烟粉虱田间种群的抗药性

采用成虫浸叶生测法分别测定了福建省福州、漳州、龙岩、三明、南平、宁德等地烟粉虱田间种群对13种杀虫剂的抗性.结果表明,福建省6个烟粉虱田间种群对氯氟氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱产生了高水平抗性,抗性倍数分别达838.38～2460.52、244.64～834.29、116.02～266.35、81.75～124.18、425.18～875.56和54.53～78.43倍,对乐果产生了中等水平抗性,抗性倍数达14.16～17.66倍,对敌敌畏产生了中等偏低水平的抗性,抗性倍数达6.23～11.25倍,对灭多威的抗性水平较低,抗性倍数仅为4.07～5.66倍.漳州种群已对烟碱类杀虫剂产生了中等水平抗性,对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别达23.08、10.32和24.60倍,而其它地区烟粉虱种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的抗性水平较低,甚至不明显,抗性倍数分别仅为1.31～3.28、1.82～7.23和1.39～5.45倍.福建省各地区烟粉虱种群对阿维菌素尚未产生明显的抗药性.     

褐飞虱和白背飞虱对几类杀虫剂的敏感性

为了科学用药和抗性治理提供理论基础, 采用稻茎浸渍法测定了2008年7月采自浙江省杭州市和宁波市褐飞虱 Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)种群对7种杀虫剂的抗药性及褐飞虱和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)种群对16种杀虫剂的敏感性。褐飞虱抗药性测定结果表明, 与相对敏感品系相比, 杭州种群和宁波种群对吡虫啉的抗性倍数分别为479.0倍和366.1倍; 对氯噻啉的抗性倍数分别为81.1倍和50.9倍; 对噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别为10.3倍和9.4倍; 对噻嗪酮和氟虫腈分别产生了5.0~8.6倍和15.8~17.0倍的抗药性; 对烯啶虫胺和啶虫脒的抗性倍数在3倍以下。两种稻飞虱对杀虫剂的敏感性测定结果表明: 噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮、烯啶虫胺和毒死蜱对褐飞虱和白背飞虱种群都具有较高的室内毒力。当田间褐飞虱和白背飞虱混合发生时, 可选用噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮、烯啶虫胺和毒死蜱进行防治, 不宜使用吡虫啉、氯噻啉和氟虫腈防治。     

北京和湖南烟粉虱生物型及其抗药性监测

烟粉虱是蔬菜等园艺作物上为害严重、最难以防治的害虫之一,生产上防治该虫主要还是依靠化学药剂。本研究鉴定了北京、湖南地区设施蔬菜上烟粉虱的生物型,并监测了其对6种不同杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,北京、湖南地区蔬菜烟粉虱生物型分别是Q型和B型。两地烟粉虱对阿维菌素尚处于敏感状态;对烯啶虫胺及其他烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪和吡虫啉的抗药性达中抗到高抗水平,湖南地区抗性水平比北京地区更高,抗性倍数最高达到71.58倍;传统杀虫剂毒死蜱和联苯菊酯对湖南、北京两地烟粉虱的毒杀活性差。     

褐飞虱抗药性研究现状

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stal)对杀虫剂产生抗药性是其近年来暴发频繁的重要原因。文章综述国内外关于褐飞虱抗药性的研究成果,包括褐飞虱抗性测定方法、抗药性的发展、交互抗性、抗性遗传、抗性机理及抗性治理等。田间褐飞虱种群对新烟碱类药剂产生不同程度的抗药性,其中对吡虫啉产生高水平到极高水平抗性,对氯噻啉和噻虫嗪分别产生中等水平和低水平的抗药性,对呋虫胺和烯啶虫胺仍然处于敏感性阶段。此外,褐飞虱种群对噻嗪酮(昆虫生长调节剂)产生低水平到中等水平抗性。长期大面积使用化学药剂是褐飞虱产生抗药性的重要原因。因此,必须加强褐飞虱的抗性治理,以延缓其抗药性进一步发展。     

几类杀虫剂对灰飞虱的相对毒力及田间种群的抗药性现状

采用浸苗法测定了6类11种杀虫剂对灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)3龄若虫的毒力,并分析比较了江苏句容、通州、楚州、大丰、南京和苏州以及安徽庐江等7地灰飞虱种群对10种杀虫剂的抗药性水平。对云南种群而言,在所测杀虫剂中,以乙酰甲胺磷为标准药剂,氟虫腈的相对毒力最高;噻嗪酮、阿维菌素和噻虫嗪次之;高效氯氰菊酯、IPP（硝基亚甲基类化合物）、毒死蜱、敌敌畏和三唑磷间毒力处于同一数量级,低于阿维菌素等杀虫剂;吡虫啉的相对毒力最低。与云南种群相比,2007年采自苏、皖7个不同地区的灰飞虱种群对噻嗪酮产生了极高水平的抗性,其抗性倍数均超过200倍;对高效氯氰菊酯产生了中高水平的抗性,其抗性倍数为7.8～108.8;安徽庐江灰飞虱种群对三唑磷产生了7.7倍的抗性,对毒死蜱产生了12.0倍的抗性,江苏楚州、南京、大丰和句容灰飞虱种群对毒死蜱产生了5.7～12.6倍的抗性; 所有灰飞虱种群对敌敌畏仍然敏感,对氟虫腈、阿维菌素和新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉、噻虫嗪和IPP等也比较敏感。     

