猕猴桃品种‘金艳’果实品质因子分析与综合评价

以四川省53家果园的猕猴桃(Actinidia)品种‘金艳’(A.eriantha×A.chinensis‘Jinyan’)果实为材料,测定其软熟时的单果重、色彩角、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、总酸含量、糖酸比、软熟率、病果率及采收时的干物质含量等10个品质指标,并进行主成分分析,对‘金艳’果实品质评价中的主要影响因子以及适合的果实品质评价方法进行分析。结果显示:按方差贡献率大小前6个成分的特征根大于0.8,累计方差贡献率为88.57%;综合分值排名前3位的果园分别为DJY1、GY4和GY1。主成分分析法提取并分析了前6个贡献率较高的主成分,结果表明该方法适合‘金艳’果实以采收干物质、软熟色彩角、硬度、可溶性固形物含量、总糖、糖酸比等为基础的综合果实品质评价。     

遮阳网对酿酒葡萄果实及葡萄酒品质的影响

遮阳网可以通过调节微气候来影响果树的生长和果实的发育。该试验以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’和‘西拉’为材料,于2015年在新疆和硕进行遮阳网试验,处理时间为转色期(8月5日)至采收前12d(9月5日),探究遮阳网对酿酒葡萄果实和相应葡萄酒相关品质指标的影响。结果表明:(1)遮阳网显著降低了日均温度、光照强度和光合有效辐射,增加了日均湿度,有效改善了葡萄生长的微气候。(2)与露地相比,遮网处理使葡萄果实的横径、纵径和单果重都有所增加;能够显著抑制葡萄果实糖分的过快积累和有机酸的快速降解,进而降低葡萄酒酒精度;能够显著提高葡萄果实和葡萄酒中总酚和总单宁含量,并显著降低总花色苷和总类黄酮含量。(3)采用HPLC法在葡萄和葡萄酒中共检测出9种单体花色苷,在‘赤霞珠’果实中除花青素-3-葡萄糖苷外,其余8种单体花色苷的含量都是露地对照高于遮阳网处理,在‘西拉’果实中除二甲花翠素-3-香豆酰化葡萄糖苷外,其余8种单体花色苷也是露地对照高于遮阳网处理。研究结果为解决炎热产区生产中葡萄成熟过快、葡萄酒酒精度过高等问题以及提高酿酒葡萄和葡萄酒品质具有一定的实际指导意义。     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄品质成分对气象因子的响应特征

基于2018-2020年宁夏贺兰山东麓14个葡萄酒庄葡萄园酿酒葡萄品质检测和气象数据,分析影响酿酒葡萄品质成分的关键气象因子,构建酿酒葡萄品质成分与气象因子的关系模型,为提高葡萄园气候资源利用效率、提高葡萄园科学管理水平、主动适应气候变化提供参考依据。结果表明：(1)气象因子是影响酿酒葡萄品质的重要指标,在葡萄生长的全生育期均对葡萄品质产生直接或间接影响,对品质影响最大的时期是7～8月和采收前一个月的气象条件。(2)酿酒葡萄浆果品质受气象因子影响程度从大到小依次为pH、花青素、可滴定酸、总酚、糖酸比、固酸比、可溶性固形物、单宁、还原性糖含量。(3)空气相对湿度及最低气温的变化对酿酒葡萄品质成分影响较大。(4)降低7月的平均空气相对湿度及提高8月的平均空气相对湿度有利于浆果pH的降低;进一步结合浆果酸含量的累积特征,实际生产中应在8月份增加葡萄园灌溉量,以降低因气候变暖导致的酿酒葡萄含糖量偏高。(5)采收前20 d的适度高温与采前10 d的高湿环境有利于葡萄浆果总酚的累积,但后者会使果实中单宁含量下降;在采收前20 d内若环境最低温及最高温均较低,则不利于花青素累积;9月到采收前的生长度日(GDD)达到280 ℃·d左右时,葡萄果实的糖酸比达到最大值。     

