fm′显著降低.PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)均随着低温弱光胁迫程度的增加和时间的延长而降低;偏低温弱光处理植株在解除胁迫后能迅速恢复到对照水平,而临界低温弱光处理植株回升速度较慢;同时,低温弱光胁迫下吸收光强用于分配光化学反应部分(Prate)的比例减少,而天线热耗散(Drate)和反应中心的能量耗散(Ex)比例上升,但天线热耗散为过剩光能的主要分配途径.     

施氮和短时光辐射变化条件下毛竹幼苗光合限速因子分析

为了解析施氮和短时光辐射变化下毛竹幼苗的光合限速因子,该文对毛竹幼苗进行施氮处理,并在不同光照辐射条件下(高光:1200μmol·m-2·s-1,低光:200μmol·m-2·s-1)测定其光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线,并利用改进的FvCB模型研究了毛竹幼苗的光合特性.结果表明:(1)经过施氮处理的毛竹幼苗生物量显著高于...     

遮光对不同基因型玉米光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了遮光对4个基因型玉米光合特性的影响.结果表明:4个基因型玉米叶片的光饱和点、净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)均受光强的影响.遮光降低了玉米的光饱和点,苗期遮光处理豫玉2号和丹玉13分别在光量子通量密度(PFD)为1400μmol·m-2·s-1和1100μmol·m-2·s-1时达到饱和.遮光还降低了玉米的Pn、ETR、Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ,但不同基因型玉米表现不同,豫玉2号和掖单22的下降幅度较小,而丹玉13和掖单6号的下降幅度较大.     

旱地土壤铵态氮和硝态氮累积特征及其与小麦产量的关系

在陕西永寿和河南洛阳分别进行了11处和7处小麦大田试验,设对照(不施氮)和施氮(150 kg N·hm^-2)2个处理,测定了小麦生物量、籽粒产量及不同土层(0～20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100 cm)土壤铵态氮、硝态氮浓度.结果表明: 两地土壤铵态氮浓度均很低,而硝态氮浓度较高,其中硝态氮数量占铵态氮、硝态氮总量的91%,在反映土壤供氮特性方面与两者之和有完全一致趋势.不施氮情况下,永寿0～40、0～60、0～80和0～100 cm土层累积的硝态氮与小麦生物量和产量显著相关;而洛阳无显著相关关系.施氮后,永寿不同深度土层累积的硝态氮与小麦生物量和产量的相关关系显著下降,而洛阳出现负相关;两地小麦产量增量与0～80 和0～100 cm土层累积的硝态氮显著或极显著相关.小麦苗期主要依赖0～20 cm土层硝态氮;返青期、拔节期分别利用0～40 cm和0～60 cm土层硝态氮,成熟期则能利用0～100 cm土层累积硝态氮.小麦收获后对照土壤的铵态氮浓度与播前起始值无明显差异,而硝态氮大幅下降.     

供氮形态与部位对局部根区水分胁迫下玉米水分吸收与利用的影响

试验以玉米品种'金海五号'幼苗为材料,在分根条件下采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟局部根区水分胁迫,设置3种供氮形态(硝态氮、铵态氮、两者各占50%的混合氮)和2种供氮部位(水氮同区,氮加入到无PEG侧;水氮异区,氮加入到含PEG侧),研究局部根区水分胁迫下氮形态与供应部位对玉米水分吸收和利用的调节与作用机制,为局部根区灌溉水分高效利用提供理论依据.结果发现:(1)同一氮形态下水氮同区供应的植株蒸腾速率、耗水量、木质部汁液流速和生物量较高,加有硝态氮源处理无PEG侧根系的导管数目及单一氮形态处理无PEG侧根系的导管直径较高,但木质部汁液、叶片中脱落酸(ABA)浓度以及水分利用效率均较低.(2)同一供氮部位下,植株的蒸腾速率、耗水量、木质部汁液流速和生物量的顺序均为混合氮>硝态氮>铵态氮依次,但单一铵态氮处理植株的ABA浓度较高,水分利用效率较高.研究表明,同一氮形态下水氮同区供应植株生长较好、水分吸收能力较强,但水氮异区供应下植株的水分利用效率较高;同一供氮部位下,植株生长和水分吸收能力的顺序为混合氮>硝态氮>铵态氮,但单供铵态氮植株的水分利用效率较高.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.