光强对菹草生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

试验以菹草(Potamogeton crispus)为试验材料, 在7种不同光强(自然光的100%、60%、40%、20%、10%、5%和1%)条件下, 测定并分析菹草的形态指标(株高、叶片数)和生理指标(叶绿素、根系活力、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛)对光强条件的响应, 为富营养化水体植物群落的构建提供理论依据。结果表明: (1)随着光照强度的增大, 菹草的株高、叶片数、生物量增长率显著上升, 而光强过高(CK组)和过低(1%组)菹草生长受到抑制; (2)菹草叶绿素含量随光照强度的增大, 呈先上升后下降趋势。1%组和CK组Chl. a、Chl. b、Chl. a+b和Car含量低, 其余各组含量较高; (3)随着试验时间的延长, 菹草根系活力呈先上升后下降趋势, 20%组、40%组和60%组的根系活力较大; (4)菹草SOD、POD和CAT活性整体表现为先升后降趋势, 试验后期1%和CK组SOD含量较高, POD、CAT含量较低。菹草叶片MDA含量在试验过程中不断上升, 抑制菹草的正常生长。自然光照的20%—60%, 菹草生长状况较好; 持续的弱光胁迫将导致植物活性氧代谢失调, 细胞受到伤害, 最终导致植物死亡。     

水分胁迫对牛心朴子、甘草叶片色素、可溶性糖、淀粉含量及碳氮比的影响

在宁夏灵洲区牛心朴子、甘草自然生境条件下,采用土壤控水措施,研究了土壤水分胁迫对两种优势旱生植物牛心朴子(Cynanchumkomarovii)和甘草(Glycyrrhizauralensis)叶片中的叶绿素;根、茎、叶中的可溶性糖、淀粉含量和C/N比值的影响。结果表明:1土壤水分长期胁迫,导致了这两种旱生植物叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量及Chla/Chlb、Car/Chl比值等的显著变化(P<0.01);2甘草Chla的含量和Chla/Chlb的比值始终大于牛心朴子,相反牛心朴子Chlb、Car的含量和Car/Chl比值却又始终大于甘草;3土壤水分长期胁迫引起了两种植物根、茎、叶可溶性糖含量的升高和淀粉含量的降低;4土壤水分长期胁迫引起了两种植物根、茎、叶C/N比值的降低,但牛心朴子C/N比值在处理的各个时期均大于甘草;5土壤水分长期胁迫引起牛心朴子和甘草Chla、Chlb、Car含量及Chla/Chlb、Car/Chl的比值、可溶性糖、淀粉和C/N比值的增加或减少的程度不同。     

淹水胁迫对虉草幼苗生长和生理的影响

水深梯度是影响河湖水陆交错带植物生长发育和分布的关键生态因子。该研究以虉草幼苗为材料,利用双套盆法,设淹水梯度0、10、20、30、40、50 cm和全淹水以及对照(常规浇水)8个处理组,通过测定虉草的株高、叶片数、SPAD值、MDA含量、SOD、POD及CAT活性、可溶性蛋白含量指标,研究不同淹水深度下虉草的形态与生理特征变化。结果表明:经过36 d淹水胁迫后,(1)随淹水深度增加,虉草的生长速度变慢,叶片数减少,叶绿素相对含量降低。(2)随淹水时间的延长,各淹水组MDA含量不断上升;淹水0~30 cm深度,虉草SOD、POD不断上升,但CAT先升后降;淹水40~60 cm深度,虉草SOD、CAT不断上升,但POD先降后升。(3)可溶性蛋白含量虽随试验时间的延长不断上升,但淹水逆境不是控制虉草可溶性蛋白含量的关键因素。淹水胁迫会对虉草生长造成伤害,主要表现为生长速度减缓、膜脂过氧化程度加剧、抗氧化酶保护系统受到破坏、植株逐渐死亡。该研究结果为虉草资源的合理利用与开发提供了科学参考。     