江苏不同产地‘白玉’枇杷果实品质与果实和土壤中矿质元素含量的相关性分析

对江苏高淳、溧阳、镇江和苏州4个产地‘白玉’枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica‘Baiyu’)果实的品质指标和矿质元素含量以及土壤中矿质元素含量进行测定,并据此分析果实和土壤中矿质元素含量与果实品质的相关性。结果表明:不同产地‘白玉’枇杷果实的品质指标及果实和土壤中矿质元素含量均有不同程度差异。溧阳和苏州产果实的单果质量、横径、纵径、可滴定酸含量、含水量和果肉厚度均极显著或显著高于高淳和镇江产果实,但其可溶性固形物含量和固酸比均极显著低于后二者。果实中N、P、K、Mg、Mn和Zn含量均以苏州产果实最高,Ca含量以镇江产果实最高,Na含量以溧阳产果实最高,Fe和Cu含量均以高淳产果实最高;土壤中N、P、K、Ca、Cu和Zn含量均以苏州产地最高,Mg含量以镇江产地最高,Na和Fe含量均以高淳产地最高,Mn含量以镇江和苏州产地最高。相关性分析结果表明:在果实中,除Ca和Fe含量外,其他矿质元素含量与多数果实品质指标均呈极显著或显著相关性;其中,N、P、K和Mn含量与单果质量、横径、种子质量和果肉厚度均呈极显著或显著正相关;N、P、K、Mg和Na含量与可溶性固形物含量和固酸比均呈极显著或显著负相关,与可滴定酸含量和含水量均呈极显著或显著正相关;但Cu含量却与单果质量、横径、果肉厚度、可食率、可滴定酸含量和含水量呈极显著或显著负相关,与可溶性固形物含量和固酸比分别呈显著和极显著正相关。在土壤中,Ca和Cu含量与果实品质指标均无显著相关性,K和Zn含量与固酸比分别呈极显著的正相关和负相关,Mg和Fe含量与多数果实品质指标均呈负相关,且与其中部分果实品质指标呈极显著或显著相关;此外,N含量与单果质量、果肉厚度、可滴定酸含量和含水量,P含量与横径、种子质量、果肉厚度和可滴定酸含量呈显著或极显著正相关。研究结果表明:溧阳和苏州产‘白玉’枇杷果实较大,但可溶性固形物含量较低;果实中N、P、K、Mg和Cu含量以及土壤中N、Mg、Fe、P和Na含量对果实品质均有较大影响。此外,依据研究结果,对实际生产中各元素的施用量提出建议。     

贺兰山东麓‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实花色苷和原花色素特性分析北大核心CSCD

为了更好地了解宁夏贺兰山东麓不同区域酿酒葡萄‘马瑟兰’果实的花色苷和原花色素特性，以及综合品质的区域差异性，为该品种在贺兰山东麓产区的推广和栽培管理提供参考。研究以银川、农垦玉泉营、青铜峡和红寺堡4个子产区10个代表性酒庄的‘马瑟兰’葡萄为试材，通过偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)筛选造成酒庄间果实品质差异的酚类物质指标，并采用主成分分析法(PCA)对不同酒庄‘马瑟兰’果实品质进行综合评价。结果表明，(1)10个酒庄‘马瑟兰’果实的基本理化指标、花色苷和原花色素组分与含量均存在差异，H-Hs酒庄葡萄果皮的花色苷和原花色素含量均为最高，分别达到111.91 mg/g和35.68 mg/g; Y-Mq酒庄葡萄种子原花色素含量最高(108.67 mg/g)。(2)基于果实花色苷和原花色素特性，采用聚类分析将10个酒庄划分为4类，其中H-Hs酒庄单独为一类，且能很好地与其他酒庄分开。(3)PLS-DA分析表明，种子原花色素的表儿茶素没食子酸酯末端亚基(ECG-p)和表儿茶素末端亚基(EC-p)所占摩尔百分比、果皮总花色苷含量和非酰化花色苷含量、果皮原花色素的EC-p所占摩尔百分比是区分10个酒庄果实品质差异的主要指标。(4)PCA分析表明，果实品质综合评价排名前三的酒庄为红寺堡子产区的H-Hs、银川子产区的Y-Mq和青铜峡子产区的Q-H酒庄。可见，贺兰山东麓‘马瑟兰’葡萄果实花色苷和原花色素特性及综合品质表现出明显的产地差异性，并以红寺堡子产区表现较佳。     

猕猴桃品种‘金桃’采收指标与果实软熟品质相关性研究

分别对河南省27个果园的中华猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis Planch.)品种‘金桃’果实的5项采收生理指标及果实软熟时的8项品质性状进行测定,采用主成分分析法对果实软熟时的品质指标进行综合评分,并对果实的采收生理指标、果实软熟品质指标及综合分值间进行相关性分析。结果显示,采收时的生理指标(干物质、色度角、硬度和可溶性固形物)均与果实软熟品质综合分值间呈极显著相关,其中干物质相关系数最高,为0. 437。干物质与体现果实软熟品质的关键指标(可溶性固形物、总糖和糖酸比)均呈极显著性相关。研究结果表明‘金桃’果实采收时,干物质含量是果实软熟时品质的重要评价指标,而可溶性固形物和色度角是评判采收期的辅助指标。     

