湛江市城市森林树种结构分析

调查湛江市道路、公园和附属三类绿地159个单位的100 452株乔木,比较其物种多样性特征、物种组成特性、相对多度、物种重要值。结果表明:(1)湛江城市森林有52科204种乔木,物种多样性较丰富,树种结构受绿地类型、生境与人文等因素影响;(2)物种组成反映出热带季雨林地带性特色,外来种有96种,应用丰富,但乡土植物开发不足;(3)在调查的植株中,少数优势种占很大比例,其中,道路绿地前25种植物相对多度高达89.66,公园有最多的非常见种;(4)物种重要值SI>1的有26种,7种基调树种反映了湛江城市森林的基本特色。     

厦门城市公园景观格局与植物群落结构的相关性

选取平均斑块面积、斑块密度、景观多样性等景观格局指数和林地面积比例、树种多样性、乡土树种比例等植物群落结构指数分别对厦门城市公园景观格局与植物群落结构进行量化分析,并统计群落结构指数与景观格局指数之间的Pearson相关性系数,以探讨厦门城市公园景观格局与其植物群落结构之间的关系及相互适宜性。结果表明:建设年代较早的人工公园(中山公园和南湖公园)树种丰富,搭配均匀,注重乡土种和外来种的合理配置;建设年代较晚的人工公园(白鹭洲和湖里公园)树种结构简单,乡土树种比例低。半自然公园中自然林地保持较好,树种多样,乡土树种比例高。与人工公园相比,半自然公园(忠仑、狐尾山和仙岳公园)平均斑块面积大,斑块类型较少,景观破碎化程度和景观多样性都较低。相关性分析表明,平均斑块面积与林地面积比、乡土树种比呈正相关,景观多样性指数与林地面积比呈负相关,说明厦门城市公园景观格局与植物群落结构之间具有一定的空间相关性。     

黄河下游平原非农植物多样性拆分研究

非农生物多样性的存在是农业景观生态系统健康持续发展的基础,对农业景观非农生境中植物群落物种多样性特征分析将有助于可持续农业景观构建措施的科学提出。在黄河下游平原典型农业景观中采用栅格分区的方式布设样点(共54个),采用典型样地法对各样点内的林地、树篱、田间道路和沟渠等主要非农生境的植物群落进行调查,采用生物多样性加性分配的方法探讨不同空间尺度上生物多样性的组成特征。结果显示:(1)各非农生境间植物群落物种多样性特征存在较大的差异。(2)偶见种从数量上构成了各非农生境中植物物种丰富度的主体,而常见种则行使着群落优势种和构建者的角色。(3)总体上,β多样性在各空间尺度中均对总物种丰富度具有重要贡献。(4)常见种和偶见种中物种组成格局存在显著差异:常见种的物种丰富度主要由α多样性贡献,而β多样性则贡献了偶见种的绝大部分。简言之,β多样性对区内植物多样性的保护和维持意义重大,农业景观中非农生境类别的出现对总物种丰富度的提高具有重要作用;各生境中较高的样点间β多样性(β样点)意味着在看似均质化的农业景观背景中依然具有较高的区域差异;景观组成和构型的变化将对农业景观中植物群落特征和物种多样性产生重要影响,且对偶见种的影响更甚。未来,应从景观和区域等更大尺度上,基于农业景观生态系统功能和服务的综合考虑及可持续农业景观的建立来探讨农业活动与生物多样性保护的权衡。     

