秦渭玫瑰精油研究

采用ISO9842和GB11538-89对在陕西渭南栽培的大马士革玫瑰“卡赞勒克”精油(工业化蒸馏法提取产品)进行了分析,结果表明,精油产品各项指标均符合ISO 9842和保加利亚БДС653标准要求。证明引种国际香型(纯甜型)玫瑰品种在陕西渭南栽培是成功的,所用精油提取工艺是合理的。     

商州产大马士革玫瑰精油研究

采用ISO9842:2003玫瑰油标准,对陕西商州引种的保加利亚主栽玫瑰品种“Kazanluk”(RosadamascenaMiller)精油进行分析。结果表明,该玫瑰精油香气具有天然玫瑰花香,香气细腻、柔和、飘逸。油为液体,淡黄色,相对密度(20/20℃)0.8599,折光指数(20℃)1.4592,旋光度(20℃)-4.3°,冻点20.6℃,酯值11.9,这些物理指标达到了标准要求。大量主香成分相对含量:乙醇0.5%,香茅醇45.5%,橙花醇4.5%,香叶醇7.6%,苯乙醇2.9%,十七烷烃1.13%,十九烷烃15.5%,二十一烷烃5.0%。这些成分含量与原产地保加利亚玫瑰油成分范围有一定差异,但与摩洛哥同类玫瑰油标准相符,可以作为商品油在国际市场销售。     

玫瑰精油的提取和理化性质分析

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法从江西首次引种的大马士革玫瑰(Rose damascene Miller)花中提取获得精油,得率为0.023％.按照ISO 9842:2003玫瑰精油标准方法测定精油的物理指标和主要组分,结果表明:该精油为黄色液体,具有天然的玫瑰花香,其物理指标和特征组分的百分含量符合标准要求,且主要组分构成与标准中保加利亚玫瑰精油相似.气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)结合直观推导式演进特征投影法(HELP)分析江西大马士革玫瑰精油,共鉴定出73个组分,其中香质组分较为完整,高品质玫瑰精油的标识成分β-突厥烯酮也被检出.     

玫瑰新品种—蜀玫精油化学成分的研究

用毛细管气相色谱-质谱-计算机数据处理联用技术,毛细管气相色谱保留指数它性法和标准品叠加法分析了玫瑰嫁接新品种——蜀玫(Rosa chinensis Jacq.x R.multiflora+R.rugosa Thunb.)精油的化学成分,并与接穗-素玫(Rosa rugosa cv.’Plena’)的精油成分进行了比较. 玫瑰精油是一种名贵的香料,在天然香料中占有极其重要的地位.为提高其质量国内外的育种专家对其品种的选育进行了大量的工作.金德伟等人以小叶多花藤玫(Rosa chinensis Jacq XR.mutiflora Thunb.)作为砧木,以素玫(Rosa rugosa Thunb.)作为接穗.培育出一玫瑰新品种——蜀玫(Rosa chinensis Jacq.xR.multiflora+R.rugosa Thunb.),大大地提高了玫瑰花的产量。研究其精油成分的变化以确定其品质是必不可少的.本文就其成分进行了研究。     

甜罗勒的引种栽培

甜罗勒(Ocimum basilicum L.)为唇形科罗勒属一年生草本植物,原产于印度,主产地为美国加州和法国南部,匈牙利、印尼、留尼汪、摩洛哥、西班牙、德国、马达加斯加、斐济、印度等也有栽培。我国云南,四川、广东、福建地区虽也有零星栽培,但未有规模生产。甜罗勒有两种类型:一为欧洲型,其精油主含芳樟醇和甲基黑椒酚;一为留尼汪型,精油主含甲基黑椒酚和樟脑,不含芳樟醇。它们的用途较广,新鲜嫩叶可作调味料;精油具有新鲜、略甜、浓郁的辛香香气,留香持久,是多种花香型(如:依兰、铃兰、桂花、金合欢     

樟精油成分和类型划分

用色谱、色谱-质谱联用、红外光谱和其他化学方法鉴定了樟精油中的34个成分。通过164株樟不同部位的363个精油样品的分析,观察到不同树龄的植株及不同部位精油成分的差异。叶部精油具有显著的特征。按照叶油的主成分可将樟划分为五个化学类型(生理类型):樟脑型、芳樟醇型、桉油素型、龙脑型和异橙花叔醇型。     

酶解辅助水蒸汽蒸馏法提取紫枝玫瑰精油工艺研究

为了优化酶解法辅助水蒸汽蒸馏法提取紫枝玫瑰精油的工艺,筛选出了能够有效提高精油香气主成分含量及精油提取率的果胶酶和纤维素酶,通过单因素试验,探索酶用量、酶解温度、酶解p H对玫瑰精油香气主成分及精油提取率的影响,在此基础上,利用正交分析,确定酶解-水蒸汽蒸馏法提取紫枝玫瑰精油的最佳工艺条件为:添加果胶酶和纤维素酶的复合酶体系,酶用量3 000 U/g,酶解温度50℃,酶解p H 5.5。采用此工艺条件,紫枝玫瑰精油的提取率是0.243 9%。     

