合成酮内酯类3—脱氧—3—羰基—红霉内酯B糖多孢红霉菌M的构建

大环内酯类抗生素基因工程是近年来研究的一个新领域,迄今已合成了100多种新的聚酮类化合物。以糖多孢红霉菌A226基因组DNA为模板,用重叠PCR方法扩增出去除KR6酶域DNA的约3.2kb DNA片段,克隆于pWHM3载体,构建了同源重组质粒pWHM2201。PEG介导原生质体转化法将pWHM2201转入糖多孢红霉菌A226,并整合于染色体红霉素合成基因位点。整合体在R3M斜面上生长两代后,制备原生质体涂R3M平皿。利用PCR鉴定筛选出8株KR6敲除的突变体糖多孢红霉菌M（1－8）。ZabsPec Fab质谱鉴定,证实糖多孢红霉菌M1合成了3－脱氧－3－羰基－红霉内酯B,一种新的酮内酯类化合物。     

合成酮内酯类3-脱氧-3-羰基-红霉内酯B糖多孢红霉菌M的构建

大环内酯类抗生素基因工程是近年来研究的一个新领域,迄今已合成了100多种新的聚酮类化合物。以糖多孢红霉菌A226基因组DNA为模板,用重叠PCR方法扩增出去除KR6酶域DNA的约32kb DNA片段,克隆于pWHM3载体,构建了同源重组质粒pWHM2201。PEG介导原生质体转化法将pWHM2201转入糖多孢红霉菌A226,并整合于染色体红霉素合成基因位点。整合体在R3M斜面上生长两代后,制备原生质体涂R3M平皿。利用PCR鉴定筛选出8株KR6敲除的突变体糖多孢红霉菌M(1-8)。ZabsPec Fab质谱鉴定,证实糖多孢红霉菌M1合成了3-脱氧-3-羰基-红霉内酯B,一种新的酮内酯类化合物。 〖HJ0     

糖多孢红霉菌A226 的原生质体转化和染色体同源整合

糖多孢红霉菌的原生质体转化和染色体同源整合,是红霉素生物合成基因改造的重要途径。本研究对糖多孢红霉菌A226原生质体制备和转化条件进行了优化,结果表明以对数生长后期和稳定期菌丝体制备的原生质体转化效率较高;质粒、原生质体和PEG－T缓冲液体积比例为15：40：200（μl)时转化效果较好;比重小原生本的转化效率虽高,但在转化子中有效整合的比例较低;PEG1000和PEG3350对转化效率没有显差异;而Yamamoto转化系统优于Weber转化系统。PCR鉴定、抑菌活性鉴定和质谱分析均表明,转化质粒已整合到染色体红霉素合成基因位点。     

糖多孢红霉菌多拷贝表达载体pZM的构建

对糖多孢红霉菌染色体上红霉素生物合成基因进行改造 ,已经合成了多种红霉素类似物。在糖多孢红霉菌中对红霉素类似物进行结构修饰 ,以pWOR1 0 9质粒为基础构建糖多孢红霉菌多拷贝表达载体pZM。pZM载体带有PermE启动子、fd终止子、多克隆位点、硫链丝菌肽和氨苄青霉素抗性基因、以及在大肠杆菌和糖多孢红霉菌中复制的ColE1ori和pJV1ori复制子 ,系可在大肠杆菌和糖多孢红霉菌中扩增的穿梭质粒。在糖多孢红霉菌中 ,pZM可以表达氨普霉素抗性基因和绿色荧光蛋白基因 ,从糖多孢红霉菌中提取的表达质粒酶切图谱与转化前一致 ,表明pZM是糖多孢红霉菌中多拷贝、稳定的表达载体。     

表达vgb的糖多孢红霉菌载体构建与活性鉴定

目的为了在糖多孢红霉菌(Sac.erythraea)中表达透明颤菌(Vitreoscilla)血红蛋白基因(vgb),发挥其在贫氧环境下与氧结合形成氧合态,而改变限氧时细胞原有的代谢方式,将vgb克隆于糖多孢红霉菌表达载体中。方法利用PCR技术克隆vgb,利用基因重组技术构建含有vgb的重组糖多孢红霉菌表达质粒,电穿孔法将vgb转化置糖多孢红霉菌中,鉴定采用SDS-PAGE电泳。vgb在重组糖多孢红霉菌表达产物的生物活性检测用Western blotting分析表示。结果克隆了含有vgb的重组糖多孢红霉菌表达质粒(pBlueV),分子量6.033 kb,筛选了重组糖多孢红霉菌株,重组菌株表达的血红蛋白能与1∶300的VHb抗体呈显色反应。结论vgb在糖多孢红霉菌中获得了表达,这对继续研究生产红霉素的工程菌改造,解决工业发酵工程菌高密度培养具有良好的应用前景。     