芦苇浸提液对虉草种子萌发及幼苗生长生理特性的影响

通过研究不同浓度芦苇浸提液(对照:0;处理1:150g/L;处理2:300g/L)对虉草萌发及幼苗生长影响,揭示了芦苇对虉草化感效应。结果表明:随着芦苇浸提液浓度升高,虉草发芽率、发芽指数、株高、根长以及叶绿素含量显著或极显著下降,各指标相应化感效应指数则显著或极显著上升;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量则随芦苇浸提液浓度升高呈不同的升降趋势。所有这些结果显示,随着浸提液浓度升高,芦苇对虉草的化感胁迫效应越来越明显。     

果肉着色过程中‘华秀’李果实部分指标的比较及相关性分析

以‘华秀’李(Prunus salicina‘Huaxiu’)果实为实验材料,对不同果肉着色期(黄色期、橙色期和红色期)的果实品质指标[果实硬度、可溶性固形物(SS)含量、可滴定酸(TA)含量和固酸比(SS/TA)]、色素[叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和花青苷(Ant)]含量、抗氧化指标(类黄酮含量、总酚含量和DPPH·清除力)和内源激素[吲哚乙酸(IAA)、玉米素(ZT)、脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素(GA3)]含量进行了比较,并对这些指标进行了相关性分析。结果表明:随着果肉着色进程,果实硬度及TA和Chl含量不断下降,SS/TA、DPPH·清除力及Car、Ant、类黄酮和IAA含量不断上升,但SS和ZT含量先上升后下降,而总酚、ABA和GA3含量先下降后上升。其中,果实硬度和SS含量在果肉由黄色期向橙色期转变过程中变化显著(P0.05),Car及上述色素和内源激素含量在果肉由橙色期向红色期转变过程中变化显著,而TA、Chl和Ant含量及SS/TA在不同着色期差异显著。并且,随着果肉着色进程,Chl和Car含量所占比例不断下降,而Ant含量所占比例不断上升,且Chl和Ant含量所占比例变化明显。相关性分析结果表明:Car含量与类黄酮、总酚和IAA含量呈显著正相关;Ant含量与类黄酮和IAA含量呈显著正相关,与DPPH·清除力呈极显著(P0.01)正相关;类黄酮含量与DPPH·清除力呈显著正相关,与IAA含量呈极显著正相关;DPPH·清除力与IAA含量呈显著正相关;ZT含量与ABA含量呈显著负相关。研究结果显示:在果肉着色过程中,‘华秀’李果实硬度下降,酸味减少,甜味增加,色泽变艳,抗氧化能力增强;其果肉颜色是叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和花青苷综合作用的结果,且其果肉颜色与其抗氧化能力关系密切,因此,可通过果肉颜色判断‘华秀’李果实的抗氧化能力。     