黄土高原马栏林区主要森林群落物种多样性研究

应用丰富度指数(S)、多样性指数(H1)、优势度指数(D)和均匀度指数(Js)对子午岭马栏林区的主要森林群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:41个样地共记录草本151种,灌木111种,乔木33种。马栏林区森林植物群落其总体多样性是混交林>纯林>人工林;不同森林群落各层的物种多样性基本都表现为灌木层>草本层>乔木层;物种多样性乔木层以油松(Pinus tabulaeformis) 辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)混交林和落叶阔叶混交林较高,灌木层以油松 白桦(Betula platyphylla)混交林、白桦林和天然油松林多样性较高;草本层则是人工刺槐 (Robinia pseudoacacia)林、白桦林和山杨(Populus davidiana)林多样性较高。人工刺槐林和人工油松林在乔木层和灌木层多样性指数都较低。物种均匀度乔木层是落叶阔叶混交林最高,人工油松林和人工刺槐林最低;灌木层各群落的均匀度较为接近;草本层则表现为人工刺槐林均匀度最高,混交林最低。β多样性分析显示人工刺槐林与其它森林群落相异性较大,而辽东栎林、天然油松林和油松 白桦混交林均与油松 辽东栎混交林的相异性较小。研究表明多树种营造混交林可以增加群落的多样性,建造具有较高物种多样性的群落应种植混交林取代单一物种的人工纯林,在选择树种时应优先考虑乡土树种。     

古田山常绿阔叶林萌生特征及其与群落物种多样性的关系

萌生更新是森林木本植物重要的生活史策略,能够促使萌生树种长时间占据原有空间,对物种共存、群落构建与生态系统稳定性有重要的潜在影响;同时,萌生更新的植株具有较强的资源获取与竞争能力。但萌生更新对群落物种共存的作用还远未被理解。本文基于古田山5 ha亚热带常绿阔叶林监测样地的调查数据,研究了萌生更新对群落物种多样性的影响及作用机制。结果表明:(1)古田山常绿阔叶林中萌生树种的丰富度比例较高(63.95%),已发生萌生的物种多度比例较高(38.53%),潜在萌生多度比例更高(59.51%);(2)萌生现象在各分类群普遍发生,壳斗科、杜鹃花科、金缕梅科、山茶科等类群的萌生能力较强;(3)萌生物种丰富度比例与群落物种多样性的关系不显著,萌生物种多度比例与群落物种多样性呈负相关关系。由此推测,作为古田山亚热带常绿阔叶林中一种占优势的更新方式,萌生更新在保证萌生树种持续存活从而增加群落物种多样性的同时,在一定阶段又能抑制群落物种多样性的发展,对群落物种共存、生物多样性维持起到了较重要的调节作用。     

北京城市生态系统植物种类构成及其分布特征

为了认识北京城市生态系统植物的构成特点、变化趋势及保护城市植物多样性 ,进而为北京城市绿化提供科学基础 ,对北京城区五环内各功能类型的植物进行了抽样调查、标本采集、鉴定和研究。结果表明 :(1)北京城区五环内共有维管束植物 99科30 7属 5 36种 ,其中北京本地种 2 79种 ,占总种数的 5 2 .0 5 % ,国内引进种 15 0种 ,占总种数的 2 7.99% ,国外引进种 10 7种 ,占总种数的 19.96 %。 (2 )北京城区植物属的区系地理成分以北温带成分为主 ,占城区总属数的 2 1.0 5 % ,远低于全北京植物北温带成分占 30 .30 %的比例 ;温带亚洲物种、旧世界温带物种、世界分布物种的比例都呈减少趋势 ;除旧世界热带物种成分外 ,其它热带物种成分的比例都有所增加。(3)城区各功能区物种丰富度从大到小的顺序为公园、学校校园、居民小区、道路、体育中心及单位场院、广场及公共建筑。公园、学校校园植物的总种数都占城区五环内植物总种数的 5 0 %以上 ,是城区植物的物种库。但本地植物物种比例在所有的功能区中均较低 ,甚至在公园与学校校园 ,本地物种的比例也分别只有 5 3.86 %与 5 2 .5 2 % ,居民小区和广场及公共建筑的北京本地种比例分别只有 4 1.39%和 4 0 .2 3%。 (4 )公园的乔、灌木植物多样性最高 ,荒地的草本植物     