龙桑一号桑叶精油的挥发性组分(英文)

桑品种龙桑一号(Morus alba)栽培于中国东北黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市甘南林场桑产业科技示范园。2009年7月、8月和9月的桑品种龙桑一号干桑叶精油中的挥发性组分经水蒸馏提取后进行了气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析。结果表明桑叶精油的共有组分是植醇(醇类化合物)、六氢金合欢丙酮(酮类化合物)、二十七烷和二十五烷(烃类化合物)。棕榈酸为7月和8月采集桑品种龙桑一号干桑叶精油的共有第一主成分。顺式-β-金合欢烯、反式-β-金合欢烯、β-甜没药烯、反式-α-佛手柑油烯和α-姜黄烯是9月采集桑品种龙桑一号干桑叶精油的主要芳香组分。萜类化合物相对含量较高的9月份采集的干桑叶精油具有药用价值。     

精油玫瑰资源

正油用玫瑰(oil-bearing roses),顾名思义,通常指能用于提取精油的蔷薇属植物种类。蔷薇全属约有200种,广泛分布在亚、欧、北非、北美寒温带至亚热带地区,我国产82种。蔷薇属是世界著名的观赏植物之一,庭园普遍栽培。蔷薇属植物花香宜人,但是仅有少数种被用于提取精油,常用的精油玫瑰种类包含大马士     

Clevenger法提取草果精油的化学组成及清除NaNO2能力

采用Clevenger法提取草果精油,以1.87%的平均得油率获得精油,用GC-MS联机对精油进行了成分分析,检测出38种成分,解析鉴定了占总成分98.393%的32个成分。主要成分1,8-桉树脑占40.891%(相对含量,以下同),α-水芹烯9.769%,2-异丙基苯甲醛6.988%。测定精油清除NaNO2能力结果可知:当精油用量为0.15～0.45 mL时,清除率为68.22%～81.40%,大于对照物Vc(57.12%～78.16%)和BHT(14.64%～18.66%)(精油和对照物浓度10 mg/mL)。     

Chemical regulators of plant hormones and their applications in basic research and agriculture*

Plant hormones are small molecules that play versatile roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Classic methodologies, including genetics, analytic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology, have contributed to the progress in plant hormone studies. In addition, chemical regulators of plant hormone functions have been important in such studies. Today, synthetic chemicals, including plant growth regulators, are used to study and manipulate biological systems, collectively referred to as chemical biology. Here, we summarize the available chemical regulators and their contributions to plant hormone studies. We also pose questions that remain to be addressed in plant hormone studies and that might be solved with the help of chemical regulators.     

化学基因组学和化学蛋白质组学用于细胞自噬研究

化学基因组学和化学蛋白质组学作为后基因组时代的新技术,是以化学小分子为工具,对细胞的生理过程进行精确干扰,研究有机体和细胞的功能,同时也是新药开发的重要手段。本文综述了化学基因组学和化学蛋白质组学征自噬相关靶点的特异性小分子的发现,及小分子存自噬机理研究中的应用。     

魔芋葡甘露聚糖化学结构及改性研究进展

本文综述了魔芋葡甘露聚糖的理化性质、化学结构及改性的研究进展     

Chemical convergence between a guild of facultative myrmecophilous caterpillars and host plants

1. Ants exert strong selective pressure on herbivorous insects, although some caterpillars can live in symbiosis with them using chemical defensive strategies.
2. We investigated the adaptive resemblance of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) in multitrophic systems involving a guild of facultative myrmecophilous caterpillar species (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), tending ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and host plants from three families. We hypothesised that the CHCs of the caterpillars would resemble those of their host plants (chemical camouflage).
3. We analysed CHCs using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Morisita's similarity index (SI) was used to compare CHC profiles of caterpillar species with different types of ant associations (commensal or mutualistic), ants, and host plants.
4. We found strong convergence between caterpillars' CHCs and plants, especially for commensal species that do not provide secretion rewards for ants. Moreover, we found unexpected chemical convergence among mutualistic (trophobiotic) caterpillar species that offer caloric reward secretions to ants.
5. These results show that the studied caterpillars acquire CHCs through their diet and that they vary according to host plant species and type of ant association (commensalism or mutualism). This ‘chemical camouflage’ of myrmecophilous caterpillars may have arisen as a defensive strategy allowing coexistence with ants on plants, whereas ‘chemical conspicuousness’ may have evolved in the context of honest signalling between mutualistic partners.
6. We suggest the existence of chemical mimicry among myrmecophilous species, especially between mutualistic caterpillars. Cuticular chemical mixtures can play a key adaptive role in decreasing ant attacks and increasing caterpillar survival in multimodal sensory systems.