缘管浒苔和浒苔对海水盐度胁迫的生理响应

为探讨大型海藻对盐度的生理响应及其适应机制,以缘管浒苔和浒苔为试验材料,研究了不同盐度的稀释或浓缩海水处理10 d对浒苔属植物鲜质量(FM)、相对生长速率(RGR)、相对电导率(REC)、叶绿素含量(Chl)、类胡萝卜素含量(Car)、色素比值(Chl a/Chl b、Chl/Car)、叶绿素荧光参数和渗透调节能力(OAA)的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,10％ ～ 200％海水处理均明显促进两浒苔属品种的FM和RGR,缘管浒苔和浒苔分别在100％和50％海水处理下的FM和RGR达到最大值;300％海水处理显著抑制两浒苔生长,缘管浒苔受抑制程度较大;缘管浒苔的生物量仅在50％、100％海水处理下呈现正增长,浒苔生物量在10％、50％、100％、200％海水处理下均呈现正增长.10％海水处理下,两浒苔的Chl、Car、Chl a/Chl b显著上升,且随海水盐度的增加,呈现先增后降,缘管浒苔和浒苔的Chl、Car、Chl a/Chl b分别在100％、50％海水处理下达到最大值.随盐度的增加,叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光能转化效率(Yield)、最大相对电子传递速率(rETRmax)、光能利用效率(α)和半饱和光强(Ik)都显示与Chl相同的变化趋势.10％ ～ 300％海水处理下,浒苔属均表现出一定的OAA,缘管浒苔在100％海水处理下,OAA达到最大值,浒苔在50％海水处理下,OAA达到最大值.两浒苔的生长指标除与Chl/Car无明显的相关性,与REC呈极显著负相关,与Chl、Car、Chl a/Chl b、Fv/Fm、Yield、rETRmax、α、Ik、OAA呈极显著正相关.100％和50％海水处理分别对缘管浒苔和浒苔的生长最适宜,浒苔生长适应盐度的范围比缘管浒苔宽.REC、Chl、Car、Chl a/Chl b、Fv/Fm、Yield、rETRmmax、α、Ik和OAA均可以作为浒苔属植物生长盐适应性的评价指标.     

花期海蓬子对盐胁迫的生理响应

研究了花期阶段不同浓度NaCl(0、10‰、20‰、30‰、40‰、50‰和60‰)对海蓬子(Salicornia bigelovii)生长、光合色素、光合作用参数、抗氧化和离子含量的影响.结果表明:10‰NaCl盐处理下海蓬子株高、茎生物量、叶绿素(Chl)含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、茎SOD活性和POD活性等指标值均显著高于其它处理,而高盐(40‰NaCl及其以上)胁迫下,上述指标值均表现为下降,同时茎K+含量也显著下降,而茎Na+、Cl、Na+/K+和MDA含量等显著上升.相关分析显示,生物量与Chl a/Chl b呈现显著正相关,与株高、茎Pn、Gs、Ci、Chl、Chl含量、K+含量、SOD和POD活性呈现极显著正相关,与气孔限制值(Ls)、Car/Chl、MDA含量、Cl含量和Na+/K+等均呈极显著负相关.综上所述,10‰NaCl处理是花期海蓬子生长和光合生长的最适宜盐度,而无盐和高盐下海蓬子光合抑制主要是来自气孔因素,同时高盐胁迫下还伴随着非气孔限制.     

不同种植模式下重金属污染对牧草叶片光合特性和重金属含量的影响

为探索不同种植模式下重金属污染对牧草生理特性的影响,皇竹草(Pennisetum sinese)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和龙须草(Juncus effusus)采用单作和间作模式,研究了重金属污染对其叶片光合参数、光合色素和重金属含量的影响。结果表明,与单作相比,间作下皇竹草叶片的叶绿素(Chl)a、Chla+b和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量极显著上升,净光合作用速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、细胞间隙CO_2浓度(C_i)和Chl b含量极显著下降,但蒸腾速率(Tr)的差异不显著;黑麦草和龙须草叶片的C_i、Car含量极显著增加,P_n、T_r、G_s、Chl a、Chl b和Chl a+b显著或极显著下降(龙须草Chl a除外)。除龙须草的铜含量极显著降低外,3种牧草叶片和总生物量和重金属含量均极显著上升。与对照相比,低浓度污染的皇竹草叶片的光合参数、光合色素含量及叶片和总生物量极显著提高,而黑麦草和龙须草叶片的P_n、T_r、G_s、C_i、叶片和总生物量极显著减少,光合色素含量极显著增加,但黑麦草的T_r、C_i、叶片生物量及黑麦草和龙须草的Chl b差异不显著;重金属污染使3种牧草叶片的重金属含量均极显著上升。种植模式×重金属污染互作对牧草叶片的光合参数、光合色素含量、干质量及重金属含量的影响均极显著。因此,在复合污染土壤间作3种牧草有利于叶片干物质的积累和重金属的吸收,单作更有利于提高叶片的光合作用能力;且皇竹草对重金属污染的适应性强于黑麦草和龙须草。     