福建泉州城区道路主要行道树调查分析

对福建泉州城区道路行道树进行调查和统计,观察和分析了该区主要行道树的应用频度以及在当地的生长情况,初步探讨其作为行道树的适宜性,对当前该区道路行道树存在的问题进行讨论,并提出相关建议。     

丛枝菌根真菌种群的孢子季相动态研究

以草坪为研究对象,研究草坪土壤中丛枝菌根真菌种群的孢子组成、孢子密度、物种丰富度、多样性及其季相变化规律。结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌孢子密度、物种丰富度和多样性指数在一年内随季节变化表现出一定的季相变化规律,三者均在冬季达到最高,在时间节律上与植物群落季相变化不同步;同时分析了气候因素(平均温度、降雨量和日照时间等)对丛枝菌根真菌的影响。结果表明,气候因素对孢子密度、物种丰富度和多样性指数均有显著影响。     

广州公园植物群落物种组成及多样性研究

通过对广州城区10 个公园中92 块样地进行调查, 旨在探讨不同公园中植物群落物种构成及其多样性。调查显示: 样地植物种类较为丰富, 共出现维管植物275 种, 以被子植物为主; 样地中乔木共计143 种; 在乔木层中, 有6个树种出现频度超过50%, 8 种灌木频度超过50%, 12 种草本植物频度超过50%; 而不同公园间草本层植物多样性差异较小, 但是, 越秀公园、雕塑公园和天河公园等面积较大的公园乔木多样性较低; 与乔木层相比, 灌木层植物多样性普遍偏低在乔木层。因此需要进一步加强景观植被中灌木植物的配置, 进而提升城市公园森林美景。     

农业景观非农生境植物多样性及其影响因素

农业景观是人类生活所需资料的最主要来源地和生物多样性保护的重要区域之一。黄河中下游地区是我国最重要的农业区之一,在区域农业景观中,非农生境中各群落植物物种多样性组成特征有何差异?在不同尺度上,景观异质性特征与生境特征对植物物种多样性特征有何影响?在黄河中下游典型区域布点,对区内主要非农生境(次生林、次生灌丛、人工林和农田边缘等)中的植物群落物种多样性进行调查。结果显示:(1)次生灌丛中的物种丰富度和多样性显著高于其他生境,而农田边缘也保育有较多的物种;(2)从物种组成来看,景观尺度上样点间物种多样性差异(β_2)是所有生境中物种丰富度的最主要组成部分,而次生灌丛与次生林两类自然生境中小尺度(α和β1)物种丰富度的贡献相对较高。(3)景观异质性特征指标对物种多样性的影响主要体现在样方尺度上(α_(样方)),而β和γ多样性与之的关系并不甚密切。表征生境特征的群落高度和盖度指标能更好的预测物种多样性的特征。研究发现,常用的表征景观异质性的指数在各尺度上对植物群落物种多样性特征的影响也并不显著,局地群落特征的影响更为直接和重要。在探讨景观异质性特征与生物多样性关系时,常用的多样性指数(Shannon多样性指数、均匀度指数和Simpson指数等)并不合适,而拆分后的物种丰富度会更有效。但景观异质性对生物多样性的影响也不容忽视,它的改变会是影响群落物种多样性及其组成结构的重要潜在因素,在更大尺度上景观异质性会通过对景观组成要素特征(生境组成和构型)的影响进而影响到区域植物物种丰富度的变化。     

基于层次分析法的江苏宁镇山脉乡土树种评价

为了筛选适宜南京地区的优良城市绿化树种,在野外调查和问卷调查的基础上,利用层次分析法(AHP)建立江苏宁镇山脉乡土树种评价体系,对该区域的乡土树种进行客观的定量分析。结果表明:(1)乡土树种作为城市绿化树种应首先考虑抗逆性,其次是生态价值、美学价值和生物学特性;(2)参与评价的41种宁镇山脉乡土树种可分为4类,其中I类乡土树种应大力推广应用,Ⅱ类乡土树种可作为森林城市树种多样性的有益补充,Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类乡土树种作为城市绿化树种仍有一定的差距。13种Ⅰ类乡土树种作为城市绿化树种具有良好的应用前景。     

