传承与创新——酿酒葡萄品种的前世与今生

正英国著名的葡萄酒作家,也是国际上传奇的葡萄酒女评论家杰西斯·罗宾逊指出:"葡萄酒的香味及特性有百分之九十是由其品种决定的。"可见,品种绝对是葡萄酒的灵魂。目前世界上酿酒葡萄品种超过6 000种,广泛栽培的有几十种。如酿造红葡萄酒的品种‘赤霞珠’‘梅鹿辄’‘品丽珠’等,酿造白葡萄酒的品种‘霞多丽’‘长相思’‘雷司令’等,这些品种均起源于欧洲,栽培历史悠久,甚至很多品种已超过千年,传承至今。此外,基因的自然突变使这     

宁夏赤霞珠葡萄不同发育期晚霜冻害阈值试验研究

【目的】葡萄霜冻温度阈值是葡萄霜冻监测、预测、评估与防御的基础。对贺兰山东麓主栽酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’不同发育期低温忍耐力进行研究分析,建立葡萄霜冻温度阈值体系,旨为贺兰山东麓地区酿酒葡萄霜冻预测、防御提供理论依据。【方法】于2022年4—5月采用野外霜冻试验箱原位试验方法对贺兰山东麓主栽酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’不同发育期绒球、芽、新叶、新梢进行低温处理,测定其过冷却点、相对电导率（REC）及半致死温度（LT50）,同时对低温胁迫后的受冻指数进行田间跟踪调查,利用受冻率与低温建立关系模型,计算不同发育期轻、中、重度受冻温度阈值。对不同发育期过冷却点、半致死温度（LT50）及霜冻指标温度阈值进行综合分析,确定不同发育期霜冻温度阈值。【结果】结果表明：不同低温对‘赤霞珠’绒球期、芽开放期、展叶期和新梢生长期的影响程度不同,温度越低,各发育期的受冻率越大;随发育进程推进,‘赤霞珠’过冷却点温度、半致死温度逐渐升高;绒球期的低温耐受性最强,芽开放期、展叶期次之,新梢生长期最弱。【结论】研究认为：-7.70℃是绒球期重度受冻的起始温度;芽开放期遭受重度霜冻的临界温度为-4.49℃;展叶期在-2.79℃即遭受不可逆伤害;新梢生长期出现低于-1.62℃以下的低温,会造成严重的霜冻。     

宁夏酿酒葡萄品种生态区划

根据宁夏24个气象台站1981—2010年逐日气象资料,结合酿酒葡萄取样化验结果和其他区划指标,从优质生态区的概念入手,采用无霜期、≥10℃积温、采收期降水量、土壤类型和坡向等生态因子,综合运用层层推进的集优法和GIS技术对宁夏主要酿酒葡萄品种进行生态适宜性精细化区划,制作了宁夏主要红色品种和白色品种精细化生态适应性区划图。所有红色典型晚熟品种‘歌海娜’、中晚熟品种‘赤霞珠’、中熟品种‘美乐’、早熟品种‘黑比诺’都适宜在宁夏栽种,基地开发潜力巨大。应重点开发银川西夏王陵、青铜峡鸽子山和中宁白马、石空山区等酿酒葡萄优质生态区。早中熟品种‘黑比诺’、‘霞多丽’、‘雷司令’等品种区域化种植区应集中在中部干旱带和清水河流域的温凉区域内发展。     

基于温度-伤害度关系分析酿酒葡萄根系及芽抗寒性

采用差热分析系统(DTA)对8个主栽酿酒葡萄品种的芽和根系进行低温放热分析(LTE),建立各品种芽、根系韧皮部及木质部的温度-伤害度(LT-I)回归方程,评估不同品种的根系及芽抗寒性.结果表明： 8个品种的根系韧皮部伤害度50%的温度从高到低为马瑟兰>品丽珠>赤霞珠>小芒森>霞多丽>蛇龙珠>贵人香>熊岳白;不同品种木质部伤害度50%的温度从高到低为马瑟兰>霞多丽>赤霞珠>小芒森>品丽珠>蛇龙珠>贵人香>熊岳白;芽伤害度50%的温度从高到低为赤霞珠>小芒森>蛇龙珠>品丽珠>霞多丽>贵人香>马瑟兰>熊岳白.利用模糊隶属函数值法综合评价根系及芽的抗寒性,马瑟兰根系的抗寒性最差,熊岳白根系的抗寒性最好;赤霞珠、品丽珠、小芒森和蛇龙珠芽的抗寒性最差,贵人香和熊岳白芽的抗寒性最好.     