芦苇腐解土中酚酸类化感物质的水分响应特性研究

芦苇和虉草均具有较强的去污能力,常作为湿地植物配置于同一人工湿地进行污水处理。芦苇作为一种强化感植物对虉草具有较强的化感作用,在自然湿地和人工湿地中均会出现芦苇代替虉草的现象,且这一现象的发生与土壤含水量存在一定联系,此外,芦苇腐解土对虉草的化感抑制效应与腐解土中总酚酸的量密切相关。为了研究芦苇腐解土中主要酚酸类物质的水分响应特性,筛选出其中对水分响应较为明显的酚酸物质种类,该研究采用高效液相色谱法,通过芦苇枯落物腐解土的制备,对不同水分环境下芦苇腐解土中酚酸类物质进行了分离和鉴定。结果表明:芦苇腐解土中可分离出没食子酸、香豆酸、香草酸、丁香酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、水杨酸和苯甲酸等8种酚酸类物质,其中香豆酸、苯甲酸和阿魏酸等3种酚酸类物质含量较高。分离出的8种酚酸类物质的含量与腐解土的相对含水量均呈显著线性负相关关系,即随着腐解土相对含水量的上升,酚酸类物质的含量均呈现下降趋势,且各种酚酸类物质对水分的响应趋势均可用线性方程较好地拟合。其中,香豆酸、没食子酸和阿魏酸对芦苇腐解土的水分响应最为明显。因此,可将香豆酸、没食子酸和阿魏酸作为主要调控目标,通过调控湿地土壤中水分含量,削弱芦苇对虉草的化感抑制效应,从而维持人工湿地中虉草芦苇群落的长期稳定共存。     

旺长期遮光及光照转换对不同肥料条件下烟草叶片光合特性的影响

采用盆栽方法研究了旺长期遮光及光照转换对不同肥料条件下烟草叶片光合速率(Pn)与荧光特性的影响。结果表明,遮光促进两种肥料条件下烟草叶片叶绿素(Chl)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量的积累,却降低它们的Pn。其中施无机肥的烟草叶片Chl含量增加较多,而50%无机肥+50%饼肥配施烟草叶片的Car增幅显著,从而,施无机肥烟草叶片Chl/Car上升,而无机肥+饼肥配施烟草叶片Chl/Car却下降。无论从自然光转至遮荫条件下还是从遮荫条件转至自然光下,两种肥料条件下生长的烟草叶片的Pn、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)及光化学猝灭系数(qP)均急剧下降,但与施无机肥相比,无机肥+饼肥配施烟草叶片保持较高的Pn、ΦPSⅡ、Fv/Fm、及qP,可能是饼肥促进了栽培条件下烟草植株的光生态适应性。     

再生水补水河道芦苇碳氮化学计量特征及其对环境的响应

在再生水补水河道内,芦苇（Phragmites australis）受高氮再生水的长期影响,具有独特的碳（C）、氮（N）化学计量特征。为查明芦苇C、N化学计量特征及其对高氮环境的响应,在芦苇生长季节（5、7、9月份）,分析了再生水补水的潮白河顺义段内河水、土壤及芦苇各器官（根、茎和叶）中C、N含量及碳氮比（C/N）。结果表明：河水中C、N含量和C/N比分别在22.20-37.25 mg/L、2.24-11.20 mg/L和3.33-9.92之间。土壤中C、N含量和C/N比的范围为5.69-35.17、0.28-2.63、8.77-25.39。在整个生长季节的所有采样点内,芦苇根、茎和叶中C含量的平均值分别为（170.84±63.56）、（369.02±39.12）、（431.80±96.70） mg/g;N含量的平均值分别为（8.20±3.96）、（14.11±6.22）和（30.73±8.66） mg/g;C/N比的平均值分别为23.89±12.84、32.65±18.48、15.21±5.60。方差分析表明,芦苇各器官中C、N计量特征具有显著的季节性差异（P<0.05）,这主要与芦苇在生长过程中的生理作用有关。环境中C、N计量特征具有显著的空间差异（P<0.05）,受环境变量的影响,芦苇叶中N含量和C/N比从上游到下游显著降低（P<0.05）。逐步回归分析的结果显示,土壤和河水中的C、N含量能够解释芦苇叶中71.0%的变量（P<0.05）;土壤中C、N含量和河水中N含量能够解释芦苇叶C/N比82.6%的变量（P<0.05）。相关分析指出,河水中N含量与土壤中N含量显著正相关（P<0.05）,说明土壤受到高氮再生水的影响而具有较强的供N能力。高氮环境下,芦苇叶中N含量较高;相较于芦苇茎和叶,根中C含量较小。研究证明在再生水补水河道中,芦苇对环境中的N有良好的吸收能力,其C、N计量特征对高氮环境表现出明显的响应。     