干旱区绿洲城市树木健康评估及影响因素——以乌鲁木齐市为例

树木作为城市绿色基础设施重要组分,其健康直接影响城市生态系统服务及人居环境质量。城市化进程加快导致生态土地缺失,同时缺乏合理养护加之极端自然条件干扰对树木健康造成严重威胁。为揭示城市树木健康风险及影响因素,对乌鲁木齐市核心城区117个样地绿化树木进行健康评估,从4个维度12个指标构建树木健康分级体系,基于样地调查结果,分析树木组成、结构、关联性、健康状况及影响因素,揭示乌鲁木齐市不同功能区树木健康差异。旨在为研究区树木健康保护、城市绿地可持续经营及城市生态文明建设提供理论依据和数据支撑。结果表明：（1）乌鲁木齐市城市园林树木乔灌比为8.3 ： 1,树木多样性与种间关联程度较低。榆树占比高达43.87%,其中白榆占比22.62%,是主要优势树种;（2）不同树种健康程度呈现差异性,榆树类健康状况呈现圆冠榆 > 大叶榆 > 白榆 > 垂枝榆特征;（3）城市不同功能区树木健康也呈现异质性;以公园和居住小区树木健康分值较高,而行道树和学校庭院树木健康分值相对较低,且冗余分析进一步揭示地面铺装、林木配置结构、生长空间和胸径对树木健康影响程度最为显著。未来优化城市树木生境条件、提升物种丰富度、加强古树名木保育和提高园林绿化管理水平是维护和提升绿洲城市树木健康的重要举措。     

Use of Tropical Dry Forests and Agricultural Areas by Neotropical Bird Communities

Agricultural activities represent a global threat to biodiversity, yet little is known about the relative importance of different agricultural land uses in relation to their wildlife communities. We explored bird community structure, diversity, and composition in a landscape dominated by primary tropical dry forest, and in three agricultural systems (i.e., tree orchards, herbaceous cropfields, cattle pastures) to evaluate the way in which birds use different habitats within the landscape. Tropical dry forests had the highest species richness and community evenness, although the bird community in tree orchards was also relatively species rich and even. Cattle pastures had more bird species than cropfields but both habitats were comparatively species poor with low evenness. Our results are related to habitat structure and the spatial location of sites within the landscape matrix. Based on our observations, we recommend including native tree species within agricultural systems and surrounding areas to provide additional resources for birds. Finally, we suggest promoting natural recruitment of native trees and shrubs within cattle pastures to provide suitable habitat for species that use tropical dry forest plants. Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp .     

Influence of urbanization on riparian forest diversity and structure in the Georgia Piedmont, US

Riparian forests are increasingly threatened by urban expansion and land use change worldwide. This study examined the relationships between landscape characteristics and woody plant diversity, structure, and composition of small order riparian corridors along an urban-rural land use gradient in the Georgia Piedmont, US. Riparian plant diversity, structure, and composition were related to landscape metrics and land use. Species richness was negatively associated with impervious surfaces and landscape diversity, and positively associated with forest cover and largest forest patch index. Shannon species diversity was strongly related to the biomass of non-native species, especially for the regeneration layer. Urban sites were characterized by high richness of non-native and pioneer species. Developing sites were dominated by the non-native shrub, Ligustrum sinense Lour., and several native overstory trees, mainly Acer negundo L. While agricultural and managed forest sites were composed of ubiquitous species, unmanaged forest sites had a structurally distinct midstory indicative of reduced disturbance. Urban and agricultural land uses showed decreased native stem densities and signs of overstory tree regeneration failure. Results from this study highlight the impact of the surrounding landscape matrix upon riparian forest plant diversity and structure.     