四个酿酒葡萄品种组培快繁体系的初建

为了提高酿酒葡（Vitis vinifera）苗木繁殖速度及苗木品质,以‘赤霞珠’、‘西拉’、‘霞多丽’和‘美乐’4／p品种为试材,研究无菌外植体建立、启动培养、增殖培养和驯化移栽环节的关键技术,初步建立酿酒葡萄组培快繁体系。结果表明,以半木质化茎段为外植体接种成活率高,在培养基MS＋IBA0．2mg·L-1＋6．BA1．0mg·L-1＋KT0．5mg·L-1上启动培养外植体单芽萌发率最高,以培养基1／2MS＋IBA0．2mg·L-1＋KT1．0mg·L-1增殖培养兼生根诱导,组培苗生长健壮,繁殖率高。增殖培养6代后,‘赤霞珠’、‘西拉’、‘霞多丽’和‘美乐’分别由12株葡萄苗扩繁为l383株、1095株、744株和100株。组培苗驯化培养3周后移栽至营养钵,4个品种成活率均在72％以上。此组培快繁体系基本适用于4个酿酒葡萄品种,可应用于科学研究及工业化大规模生产。     

葡萄枝条水分含量变化与抗寒性关系

以12个葡萄品种1年生枝条为试材,通过0、-15、-18、-21、-24、-27、-30、-133℃8个低温处理24h后,测定不同低温胁迫下葡萄枝条的,6-含水量、束缚水含量、自由水含量和束缚水与自由水的比值。结果表明：随着处理温度的降低,同一品种枝条的总含水量基本恒定,自由水含量呈先下降再升高的趋势,束缚水含量和束缚水与自由水的比值均呈现为先升高再下降的趋势;束缚水与自由水的比值随低温胁迫的变化呈Cubic方程,不同品种束缚水与自由水的比值达到最高点的温度不同,‘双红’、‘北冰红’、‘左优红’的拐点温度在-25℃以下,‘775’、‘巨峰’的拐点温度在-20℃左右,‘雷司令’、‘黑比诺’、‘霞多丽’的拐点温度在-18℃左右,‘赤霞珠’、‘梅鹿特’、‘白比诺’、‘红地球’拐点温度在-16～17℃。对葡萄休眠枝条进行低温处理后,通过测定束缚水与自由水含水量变化鉴定葡萄品种的抗寒性是可行的。     

河西走廊不同产地‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄果实品质评价

为了确定河西走廊地区‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄核心品质指标,建立‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄品质综合评价模型。从张掖、武威、嘉峪关3个酿酒葡萄主产市的代表性果园采集6份‘赤霞珠’葡萄样品进行品质测定,通过主成分分析和聚类分析法确定‘赤霞珠’葡萄核心品质指标,运用层次分析法确定指标权重并建立‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质综合评价模型。结果表明:(1)不同产地‘赤霞珠’酿酒葡萄品质指标存在明显差异性,张掖市国风葡萄酒庄园的‘赤霞珠’葡萄果糖、蔗糖、草酸、柠檬酸含量均高于其他地区,且可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、总酚、苹果酸含量在各产地中也均保持在最高水平。(2)相关性分析发现,葡萄果实葡萄糖含量与可溶性固形物含量、果糖与可溶性糖含量之间呈极显著正相关,固酸比和糖酸比均与可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关关系。(3)综合主成分分析、聚类分析和相关性分析结果,确定维生素C(Vc)、单宁、果糖和固酸比是‘赤霞珠’葡萄核心品质指标,应用层次分析法建立了‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质综合评价模型为Y=0.0960×Vc含量+0.1611×单宁含量+0.2771×果糖含量+0.4568×固酸比(各指标含量均经过标准化处理)。研究发现,河西走廊地区‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实品质最佳产地是张掖市,果实Vc、单宁、果糖和固酸比是‘赤霞珠’葡萄的核心品质指标,以其建立的评价模型可用于‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质的综合评价。     

不同福禄考品种对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性综合评价

通过对14个福禄考品种在低温胁迫下相关生理指标进行分析,结果表明:可溶性糖含量随处理温度降低呈"升降升降"的变化趋势;可溶性蛋白含量随处理温度降低呈"降升降降"的变化趋势;不同品种脯氨酸、叶绿素、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性变化趋势不同,差异达到显著水平。运用主成分分析法和聚类分析法对14个福禄考品种进行抗寒性排序,将其分为3个抗寒等级:强抗寒品种为‘Sub-05’、‘Sub-Ja-03’和‘Sub-Ja-04’;中抗寒品种为‘Sub-Ja-01’、‘Sub-Ja-02’、‘Sub-06’、‘Sub-07’、‘Pan-02’和‘Pan-Ru-07’;弱抗寒品种为‘Pan-01’、‘Pan-Ru-06’、‘Pan-05’、‘Pan-04’和‘Pan-03’。丛生福禄考品种抗寒性优于锥花品种,与露地越冬观察的结果基本一致。     