干旱-复水对两种石斛属植物叶水势的影响

石斛属植物多附着在其他植物体或岩石上,水分获取困难,其特殊的水分利用策略是其生存和发展的重要保证。为弄清石斛属植物对干旱胁迫的适应能力和机制,该文选用3年生金钗石斛和铁皮石斛,通过盆栽控水进行干旱胁迫和复水处理,探讨在不同干旱历时和干旱后复水条件下两种石斛的叶水势变化情况。结果表明:随着干旱时间的延长,两种石斛叶水势均呈升高趋势;金钗石斛叶水势由充分供水时的(-1.04±0.02)MPa增加到干旱60 d时的(-0.86±0.03)MPa,铁皮石斛叶水势由(-1.04±0.02)MPa增加到(-0.87±0.03)MPa;两种石斛均表现出高水势延迟脱水的抗旱适应机制;干旱结束后复水,两种石斛的叶水势随着复水时间的增加均呈下降趋势;复水20 d时,金钗石斛和铁皮石斛叶水势分别为(-0.96±0.05)MPa和(-0.96±0.02)MPa,其叶水势均未恢复到干旱前充分供水时的水平;相关分析结果显示,两种石斛的土壤含水率和叶水势间相关关系显著(P<0.05)。由此认为,两种石斛属植物均表现出较强的干旱胁迫耐受能力和相对较差的胁迫后恢复能力。     

Ecophysiological adaptation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calligonum roborovskii</Emphasis> to decreasing soil water content along an altitudinal gradient in the Kunlun Mountains,central Asia

To understand the ecophysiological adaptation mechanisms of Calligonum roborovskii to altitude variation, this study analyzed chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b), Chl (a + b), carotenoid (Car), malondialdehyde (MDA), ascorbate (AsA), proline (Pro), membrane permeability (MP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf nitrogen content based on mass (N_mass), and the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in leaves of plants inhabiting different altitudes (A1: 2100 m, A2: 2350 m, A3: 2600 m) on the northern slope of the Kunlun Mountains. The results showed that Chl a, Chl b, Chl (a + b), SLA, N_mass, and the activity of CAT increased with increasing altitude. LMA, MP, MDA, Car, Pro, AsA, O₂⁻, H₂O₂ and the activities of SOD, POD, and APX decreased with increasing altitude. The test results also showed that, changes in venvironmental factors along an altitudinal gradient are not obvious. Soil water content is the main ecological factor. With increasing altitude, soil water content increased significantly. More non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants played an important role in eliminating intracellular ROS. They kept the cell membrane in a stable state and ensured the normal growth of C. roborovskii.     