叶面喷施硒肥对3个葡萄品种果实产量、品质和硒含量的影响

以‘红芭拉蒂’、 ‘夏黑’、 ‘户太8号’3个葡萄品种为材料,研究叶面喷施有机硒肥对温室葡萄品质和硒含量的影响。结果表明: 在果实幼果期和膨大期,叶面喷施12 mg·L^-1氨基酸螯合态富硒叶面肥不仅能使葡萄果实产量和硒含量显著提高,还能显著提高各品种葡萄果实综合品质(可溶性糖、有机酸、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性固形物、Vc和原花青素等),但白藜芦醇未显著提高。各品种中,2017和2018年夏黑的硒含量较对照分别增加36.7%和37.1%,其增幅高于红芭拉蒂和户太8号;施硒组红芭拉蒂以高糖低酸的口感及高保健成分在品质综合比较中表现较优;2018年施硒的户太8号硒含量为53.26 μg·kg^-1,显著高于其他品种,硒富集能力较强。因此,夏黑硒含量增幅较大;红芭拉蒂在营养价值和品质上表现较优;户太8号适合富硒葡萄生产。     

酿酒葡萄品质评价及其对气象条件的响应

根据2004～2005年我国北方6省酿酒葡萄主要产区葡萄取样和宁夏芦花台园艺场田间试验葡萄化验结果，运用层次分析方法（AHP）对酿酒葡萄主要品质因子总糖、糖酸比pH、单宁进行综合评价，运用主成分分析方法和因子分析法研究影响每个地区酿酒葡萄综合品质的主要气象因子和影响时段。结果表明：2004～2005年贺兰山东麓的御马、玉泉营、广夏三基地、贺东在庄园；河西走廊的高台、武威；新疆石河子酿酒葡萄品质优良，渤海湾的烟台、蓬莱、昌藜等地酿酒葡萄品质表现一般。酿酒葡萄综合品质主要受果实着色期、全生育期和7～8月的降水量和水热系数的影响，其中降水量起主导作用。果实着色期气温日较差和全生育期平均相对湿度对酿酒葡萄综合品质的形成也有重要影响，影响相对较小的是果实着色期的最低气温。采样地区的光照、温度等气象条件基本适宜酿酒葡萄品质形成，对优质酿酒葡萄形成没有大的限制作用。     

对‘长富2号’苹果授粉后11个海棠品种花粉直感效应的综合评价

以11个海棠（Malus spp.）品种的花粉为材料、‘新红星’苹果（Malus pumila‘Starkrimson’）花粉为对照,对‘长富2号’苹果（M.pumila‘Changfu 2’）进行人工授粉并测定其坐果率及14个果实品质指标;在此基础上,采用因子分析法确定影响苹果授粉后花粉直感效应评价的主要因子,并对供试海棠品种的花粉直感效应进行综合评价和排序。结果表明：除海棠品种‘雪倩’（‘Xueqian’）外,用其他海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率均显著提高,其中用品种‘红波’（‘Hongbo’）授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率最高（达86.18%）;经11个海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果的坐果率以及果实的果形指数、单果质量和可滴定酸含量均高于对照（用‘新红星’苹果授粉）;经大部分海棠品种授粉后‘长富2号’苹果果实的果棱数、果梗存留率、梗洼深度、梗洼开裂率、VC含量和花青苷含量也均高于对照,但果实的着色面积百分率、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比则低于对照。因子分析结果表明：前7个公因子的特征值均大于1,累计方差贡献率达88.187%,按照在授粉性能质量评价中的作用从大到小依次排序为果实甜度因子（包括可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量）、果实酸度因子（包括可滴定酸含量和糖酸比）、果个与果形因子（包括单果质量、梗洼深度和果形指数）、果梗因子（包括梗洼开裂率和果梗存留率）、果肉硬度因子、保健与外形因子（包括花青苷含量、VC含量、果棱数和着色面积百分率）及坐果率因子。综合评价结果表明：在供试的11个海棠品种中,仅品种‘红艳’（‘Hongyan’）、‘红亮’（‘Hongliang’）和‘红纱’（‘Hongsha’）的花粉直感效应综合得分高于‘新红星’苹果,表明这3个海棠品种的花粉直感效应优良,可作为‘长富2     

贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的生态适应性

从抗寒性、光合特性、生长及其结果性状等方面研究了宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄的生态适应性。室内抗寒性鉴定和田间抗寒评价结果表明：‘歌海娜’最不耐寒,抗寒性强的品种有‘长相思’、‘雷司令’、‘黑比诺’、‘佳美,;抗寒力较差的品种有‘赛美容’、‘白诗南’、‘白玉霓’、‘神索’;抗寒力较强的品种是：‘霞多丽’、‘赤霞珠,、‘梅鹿辄’、‘白比诺’、‘西拉’。对酿酒葡萄的光合特性的测定发现：同一立地不同品种的净光合速率（Pn）差异明显,‘赤霞珠’的光合速率远高于‘霞多丽’、‘梅鹿辄’的,各品种光合速率的日变化呈双“S”曲线;全天光合速率的最高峰出现在上午10：00左右,下午14：00出现光合低谷,次高峰出现在下午17：00左右。同一品种在不同立地上的叶面积（LA）、叶鲜重（LFW）、比叶重（SLW）、叶绿素（Ch1）含量均表现差异;不同品种在同一立地条件下以上几个指标也表现不同。酿酒葡萄在贺兰山东麓不同区域的生长结果表现也不同。研究表明：大多数酿酒葡萄品种在贺兰山东麓具有良好的生态适应性,土壤和品种是造成贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄生态适应性差异的主要因素,该区酿酒葡萄栽培的首要任务是解决抗寒栽培技术和土壤培肥。     

Evaluation of Fermentation Efficiency of Yeast Strains and their Effect on Quality of Young Wines

The yeast has important role in fermentation of wine grapes and wine quality. The fermentation of wine grapes affect by efficiency of particular yeast strain, sugar content, pH, available temperature, etc. To evaluate the efficiency of yeast strains (Premier Cuvee, RS-1, RS-2, RS-3 and natural), present study was conducted on two wine grape varieties viz.; Sauvignon Blanc (White) and Cabernet Sauvignon (Red). Efficiency of yeast strains was evaluated in terms of conversion rate of sugar into alcohol. As per recorded data, strain RS-3 (Pichia kudriavzevii) was found more efficient than other strains in fermentation of Cabernet Sauvignon with efficiency of 84.4 per cent but in case of Sauvignon Blanc, the commercial culture Premier Cuevee was found superior over RS-3. The quality parameters of young wines of both the varieties were also affected by the used strains. Considering the efficiency and impact on various parameters of wines, local strain, i.e., RS-3 was found at par with commercial culture (Premier Cuvee). The RS-3 strain has potential to produce quality wines. However, studies on effects of RS-3 strain on some specific quality parameters of wines like varietal aroma compounds, flavours etc. are needed.     

Soil Types Effect on Grape and Wine Composition in Helan Mountain Area of Ningxia

Different soil types can significantly affect the composition of wine grapes and the final wine product. In this study, the effects of soil types on the composition of Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wine produced in the Helan Mountains were evaluated. Three different representative soil types—aeolian, sierozem and irrigation silting soil were studied. The compositions of grapes and wines were measured, and in addition, the weights of 100-berry samples were determined. The grapes that grown on the aeolian and sierozem soils matured sooner than those grown on the irrigation silting soil. The highest sugar content, total soluble solids content, sugar to acid ratio and anthocyanin content were found in the grapes that grown on the aeolian soil. The wine produced from this soil had improved chroma and tone and higher-quality phenols. The grapes grown on the sierozem soil had the highest total phenol and tannin contents, which affected the wine composition. The grapes grown on the irrigation silting soil had higher acidities, but the remaining indices were lower. In addition, the grapes grown on the aeolian soil resulted in wines with better chroma and aroma. The sierozem soil was beneficial for the formation of wine tannins and phenols and significantly affected the wine composition. The quality of the grapes from the irrigation silting soil was relatively low, resulting in lower-quality wine.     

2-Methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine in grape berries and its dependence on genotype

2-Methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine (MIBP) contributes a bell pepper aroma to many grape cultivars and has a reported aroma threshold of ～2 ng L(-1) in water. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) develop a procedure using headspace solid phase micro-extraction combined with GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring mode (HS-SPME-GC-MS-SIM) for analysis of MIBP in grape berries, and (2) determine the location of MIBP biosynthesis in grapevines by approach grafting clusters of Vitis vinifera L. cvs Cabernet Sauvignon and Muscat blanc onto each other. The soluble solids and pH of the grape juice/homogenate matrix from different grape berry developmental stages influenced the method precision; therefore, quantification via the method of standard addition was used. Using our developed method, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of MIBP were 0.1 ng L(-1) and 2 ng L(-1), respectively, measured in a model juice and non-MIBP containing Chardonnay juice. Spiked recoveries averaged between 91% and 112% in Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot noir homogenates and the overall relative standard deviation was less than 10%. The method was used to analyze MIBP in 29 grape cultivars and in fruit from clusters grafted to Cabernet Sauvignon or Muscat vines. Quantifiable levels were found only in Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Sauvignon blanc and Semillon, providing information on the genetic connection for the occurrence of MIBP in grapes. No MIBP was detected in the berries of Muscat blanc clusters grafted onto Cabernet Sauvignon vines when sampled at fruit maturity. MIBP was detected in all berries of Cabernet Sauvignon regardless the graft configuration. The data indicate that MIBP or its precursors originate in the berry and its formation depends upon grape genotype.     