同源重组法构建枯草芽孢杆菌转酮酶缺失突变菌株

采用同源重组法高效构建枯草芽孢杆菌转酮酶(tkt)缺失突变株。以大肠杆菌(E.coliDH5α)质粒pBlUSKM为框架,构建出基于枯草杆菌(B.S104)tkt基因位点的整合载体pb-Trs-n,将此载体重组到Bacillus subtilis104中,从新霉素抗性平板上挑取转化子,整合载体pb-Trs-n的测序结果与Kunst.F报道的tkt基因高度同源(98.9%)。同源重组后,B.S104染色体上的tkt基因(2 004bp)部分与载体pb-Trs-n的neo基因(1 197bp)发生了同源交换,确定了该转化子为枯草芽孢杆菌转酮酶缺失突变株(tkt-,neo),该方法构建枯草芽孢杆菌转酮酶(tkt)缺失突变株是可行的,为D-核糖工程菌的研究奠定了基础。     

变性双链法实现葡萄糖异构酶基因敲除的研究

对７号淀粉酶菌Ｍ１０３３的遗传背景进行分析,建立了其原生质体制备、转化的优化条件。构建了葡萄糖异构酶（ＧＩ）结构基因内插千方百计以链丝菌肽基因（ｔｓｒ）的置换型同源重组质粒,利用其变性双链片段实现与Ｍ１０３３菌株染色体上基因的同源重组,获得置换型葡萄异构酶缺陷型蓖Ｍ１０３３ＬＪ。为在染色体上引入突变位点实现染色体上分子定点改造造尊定了基础。     

基因工程技术合成一种新的酮内酯类化合物3—去氧—3—羰基—红霉内酯B

大环内酯类抗生素基因工程是近年来生物工程领域研究的一个热点 ,利用基因工程改造大环内酯类抗生素合成基因 ,已经合成了 10 0多种“非天然”的天然化合物 ,为筛选新抗生素开辟了新的途径。本研究以糖多孢红霉菌Ａ2 2 6基因组ＤＮＡ为模板 ,先用ＰＣＲ扩增出红霉素合成基因ｅｒｙＫＲ6两侧片段 ,再用重叠ＰＣＲ将其拼接成去除ＫＲ6的约 3.2ｋｂＤＮＡ片段 ,并克隆于ｐＷＨＭ3载体 ,构建了同源重组质粒ｐＷＨＭ2 2 0 1。用ＰＥＧ介导将ｐＷＨＭ2 2 0 1转入糖多孢红霉菌Ａ2 2 6原生质体。ＰＣＲ鉴定和生物活性检测均显示ｐＷＨＭ2 2 0 1已重…     

链霉菌质粒pSET152电转化稀有放线菌小单孢菌的研究

利用链霉菌(Streptomyces)噬菌体ΦC31所构建的整合型载体pSET152作为供体质粒,分别以小单孢菌(Micromonospora)40027菌株的萌发孢子和新鲜菌丝体作为受体菌,在不同的电场强度下进行电转化实验,结果表明:以小单孢菌40027菌株萌发孢子为受体菌,未获得电转化子;以小单孢菌40027菌株新鲜菌丝体为受体菌,获得了电转化子。电场强度为13kV/cm时可获得最高转化效率。Southern杂交结果表明:质粒pSET152可通过菌丝体电转化法导入小单孢菌40027菌株,并整合到小单孢菌40027菌株的染色体上,暗示链霉菌噬菌体ΦC31的整合酶基因和整合位点在异源宿主小单孢菌40027菌株中仍具有相同的功能。质粒稳定性检测实验表明:质粒pSET152可稳定地存在于小单孢菌40027菌株中。     

利用DREAM设计和同源重组进行一步定点突变

目的：建立基于DREAM设计和同源重组的简便、快速定点突变方法。方法：设计两条包含突变的反向PCR（inverse PCR）引物,使其5'端互补从而产生同源重组,同时使用DREAM设计方案在上述引物中引入限制性内切酶位点以便突变子筛选。用能扩增长片段的高保真耐热 DNA聚合酶扩增全长的质粒DNA,直接转化大肠杆菌。转化到细菌中的全长质粒DNA PCR产物可利用其末端同源序列发生同源重组而环化。利用引入的酶切位点方便地进行突变子的筛选。结果：我们用该方法成功地对长度大于7 kb的质粒进行了定点突变。结论：本定点突变无需任何突变试剂盒和特殊的试剂,只需一步反应即可完成;利用DREAM设计使克隆筛选简便可靠,高保真耐热DNA聚合酶可保证多数突变子克隆不发生意外突变,而该酶扩增长片段的能力使该方法适合于大多数质粒不经亚克隆直接突变。     

The use of a chromosome integration vector to map erythromycin resistance and production genes in Saccharopolyspora erythraea (Streptomyces erythraeus)

The thiostrepton-resistance-conferring plasmid pIJ702 was integrated into the ermE region of the chromosome of erythromycin (Er)-producing bacterium Saccharopolyspora erythraea (Streptomyces erythraeus) by single, reciprocal (Campbell) recombination between DNA cloned in the vector and homologous nucleotide sequences in the chromosome. Genetic mapping experiments by conjugational transfer were used to establish that the ErR gene, ermE, was located close to the Er-production loci eryA34 and eryB25.     