贵州稻区褐飞虱种群对六种杀虫剂的抗性动态

【目的】为明确贵州褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens种群对常用杀虫剂的抗性水平。【方法】在室内采用浸渍法测定了2013-2015年采自贵州黄平、桐梓和开阳3地的褐飞虱种群对6种杀虫剂(吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、异丙威、噻虫胺、啶虫脒和醚菊酯)的抗性。【结果】贵州褐飞虱种群对不同的杀虫剂存在着抗性差异。与敏感品系相比,2013-2015年间3地田间褐飞虱种群对吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、异丙威、噻虫胺的抗性均达到中等水平抗性,抗性倍数(resistance ratio,RR)分别为21.88~95.38,10.91~69.36,13.00~57.23和23.11~39.54倍;而对啶虫脒和醚菊酯仍处于敏感阶段,RR分别为0.47~0.75和0.41~0.85倍。【结论】褐飞虱对吡虫啉和噻虫嗪的抗性较高,可能与近年来广泛地大量使用有关。本研究的抗性动态监测结果对贵州稻区褐飞虱的杀虫剂种类调整及施药策略等具有重要指导作用。     

广东肇庆柑橘木虱田间种群对常用药剂的抗药性

室内采用浸叶法测定了柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri敏感种群与田间种群对广东常用药剂的敏感性,明确了柑橘木虱田间种群对阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、啶虫脒和甲维盐6种药剂的抗药性.柑橘木虱田间种群对70％吡虫啉水分散粒剂、20％啶虫脒可溶液剂、3％甲维盐微乳剂处于低水平抗药性,LC50抗性倍数分别为5.89倍、8.53倍和9.86倍;对25％噻虫嗪水分散粒剂、10％高效氯氰菊酯乳油、1.8％阿维菌素乳油仍具有较高的敏感性.田间防治柑橘木虱推荐不同作用机理的药剂交替使用,综合运用多种防控措施,以延缓柑橘木虱抗药性的产生.     

5种杀虫剂对滇东白背飞虱种群的毒性及其田间药效

【目的】为持续有效防控白背飞虱,研究云南东部白背飞虱种群对常用5种杀虫剂的敏感性及药剂的田间防治效果。【方法】采用室内稻茎浸渍法测定白背飞虱种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感性,同期通过田间小区试验评价5种杀虫剂对白背飞虱种群的防治效果。【结果】与敏感种群比较,噻虫嗪、噻嗪酮、吡虫啉、吡蚜酮和毒死蜱对滇东白背飞虱种群的LC_(50)分别为0.208、0.459、0.608、3.108、1.256 mg·L~(-1),抗性倍数分别为2.2、10.4、5.6、6.5、5.3倍;白背飞虱对噻虫嗪无抗性,对吡虫啉、吡蚜酮和毒死蜱为低水平抗性,对噻嗪酮为中等水平抗性;5种杀虫剂药后1、5和10 d对白背飞虱种群的田间防控效果均有显著差异。除了吡蚜酮外,其他药剂的防效均在80%以上,其中以吡虫啉和噻嗪酮的持续期较长,药后10 d仍在90%以上;噻虫嗪和吡虫啉药后1和5 d的防效达90%以上;吡蚜酮药效在供试药剂中防效最低,在64.88%～77.82%之间。【结论】滇东师宗白背飞虱种群对噻嗪酮为中等水平抗性,对吡虫啉、吡蚜酮和毒死蜱均为低水平抗性,对噻虫嗪无抗性,田间防控效果以吡虫啉和噻嗪酮为最好。建议滇东稻区可以使用吡虫啉和噻嗪酮药剂防控白背飞虱,注意控制吡蚜酮的使用次数与用量。     

江西省柑橘木虱对五种常规药剂的抗药性

【目的】针对江西省柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri对常规杀虫剂抗药性水平的研究相对匮乏,研究不同地区柑橘木虱种群对常用杀虫剂的抗性水平,为生产实践合理化用药提供依据。【方法】采用浸叶法测定毒死蜱、联苯菊酯、噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺和虫螨腈5种杀虫剂对上高县（SG）、宜黄（YH）、南丰（NF）、宁都（ND）、大余（DY）和寻乌县（XW）6个不同地区的田间柑橘木虱的毒力,结合毒力参考基线,得到抗性倍数。【结果】上高、宜黄和南丰县种群对毒死蜱的抗性倍数在中等水平（9.01-15.01）,而宁都、大余和寻乌县则是高水平抗性（128.36-308.82）。大余种群对联苯菊酯的抗性水平为133.71倍,其他5个地区均在中等水平（17.08-88.53）。不同地区柑橘木虱种群对噻虫嗪的抗性倍数在13.62-25.92,仅为中等偏低水平;而它们对烯啶虫胺的抗性倍数为77.37-257.71,已经达到极高水平。与联苯菊酯类似,除了大余种群对虫螨腈为高水平抗性外,其余5个地区种群均为中等水平。【结论】赣南脐橙产区的宁都县、大余县和寻乌县的柑橘木虱种群对5种常用杀虫剂均表现出高水平抗性,显著高于非赣南脐橙产区种群（上高县、宜黄县和南丰县）。推荐在高抗地区使用抗性水平较低的药剂,并注意轮换用药;在中等抗性地区应有限制地使用药剂,以延缓抗性增长。     