Field evaluation of cotton near-isogenic lines introgressed with QTLs for productivity and drought related traits

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for yield and drought related physiological traits, osmotic potential (OP), carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C, an indicator of water use efficiency), and leaf chlorophyll content (Chl), were exchanged via marker-assisted selection (MAS) between elite cultivars of the two cotton species Gossypium barbadense cv. F-177 and G. hirsutum cv. Siv’on. The resulting near isogenic lines (NILs) were examined in two field trials, each with two irrigation regimes, in order to (1) evaluate the potential to improve cotton drought resistance by MAS and (2) test the role of physiological traits in plant productivity. NILs introgressed with QTLs for high yield rarely exhibited an advantage in yield relative to the recipient parent, whereas a considerable number of NILs exhibited the expected phenotype in terms of lower OP (5 out of 9), higher δ¹³C (4 out of 6) or high Chl (2 out of 3). Several NILs exhibited considerable modifications in non-targeted traits including leaf morphology, stomatal conductance and specific leaf weight (SLW). In G. barbadense genotypes, yield was correlated negatively with δ¹³C and OP and positively with stomatal conductance, SLW and Chl, whereas in G. hirsutum yield was negatively correlated with δ¹³C, SLW and Chl. This dissimilarity suggests that each of the respective species has evolved different mechanisms underlying plant productivity. We conclude that the improvement of drought related traits in cotton NILs may lead to improved drought resistance via MAS, but that conventional breeding may be necessary to combine the introduced QTL(s) with high yield potential.     

Photosystem 2-activity and thylakoid membrane polypeptides of <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> cultured chrysanthemum as affected by NaCl

Long-term (30 d) effects of 100, 200, 300, and 400 mM NaCl on photosystem 2 (PS 2)-mediated electron transport activity and content of D1 protein in the thylakoid membranes of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum) cultured in vitro at low irradiance 20 μmol(photon) m⁻² s⁻¹ were investigated. 100 mM NaCl increased contents of chlorophylls (Chl) a and b, carotenoids (Car; xanthophylls + carotenes), and the ratio of Chl a/b, and Car/Chl a+b. However, further increase in NaCl concentration led to the significant reduction in the contents of Chl a, and Chl b, and increase in the ratio of Chl a/b and Car/Chl a+b. NaCl treatment decreased the PS 2-mediated electron transport activity and contents of various thylakoid membrane polypeptides including D1 protein.     

Leaf traits variation during leaf expansion in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus ilex</Emphasis> L.

The morphological, anatomical and physiological variations of leaf traits were analysed during Quercus ilex L. leaf expansion. The leaf water content (LWC), leaf area relative growth rate (RGR_l) and leaf dry mass relative growth rate (RGR_m) were the highest (76±2 %, 0.413 cm² cm⁻² d⁻¹, 0.709 mg mg⁻¹ d⁻¹, respectively) at the beginning of the leaf expansion process (7 days after bud break). Leaf expansion lasted 84±2 days when air temperature ranged from 13.3±0.8 to 27.6±0.9 °C. The net photosynthetic rate (P _N), stomatal conductance (g _s), and chlorophyll content per fresh mass (Chl) increased during leaf expansion, having the highest values [12.62±1.64 μmol (CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹, 0.090 mol (H₂O) m⁻² s⁻¹, and 1.03±0.08 mg g⁻¹, respectively] 56 days after bud break. Chl was directly correlated with leaf dry mass (DM) and P _N. The thickness of palisade parenchyma contributed to the total leaf thickness (263.1±1.5 μm) by 47 %, spongy layer thickness 38 %, adaxial epidermis and cuticle thickness 9 %, and abaxial epidermis and cuticle thickness 6 %. Variation in leaf size during leaf expansion might be attributed to a combination of cells density and length, and it is confirmed by the significant (p<0.001) correlations among these traits. Q. ilex leaves reached 90 % of their definitive structure before the most severe drought period (beginning of June — end of August). The high leaf mass area (LMA, 15.1±0.6 mg cm⁻²) at full leaf expansion was indicative of compact leaves (2028±100 cells mm⁻²). Air temperature increasing might shorten the favourable period for leaf expansion, thus changing the final amount of biomass per unit leaf area of Q. ilex.     