TTC染色鉴定葡萄抗寒性方法的优化与应用北大核心CSCD

以‘左山1号’、101-14、3309C、SO4、140R和‘黑比诺’等葡萄砧木和品种直径为0.5~0.7 cm的一年生枝条为材料,经低温梯度(0℃、-14℃、-19℃、-24℃、-29℃和-34℃)处理后,对TTC染色的温度和时间进行优化并观察统计葡萄枝条不同组织的存活情况,测定枝条的相对电导率,以及韧皮部和木质部的可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、淀粉含量和束缚水自由水比例(束自比)5个生理指标,分别用枝条纵切面染色面积、相对电导率拟合Logistic方程计算枝条的半致死温度(LT_(50))来评价枝条的抗寒性,同时通过隶属函数法综合评价枝条韧皮部和木质部抗寒性,并将3种方法的评价结果进行比较,以建立一种直观高效鉴定葡萄品种抗寒性的方法。结果表明:(1)依据低温胁迫下各品种葡萄砧木扦插枝条的萌芽率和生根率表现,其抗寒性由强到弱依次为‘左山1号’、101-14、3309C、SO4、140R和‘黑比诺’。(2)葡萄枝条TTC活力染色的最佳条件为pH=7.0,0.5%TTC-0.1 mol/L磷酸缓冲液在35℃下避光染色36 h。随着胁迫温度的降低,各品种枝条纵切面染色面积均逐渐降低,根据优化TTC法获得‘左山1号’、101-14、3309C、SO4、140R和‘黑比诺’枝条的LT_(50)分别为-31.38℃、-26.51℃、-26.10℃、-23.60℃、-23.33℃和-19.26℃。(3)随着胁迫温度的降低,各品种枝条的相对电导率逐渐增加,且‘黑比诺’的相对电导率基本保持最高、增幅最大(51.93%),而‘左山1号’的相对电导率始终最低、增幅最小(44.07%);根据相对电导率获得‘左山1号’、101-14、3309C、SO4、140R和‘黑比诺’枝条的LT_(50)分别为-30.02℃、-26.40℃、-25.75℃、-23.16℃、-21.13℃和-17.72℃。(4)通过5种生理指标进行枝条抗寒性隶属函数综合性评价结果显示,同一品种中韧皮部抗寒性强于木质部,同一部位不同品种的抗寒性表现为:‘左山1号’>101-14>3309C>SO4>140R>‘黑比诺’。研究发现,TTC染色法与电导法和综合隶属函数法获得的葡萄枝条抗寒力评价结果一致,也与枝条生长恢复鉴定结果一致;但与其他两种方法相比,TTC染色法能更加直观和有效地预测评估葡萄枝条的抗寒性。     

贺兰山东麓‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实花色苷和原花色素特性分析北大核心CSCD

为了更好地了解宁夏贺兰山东麓不同区域酿酒葡萄‘马瑟兰’果实的花色苷和原花色素特性，以及综合品质的区域差异性，为该品种在贺兰山东麓产区的推广和栽培管理提供参考。研究以银川、农垦玉泉营、青铜峡和红寺堡4个子产区10个代表性酒庄的‘马瑟兰’葡萄为试材，通过偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)筛选造成酒庄间果实品质差异的酚类物质指标，并采用主成分分析法(PCA)对不同酒庄‘马瑟兰’果实品质进行综合评价。结果表明，(1)10个酒庄‘马瑟兰’果实的基本理化指标、花色苷和原花色素组分与含量均存在差异，H-Hs酒庄葡萄果皮的花色苷和原花色素含量均为最高，分别达到111.91 mg/g和35.68 mg/g; Y-Mq酒庄葡萄种子原花色素含量最高(108.67 mg/g)。(2)基于果实花色苷和原花色素特性，采用聚类分析将10个酒庄划分为4类，其中H-Hs酒庄单独为一类，且能很好地与其他酒庄分开。(3)PLS-DA分析表明，种子原花色素的表儿茶素没食子酸酯末端亚基(ECG-p)和表儿茶素末端亚基(EC-p)所占摩尔百分比、果皮总花色苷含量和非酰化花色苷含量、果皮原花色素的EC-p所占摩尔百分比是区分10个酒庄果实品质差异的主要指标。(4)PCA分析表明，果实品质综合评价排名前三的酒庄为红寺堡子产区的H-Hs、银川子产区的Y-Mq和青铜峡子产区的Q-H酒庄。可见，贺兰山东麓‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实花色苷和原花色素特性及综合品质表现出明显的产地差异性，并以红寺堡子产区表现较佳。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.