     

Empirical correlation between protein backbone <Superscript>15</Superscript>N and <Superscript>13</Superscript>C secondary chemical shifts and its application to nitrogen chemical shift re-referencing

The linear analysis of chemical shifts (LACS) has provided a robust method for identifying and correcting ¹³C chemical shift referencing problems in data from protein NMR spectroscopy. Unlike other approaches, LACS does not require prior knowledge of the three-dimensional structure or inference of the secondary structure of the protein. It also does not require extensive assignment of the NMR data. We report here a way of extending the LACS approach to ¹⁵N NMR data from proteins, so as to enable the detection and correction of inconsistencies in chemical shift referencing for this nucleus. The approach is based on our finding that the secondary ¹⁵N chemical shift of the backbone nitrogen atom of residue i is strongly correlated with the secondary chemical shift difference (experimental minus random coil) between the alpha and beta carbons of residue i − 1. Thus once alpha and beta ¹³C chemical shifts are available (their difference is referencing error-free), the ¹⁵N referencing can be validated, and an appropriate offset correction can be derived. This approach can be implemented prior to a structure determination and can be used to analyze potential referencing problems in database data not associated with three-dimensional structure. Application of the LACS algorithm to the current BMRB protein chemical shift database, revealed that nearly 35% of the BMRB entries have δ ¹⁵N values mis-referenced by over 0.7 ppm and over 25% of them have δ ¹H^N values mis-referenced by over 0.12 ppm. One implication of the findings reported here is that a backbone ¹⁵N chemical shift provides a better indicator of the conformation of the preceding residue than of the residue itself. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

干、湿化学法在乳糜血中的应用比较

目的探讨乳糜血对干、湿化学法检测结果的影响,以期找到一种适合于在乳糜血中应用的检测方法。方法分别用干、湿化学法检测乳糜血中总蛋白、血糖,比较两种方法检测结果差异。结果湿化学法测定结果高于乙醇处理法(P0.05),干化学法与乙醇处理法结果比较差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论在乳糜血检测中干性化学法与湿性化学法比较更接近真实值。     

Identification of new candidate drugs for lung cancer using chemical–chemical interactions,chemical–protein interactions and a K-means clustering algorithm

Lung cancer, characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in the lung tissue, is the leading cause of global cancer deaths. Until now, effective treatment of this disease is limited. Many synthetic compounds have emerged with the advancement of combinatorial chemistry. Identification of effective lung cancer candidate drug compounds among them is a great challenge. Thus, it is necessary to build effective computational methods that can assist us in selecting for potential lung cancer drug compounds. In this study, a computational method was proposed to tackle this problem. The chemical–chemical interactions and chemical–protein interactions were utilized to select candidate drug compounds that have close associations with approved lung cancer drugs and lung cancer-related genes. A permutation test and K-means clustering algorithm were employed to exclude candidate drugs with low possibilities to treat lung cancer. The final analysis suggests that the remaining drug compounds have potential anti-lung cancer activities and most of them have structural dissimilarity with approved drugs for lung cancer.     

Chemical defensive substances of soft corals and gorgonians

Despite lack of efficient physical protection in the highly competitive and hostile environment, the marine invertebrates including soft corals and gorgonians can survive, mainly relying on their chemical defensive system by a series of secondary metabolites accumulating in their bodies or releasing to their surroundings. The chemical defensive functions of these secondary metabolites were found to serve as antipredatory, antimicrobial, allelopathy and antifouling agents. Study on chemical defensive substances from corals and gorgonians is one of the most important topics in marine chemical ecology. The research results could help us to understand the chemical ecological relationships between corals and their surrounding organisms. The research strategy and methodology played an enlightening role in the discovery of bioactive natural products and the generation of new drug lead compounds from marine sources. The chemical defensive substances from soft corals and gorgonians were reviewed. This review focused on the structures of these secondary metabolites as well as their functions including antipredatory, allelopathy and antifouling activities.     

Chemical defensive substances of soft corals and gorgonians

Despite lack of efficient physical protection in the highly competitive and hostile environment, the marine invertebrates including soft corals and gorgonians can survive, mainly relying on their chemical defensive system by a series of secondary metabolites accumulating in their bodies or releasing to their surroundings. The chemical defensive functions of these secondary metabolites were found to serve as antipredatory, antimicrobial, allelopathy and antifouling agents. Study on chemical defensive substances from corals and gorgonians is one of the most important topics in marine chemical ecology. The research results could help us to understand the chemical ecological relationships between corals and their surrounding organisms. The research strategy and methodology played an enlightening role in the discovery of bioactive natural products and the generation of new drug lead compounds from marine sources. The chemical defensive substances from soft corals and gorgonians were reviewed. This review focused on the structures of these secondary metabolites as well as their functions including antipredatory, allelopathy and antifouling activities.