Inhibition of Pigment Biosynthesis in Cucumber Cotyledons by Isoxaflutole

Isoxaflutole [5-cyclopropyl-4-(2-methylsulphonyl-4-trifluromethylbenzoyl)isoxazole] is a new preemergence herbicide for broad-spectrum weed control in maize. The effect of isoxaflutole on chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid (Car) biosynthesis was investigated in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cotyledons. Etiolated tissue was incubated with 5 mM isoxaflutole for 24 h and irradiated (60 mol m^-2 s^-1). The irradiation for 3 h did not reduce Chl a, Chl b, and Car contents, but after a 28-h irradiation the contents of Chl a and Car decreased by 35 and 15 %, respectively, and the content of Chl b increased by 24 %. Increasing the concentration of isoxaflutole beyond 5 mM resulted in reduction of Chl a (71 %), Chl b (20 %), and Car (31 %) contents. Similarly, increase in irradiance from 60 to 180 mol m^-2 s^-1 resulted in larger reduction of Chl and Car contents. Exogenously supplied 5-aminolevulinic acid did not reverse the isoxaflutole-inhibited Chl synthesis, whereas an exogenously supplied homogentisic acid lactone reversed the inhibition of pigment synthesis due to isoxaflutole.     

毛乌素沙地油蒿叶性状对光能利用效率动态的影响

目前对于荒漠灌木光能利用效率（LUE）的季节变异及其调控因素,尤其是其生物调控因素的认识非常有限,导致了荒漠生态系统生产力模型的不确定性。拟验证假设：长期干旱环境下,典型荒漠灌木油蒿光能利用效率日均值（LUE_day）的动态变化与叶片性状的季节性调整有关。试验采用Li-6400便携式光合仪定期测量了油蒿生长季叶片LUE_day的季节动态及相关叶性状指标,探究叶性状对LUE_day的影响。结果表明：LUE_day的季节波动范围为0.003-0.017 mol/mol,整体变异系数（CV）为38.75%。完全展叶期LUE_day均值相比生长季平均值降低17.37%,相比展叶期和落叶期时降低30%;8个叶性状的季节变异幅度差异较大,其中总叶绿素含量（Chl）、类胡萝卜素含量（Car）和叶氮含量（LNC）均表现出较大的季节变异性（CV ≥ 20%）,叶碳含量（LCC）和叶片相对含水量（LRWC）的变异程度最低（CV<7%）。LRWC与所有叶片化学性状（Chl、Chl a/b、Car、LNC和LCC）均存在显著相关,表明其变化与叶片的养分吸收、光合色素合成以及碳同化的运输过程密切相关;油蒿LUE_day的相对变化与LRWC、Chl a/b和LNC显著正相关,而LRWC和LNC的季节动态受空气温度（T_a）和土壤含水量（VWC）的共同调节,Chl a/b的季节波动主要由浅层土壤含水量（10 cm VWC）控制。以上研究结果强调,在未来预计极端的气候事件（如极端干旱和持续热浪事件）发生更频繁的旱地场景中,时间尺度植物叶性状对于土壤干旱和高温的适应性调整应当被充分考虑到旱地生态系统的通量建模方案中。该结果将为构建叶片尺度的光合生理模型与厘清LUE的生物调控机制提供理论依据。     

Photosynthetic activity and water use efficiency of dune species: the influence of air temperature on functioning