Transformation of Azotobacter vinelandii OP with a broad host range plasmid containing a cloned chromosomal nif-DNA marker

The non-nitrogen-fixing (Nif-) strain UW10 of Azotobacter vinelandii OP (UW) was naturally induced to competence and transformed with broad host range plasmid pKT210 containing the cloned wild-type nif-10 locus from A. vinelandii UW (Nif+); this marker was unable to complement the nif-10 mutation in trans, but could through recombination with the chromosome. The most frequent type of transformation event observed was recombination between the homologous regions of the plasmid and chromosome (producing Nif+ transformants) with loss of the plasmid vector. At a substantially lower frequency, transformants expressing the plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance determinants were isolated which were phenotypically Nif-. Agarose gel electrophoresis showed that these transformants contained a plasmid migrating with the same mobility as the original donor plasmid. During culture these transformants acquired a Nif+ phenotype without the loss of the plasmid, as judged by the use of a hybridization probe specific for the cloned nif-DNA fragment. These data indicate that plasmids carrying sequences homologous to chromosomal sequences could be maintained in recombination-proficient A. vinelandii UW. The introduction of plasmids containing sequences homologous to chromosomal sequences was facilitated by prelinearization of the plasmid using a restriction endonuclease generating cohesive ends. Because the site of linearization could be chosen outside the region of shared homology, it was unlikely that the route of plasmid establishment occurred via a homology-facilitated transformation mechanism. The data also indicated that A. vinelandii UW could harbor broad host range cloning vectors based on plasmid RSF1010 without significant impairment of its nitrogen-fixation ability.     

Induction of recombination between homologous and diverged DNAs by double-strand gaps and breaks and role of mismatch repair.

Sequence homology is expected to influence recombination. To further understand mechanisms of recombination and the impact of reduced homology, we examined recombination during transformation between plasmid-borne DNA flanking a double-strand break (DSB) or gap and its chromosomal homolog. Previous reports have concentrated on spontaneous recombination or initiation by undefined lesions. Sequence divergence of approximately 16% reduced transformation frequencies by at least 10-fold. Gene conversion patterns associated with double-strand gap repair of episomal plasmids or with plasmid integration were analyzed by restriction endonuclease mapping and DNA sequencing. For episomal plasmids carrying homeologous DNA, at least one input end was always preserved beyond 10 bp, whereas for plasmids carrying homologous DNA, both input ends were converted beyond 80 bp in 60% of the transformants. The system allowed the recovery of transformants carrying mixtures of recombinant molecules that might arise if heteroduplex DNA--a presumed recombination intermediate--escapes mismatch repair. Gene conversion involving homologous DNAs frequently involved DNA mismatch repair, directed to a broken strand. A mutation in the PMS1 mismatch repair gene significantly increased the fraction of transformants carrying a mixture of plasmids for homologous DNAs, indicating that PMS1 can participate in DSB-initiated recombination. Since nearly all transformants involving homeologous DNAs carried a single recombinant plasmid in both Pms+ and Pms- strains, stable heteroduplex DNA appears less likely than for homologous DNAs. Regardless of homology, gene conversion does not appear to occur by nucleolytic expansion of a DSB to a gap prior to recombination. The results with homeologous DNAs are consistent with a recombinational repair model that we propose does not require the formation of stable heteroduplex DNA but instead involves other homology-dependent interactions that allow recombination-dependent DNA synthesis.     

Effect of insertions, deletions, and double-strand breaks on homologous recombination in mouse L cells.