辽西北部主要绿化树种对粉尘污染的生理响应研究

为探究乡土和外来树种对城市不同污染环境的适应性,选取阜新市工业区、道路、矿区和公园绿地共有的10种树种作为研究对象,采用洗脱法测定了各树种单位叶面积滞尘量,并测定了叶片滞尘前后生理指标的变化,探讨不同种树叶片滞尘效应,以及叶片滞尘后对植物生理活动的影响。结果表明：(1)在4个功能区的不同树种单位叶面积滞尘量均不同,其中新疆杨单位叶面积滞尘量都较高、均值为1.45 g/m²,银杏单位叶面积滞尘量都较低、均值仅有0.92 g/m²。(2)叶片滞尘之后生理指标分析显示,叶片SPAD值呈显著下降趋势,渗透调节物质(脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖)含量和细胞膜透性(MDA、Rec)均呈上升趋势,而抗氧化酶活性(SOD和POD)呈下降趋势但下降率不明显。(3)银杏和五角枫滞尘量与各生理指标之间有显著相关关系,更适合从生理方面检测城市粉尘污染环境指示物。(4)4个功能区不同树种滞尘能力与抗尘能力聚类分析显示,新疆杨、紫丁香、山皂荚和臭椿的滞尘能力和抗尘能力均较强;阜新市外来树种新疆杨、紫叶李、臭椿等的滞尘和抗尘能力均与乡土树种相当。研究认为,在长期粉尘污染胁迫下,各绿化树种可能通过提高渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶的活性等来缓解粉尘污染的伤害,外来树种与乡土树种同样在各污染环境中表现出较强的适应能力;在不造成生物入侵危害的前提下应该积极引进能够有效滞尘和治沙防风的外来树种。     

Unanticipated Effects of Stand Dynamism on Amazonian Tree Diversity

We assessed a general hypothesis of tropical tree diversity that predicts that species richness will be positively correlated with stand dynamism. Our analysis was based one of the largest and longest-running datasets on Amazonian trees (≥10 cm diameter at breast height), with data collected over a 23-yr period within 66 1 ha plots spanning a large (1000 km²) landscape. Within these plots, maximum tree-species richness (329 species/ha) and Fisher's α values (227.5) were among the highest ever recorded. Contrary to the diversity-dynamism concept, tree species richness in our landscape was significantly and negatively associated with stand dynamism (measured as the mean rate of annual tree turnover). Because of this unexpected finding, we critically re-evaluated the relationship between stand dynamism and tree diversity across the Amazon basin and the tropics as a whole. With the inclusion of additional data we found that the relationship between stand dynamism and tree diversity becomes non-significant at larger spatial scales.     

山西太原市综合公园植物多样性研究

城市公园绿地是城市园林绿地系统的主体,是集中体现城市植物多样性的场所,研究其植物多样性可为城市生物多样性保护提供基础。以山西太原市 17 个综合公园为研究对象,从植物应用的重要值、 Margalef 丰富度、Shannon-Wiener 多样性和 Pielou 均匀度分析其植物多样性,为太原市公园植物多样性保护及公园绿地建设提供参考。研究表明太原市综合公园的植物种类有 78 科 164 属 285 种。植物应用重要值排名前五的种类为大叶黄杨 > 紫叶小檗 > 圆柏 > 国槐 > 金叶女贞。植物丰富度指数为 26.42,乔木层 > 草本层 > 灌木层;多样性指数为 3.13,乔木层 >灌木层;均匀度指数为 0.60,乔木层 >灌木层。木本植物多样性总体评价较高的公园为汾河公园、玉门河公园和晋祠公园;较低的为映山湖公园、长风商务区大平台景观绿化、南海子公园。     