Differences in leaf traits among the dune species developing along the Latium coast were analysed. Cakile maritima Scop. subsp. maritima, Elymus farctus (Viv.) Runemark ex Melderis subsp. farctus, Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link subsp. australis (Mabille) Lainz, Ononis variegata L., Pancratium maritimum L., Eryngium maritimum L., and Anthemis maritima L. were considered. The considered species showed a similar net photosynthetic rate (P _N) and chlorophyll content (Chl) during the year, with a peak from the end of April to the middle of May [13.0±3.6 μmol (CO₂) m⁻² s⁻¹ and 0.63±0.21 mg g⁻¹, respectively, mean values of the considered species], favoured by air temperature in the range 13.3–17.5°C, and 6% of soil water availability. In June–July, the increase of air temperature (T_max = 28.4°C), associated with a lower water availability (42 mm, total rainfall of the period) and a 1% of soil water availability determined a significant decrease of P _N (59%, mean of the considered species) and Chl (38%), and an increase of the carotenoid (Car)/Chl ratio (59%). The significant correlation between P _N and stomatal conductance (g _s) (p<0.05) explained 67% of P _N variations. Moreover, the correlation between P _N and leaf temperature (T _l) underlined that the favourable T _l enabling 90–100% of the highest P _N for the considered species was within the range 23.4 to 26.6°C. P _N decreased below half of its maximum value when T _l was over 35.8 and 37.4°C for E. farctus subsp. farctus and A. arenaria subsp. australis, respectively and over 32.2°C for the other considered species (mean value). Leaf mass area (LMA) varied from 6.8 ± 0.7 mg cm⁻² (O. variegata) to 30.6 ± 1.6 mg cm⁻² (A. arenaria). PCA (principal component analysis) carried out using the considered morphological and physiological leaf traits underlined that the co-occurring species were characterised by different adaptive strategies: E. farctus and A. arenaria photosynthesized for a long period also when air temperature was over 35.8 and 37.4°C, respectively, because of their lower transpiration rates [E, 1.4 ± 0.1 mmol (H₂O) m⁻² s⁻¹], which seemed to be controlled by the highest LMA. On the contrary, A. maritima and C. maritima subsp. maritima had a higher P _N (on an average 52% higher than the others) in the favourable period, allowed by the highest succulence index (SI, 85.7 ± 9 mg cm⁻²) and the lower LMA. The results allowed us to hypothesize that A. arenaria and E. farctus might be at a competitive advantage relative to the other considered species with respect to the increase of air temperature, by their ability to photosynthesize at sufficient rates also during summer.     

竹茶混交模式对表层土壤有机碳储量及组分的影响

为探究毛竹林下种植茶树对土壤有机碳储量与碳组分的影响,该研究以毛竹纯林、竹茶混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采集这3种林分类型的表层(0～10 cm)土壤,测定土壤有机碳(SOC)、碳组分、生物与非生物因素指标。结果表明:(1)竹茶混交林林下植物多样性相较于毛竹纯林显著降低,但其土壤有机碳密度(22.54±2.09)t·hm^-2、碳组分与毛竹纯林无显著差异(P>0.05)。竹茶混交林的矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)为(20.13±1.83)g·kg^-1,占总有机碳的92.66%。常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳密度比竹茶混交林和毛竹纯林高土壤有机碳密度分别高41.15%和41.00%(P<0.05)。(2)3种林分类型土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量范围为0.58～3.08 g·kg^-1,土壤16S rRNA丰度范围为2.18×10¹⁰ ～5.65×10¹⁰copies·g^-1,固碳基因cbbL丰度范围为0.37×10⁸～ 1.10 ×10⁸ copies·g^-1,土壤微生物碳利用效率范围为0.03～0.28; 3种林分类型之间微生物相关指标不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。(3)3种林分类型SOC与土壤pH、砂粒含量和地上凋落物生物量呈显著负相关,与土壤黏粒含量、粉粒含量、总氮、C:N、总磷和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。(4)就不同碳组分而言,颗粒有机碳(POC)和MOC均与土壤pH、砂粒含量和根系生物量呈显著负相关,与土壤含水量、黏粒含量、粉粒含量、总氮、C:N、总磷和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上表明,竹茶混交改造会造成原生毛竹纯林林下植被多样性下降,但并未造成土壤碳储量下降; 而相较于常绿阔叶林,毛竹经营措施需要改进,以提升其碳汇效益。