We have used DNA-mediated gene transfer to study homologous recombination in cultured mammalian cells. A family of plasmids with insertion and deletion mutations in the coding region of the herpes simplex type 1 thymidine kinase (tk) gene served as substrates for DNA-mediated gene transfer into mouse Ltk- cells by the calcium phosphate technique. Intermolecular recombination events were scored by the number of colonies in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine selective medium. We used supercoiled plasmids containing tk gene fragments to demonstrate that an overlap of 62 base pairs (bp) of homologous DNA was sufficient for intermolecular recombination. Addition of 598 bp of flanking homology separated from the region of recombination by a double-strand gap, deletion, or insertion of heterologous DNA increased the frequency of recombination by 300-, 20-, or 40-fold, respectively. Linearizing one of the mutant plasmids in a pair before cotransfer by cutting in the area of homology flanking a deletion of 104 bp or an insertion of less than 24 bp increased the frequency of recombination relative to that with uncut plasmids. However, cutting an insertion mutant of greater than or equal to 24 bp in the same manner did not increase the frequency. We show how our data are consistent with models that postulate at least two phases in the recombination process: homologous pairing and heteroduplex formation.     

Sequence length required for homologous recombination in Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcosis is a major threat to immunocompromised individuals. Isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii and var. neoformans are responsible for most of the infections in the United States and Europe. In depth analysis of the virulence phenotype of this organism requires the generation of specific gene disruptions. The minimum sequence requirements for efficient homologous recombination has not been determined in Cryptococcus. To investigate the flanking DNA length requirements for efficient homologous recombination in variety grubii, the rates of homologous recombination of constructs with different lengths of flanking sequence at two loci, CAP59 and CNLAC1, were examined. Five gene disruption constructs were prepared for each locus with symmetric lengths of sequence homologous to the target gene with approximately 50, 100, 200, 300 or 400bp flanking the selectable marker for hygromycin resistance. In addition, two asymmetric constructs with 50bp on one side and 400bp on the other side were generated for each locus. Overall, symmetric constructs with 300bp or more of flanking sequence on each side and the asymmetric constructs were efficiently targeted for gene disruption by homologous recombination in C. neoformans var. grubii. With one exception, the rate of recovery of homologous recombinants using the longer or asymmetric constructs as targeting vectors was greater than five percent of total transformants. Symmetrical constructs with 100bp or less of homologous flanking sequence did not efficiently generate targeted gene disruptions because the rate of homologous recombinants was less than or equal to 1%.     

Genetic analysis of the mechanism of the Salmonella phase variation site specific recombination system

Summary Phase variation, the alternation of expression of flagellar antigens H1 and H2, in Salmonella typhimurium is mediated by site specific inversion of a 995 bp DNA segment of the chromosome. Hin, a protein encoded within the 995 bp segment, is thought to catalyze the recombination reaction between 14 bp inverted repeats flanking the 995 bp segment. By comparison of the relative rates of inversion of two different plasmids containing the H2 inversion segment flanked by different sequences, we conclude that the sequences adjacent to the inversion segment affect the rate of inversion. Homologous pairing of the repeats is important in H2 inversion since the orientation of the repeats on the host molecule(s) determines the result of the recombination reaction. The presence of the hin gene mediates the fusion of two plasmids when each contains one of the 14 bp repeat sequences. When the 14 bp sequences are direct repeats on a single molecule the sequence between them is deleted. These results support the hypothesis that the H2 inversion system functions by homologous, conservative, site specific recombination which is similar to the systems found associated with TnA transposons and temperate bacteriophage.     

Bacillus pumilus plasmid pPL10: properties and insertion into Bacillus subtilis 168 by transformation.

Bacillus pumilus ATCC 12140 harbors 10 or more copies per chromosome of each two small plasmids. Variants of this strain were isolated which were sensitive to a killing activity produced by the plasmid-containing parent. Each of 24 such sensitive (S) variants tested lacked detectable levels of supercoiled deoxyribonucleic acid. Transduction of S variants to the Kill+ phenotype was performed using phage PBP1 propagated on a mutant of ATCC 12140, designated strain L10, that remained Kill+ but retained only a single plasmid species (plasmid pPL10; molecular weight, approximately 4.4 X 10(6), approximately 20 copies per chromosome; RHO = 1.698). Resulting Kill+ transductants of S variants contained a single plasmid species having a size and copy number comparable to that of pPL10. Transfer of pPL10 from strain L10 TO B. pumilus strain NRS 576 was accomplished by transduction with selection for the Kill+ phenotype. Strain NRS 576 naturally harbors about two copies per chromosome of a 28-million-dalton plasmid, pPL576. In Kill + transductants of NRS 576, plasmids pPL10 and pPL576 stably coexisted at a ratio of about 11 molecules of pPL10 to 1 molecule of pPL576. Therefore, pPL576 and pPL10 are compatible plasmids. B. subtilis 168 is naturally resistant to pPl10- determined killing activity. Plasmid pPl10 was therefore inserted into B-subtilis 168 by transformation, using an indirect selection procedure and a spoB mutant as recipient. The plasmid is stably maintained at an estimated 10 copies per chromosome in the spore- recipient and in spore+ transformants. pPL10 is sensitive to cleavage by the endonucleases Hind III and EcoR1.