重庆市不同年龄综合公园绿化乔木树种多样性和组成的比较研究

该研究通过对重庆市不同时期(解放前、直辖前、直辖后)建造的15个综合公园的绿化乔木树种进行调查,分析了公园年龄对绿化乔木多样性和组成的影响以及公园之间的同质化情况。结果表明:(1)共调查到乔木59种,隶属于28科48属。其中,乡土树种占81.36%,外来树种占18.64%。(2)不同年龄公园乔木物种丰富度之间虽无显著差异,但解放后和直辖后公园乔木多度明显高于解放前;不同年龄公园外来树种的比例无显著差异;黄葛树、雅榕、复羽叶栾树在公园中的应用呈减少趋势,而日本晚樱、荷花玉兰、木犀、黄兰在绿化中的应用却呈增加趋势。(3)不同年龄公园之间同质化程度较低,解放前公园植物群落间Jaccard相似性指数明显高于其他两个阶段,且公园之间的Jaccard相似性指数与公园年龄差距无显著相关关系。综上结果发现,我国历史因素、园林文化和近代城市绿化相关规定可能是外来物种使用的限制因子,并可能导致了小尺度植物群落同质化程度偏低的现象。     

Recovery of species richness and conservation of native Atlantic forest trees in the cacao plantations of southern Bahia in Brazil

The Atlantic forests of southern Bahia in Brazil present great species richness and a high degree of endemism. A large part of these native forests were transformed into cacao plantations in an agroforestry system known locally as cabrucas, where native trees were culled and cacao was planted under the shade of remaining trees. The present study analyzed the influence of time of implantation (age) and time of abandonment of management practices on tree species diversity of cabruca plantations to evaluate the capacity for conservation and recovery of species richness of native Atlantic Forest trees in cabrucas. Phytosociological surveys were conducted in five cabrucas with different conditions of age and state of abandonment. All trees, including hemiepiphytes and excluding the cacao plants, with a minimum stem diameter of 10 cm at breast height, were surveyed within a 3-ha sampling area in each plantation. A total of 2514 individual trees belonging to 293 species and 52 families were recorded in the five cabrucas. The Shannon diversity index varied from 3.31 to 4.22 among the cabrucas and was positively correlated with the time of abandonment (r = 0.97). The new cabrucas showed the highest values of estimated total richness (Chao) and the highest proportion of late successional species than the old ones. All areas preserved a very high proportion of native forest species while the three old cabrucas showed a higher proportion of exotic species than the two new ones. Thus the exotic species seem to replace more of the native species in the long run because of management practices and local preferences. The cabrucas presented also a high capacity for the regeneration of tree species richness after abandonment. Simple alterations in management practices could improve the recruitment of late successional species in these areas. Economic incentives may be necessary for the farmers to adopt management practices to retain native species which bring no economic returns.     

The value of scattered trees for wildlife: Contrasting effects of landscape context and tree size

Aim

The biodiversity value of scattered trees in modified landscapes is often overlooked in planning and conservation decisions. We conducted a multitaxa study to determine how wildlife abundance, species richness and community composition at individual trees are affected by (1) the landscape context in which trees are located; and (2) the size of trees.

Location

Canberra, south‐eastern Australia.

Methods

Trunk arthropod, bat and bird surveys were undertaken over 3 years (2012–2014) at 72 trees of three sizes (small (20–50 cm DBH), medium (51–80 cm), large (≥80 cm)) located in four landscape contexts (reserves, pasture, urban parklands, urban built‐up areas).

Results

Landscape context affected all taxa surveyed. Trunk arthropod communities differed between trees in urban built‐up areas and reserves. Bat activity and richness were significantly reduced at trees in urban built‐up areas suggesting that echolocating bats may be disturbed by high levels of urbanization. Bird abundance and richness were highest at trees located in modified landscapes, highlighting the value of scattered trees for birds. Bird communities also differed between non‐urban and urban trees. Tree size had a significant effect on birds but did not affect trunk arthropods and bats. Large trees supported higher bird abundance, richness and more unique species compared to medium and small trees.

Main conclusions

Scattered trees support a diversity of wildlife. However, landscape context and tree size affected wildlife in contrasting ways. Land management strategies are needed to collectively account for responses exhibited by multiple taxa at varying spatial scales. We recommend that the retention and perpetuation of scattered trees in modified landscapes should be prioritized, hereby providing crucial habitat benefits to a multitude of taxa.