基于温度-伤害度关系分析酿酒葡萄根系及芽抗寒性

采用差热分析系统(DTA)对8个主栽酿酒葡萄品种的芽和根系进行低温放热分析(LTE),建立各品种芽、根系韧皮部及木质部的温度-伤害度(LT-I)回归方程,评估不同品种的根系及芽抗寒性.结果表明： 8个品种的根系韧皮部伤害度50%的温度从高到低为马瑟兰>品丽珠>赤霞珠>小芒森>霞多丽>蛇龙珠>贵人香>熊岳白;不同品种木质部伤害度50%的温度从高到低为马瑟兰>霞多丽>赤霞珠>小芒森>品丽珠>蛇龙珠>贵人香>熊岳白;芽伤害度50%的温度从高到低为赤霞珠>小芒森>蛇龙珠>品丽珠>霞多丽>贵人香>马瑟兰>熊岳白.利用模糊隶属函数值法综合评价根系及芽的抗寒性,马瑟兰根系的抗寒性最差,熊岳白根系的抗寒性最好;赤霞珠、品丽珠、小芒森和蛇龙珠芽的抗寒性最差,贵人香和熊岳白芽的抗寒性最好.     

Pectic-β(1,4)-galactan,extensin and arabinogalactan–protein epitopes differentiate ripening stages in wine and table grape cell walls

Background and Aims

Cell wall changes in ripening grapes (Vitis vinifera) have been shown to involve re-modelling of pectin, xyloglucan and cellulose networks. Newer experimental techniques, such as molecular probes specific for cell wall epitopes, have yet to be extensively used in grape studies. Limited general information is available on the cell wall properties that contribute to texture differences between wine and table grapes. This study evaluates whether profiling tools can detect cell wall changes in ripening grapes from commercial vineyards.

Methods

Standard sugar analysis and infra-red spectroscopy were used to examine the ripening stages (green, véraison and ripe) in grapes collected from Cabernet Sauvignon and Crimson Seedless vineyards. Comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) analysis was performed on cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA) and NaOH extracts of alcohol-insoluble residue sourced from each stage using sets of cell wall probes (mAbs and CBMs), and the datasets were analysed using multivariate software.

Key Results

The datasets obtained confirmed previous studies on cell wall changes known to occur during grape ripening. Probes for homogalacturonan (e.g. LM19) were enriched in the CDTA fractions of Crimson Seedless relative to Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. Probes for pectic-β-(1,4)-galactan (mAb LM5), extensin (mAb LM1) and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs, mAb LM2) were strongly correlated with ripening. From green stage to véraison, a progressive reduction in pectic-β-(1,4)-galactan epitopes, present in both pectin-rich (CDTA) and hemicellulose-rich (NaOH) polymers, was observed. Ripening changes in AGP and extensin epitope abundance also were found during and after véraison.

Conclusions

Combinations of cell wall probes are able to define distinct ripening phases in grapes. Pectic-β-(1,4)-galactan epitopes decreased in abundance from green stage to véraison berries. From véraison there was an increase in abundance of significant extensin and AGP epitopes, which correlates with cell expansion events. This study provides new ripening biomarkers and changes that can be placed in the context of grape berry development.     

南亚热带酿酒葡萄品种(系)引种研究

1998～1999年,对8804、真芳德(Zinfandel)、梅尔诺(Merlot Noir)、赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)等4个欧亚种优良酿酒葡萄品种(系)在我国南亚热带季风气候下的栽培适应性做了初步观察.结果表明,8804具有较强的抗病性和早期丰产性;真芳德早期丰产性突出,但抗真菌病害能力较差;梅尔诺和赤霞珠早期丰产性较差,抗病性一般,能获得较好的成熟度.     

Prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory peptides in wine

Two peptides that inhibit prolyl endopeptidase were isolated from a red wine made from Cabernet Sauvignon grapes. Their amino acid sequences and IC50 values were Val-Glu-Ile-Pro-Glu (17.0 microM) and Tyr-Pro-Ile-Pro-Phe (87.8 microM). The peptides also suppressed the degradation levels of the bioactive peptides vasopressin, substance P, and neurotensin fragments 8-13, which are involved in memory and neural communication.