内共生菌Cardinium对烟粉虱MED隐种耐药性的影响

【目的】次生内共生菌感染可影响烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci对杀虫剂的敏感性。本研究旨在揭示内共生菌Cardinium感染对烟粉虱B. tabaci MED隐种耐药性的影响。【方法】室内测定海南陵水与山东寿光烟粉虱MED隐种种群内遗传背景一致的Cardinium感染与未感染品系对不同浓度新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫嗪和吡虫啉的耐药性。【结果】各浓度噻虫嗪和吡虫啉处理后,烟粉虱陵水种群感染Cardinium品系死亡率比未感染品系显著降低;100, 150, 175和200 mg/L噻虫嗪以及175和200 mg/L吡虫啉处理后,烟粉虱寿光种群感染Cardinium品系死亡率比未感染品系显著上升。相对于未感染品系,烟粉虱陵水种群感染Cardinium品系对噻虫嗪、吡虫啉的抗性倍数(RR)分别是1.355和1.847,烟粉虱寿光种群感染Cardinium品系的RR分别是0.790和0.847。【结论】内共生菌Cardinium感染能影响烟粉虱MED隐种对噻虫嗪和吡虫啉的耐药性,且这种影响在不同种群间存在差异。研究结果对于揭示烟粉虱MED隐种的种群适应性及扩张机制具有重要参考价值。     

烟粉虱的分类地位及在中国的分布

烟粉虱广泛分布于全球热带和亚热带地区。近20多年,烟粉虱的一些遗传群入侵世界各地,严重危害作物生产。烟粉虱遗传结构的多样性和复杂性早已被关注,但其分类地位,尤其是烟粉虱到底是一个包含多个生物型的种还是一个包含许多隐种的物种复合体,一直颇受争议。近几年,有关烟粉虱种系发生和系统学的研究取得长足进展,有证据推论其是一个包含至少31个隐种的物种复合体,但生殖隔离证据仍显不足,种系发生分析结果也因仅依据COI一个基因而受到质疑。因此,在大多数从事烟粉虱研究的同行接受其为一个物种复合体的概念的同时,仍有同行沿用生物型的概念。在我国境内已先后报道了包括13个本地种和2个全球入侵种在内的15个烟粉虱隐种。本地种主要分布在我国南部及包括海南岛和台湾岛的东南沿海地区,隐种的多样性由南向北逐渐降低。入侵种“中东一小亚细亚1”隐种（MEAMl）（即“B型”）和“地中海”隐种（MED）（即“Q型”）分别于20世纪90年代中后期和2003年前后入侵我国,并在许多地区迅速取代了本地种而占据优势地位。全国范围内的调查数据显示,这2个入侵种可在大部分区域共同存在,但自2005年以来,MED在许多地区陆续取代MEAMl,这很可能与MED对大量使用的新烟碱类杀虫剂有较强抗性有关。本文还讨论了烟粉虱隐种复合体分类所面临的命名等难题以及大范围抽样调查的数据偏差问题。     

利用RAPD-PCR方法鉴定我国烟粉虱的生物型

收集了国内北京、山东、广东和海南等14个省市23个地区的蔬菜、园林花卉和杂草上的23个烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)种群,根据报道合成了一个随机引物H₁₆,运用RAPD-PCR技术对所收集的烟粉虱种群进行了生物型鉴定。结果表明在23个烟粉虱种群中,有17个种群同属于危害严重的“B生物型”,这些种群主要分布在交通便利的城市或沿海地区,而非B生物型则主要分布在交通不便的山区或内陆。对烟粉虱B生物型的分布与寄主植物和环境条件进行了初步的探讨。     

Biotype-dependent secondary symbiont communities in sympatric populations of Bemisia tabaci

The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, harbors Portiera aleyrodidarum, an obligatory symbiotic bacterium, as well as several secondary symbionts including Rickettsia, Hamiltonella, Wolbachia, Arsenophonus, Cardinium and Fritschea, the function of which is unknown. Bemisia tabaci is a species complex composed of numerous biotypes, which may differ from each other both genetically and biologically. Only the B and Q biotypes have been reported from Israel. Secondary symbiont infection frequencies of Israeli laboratory and field populations of B. tabaci from various host plants were determined by PCR, in order to test for correlation between bacterial composition to biotype and host plant. Hamiltonella was detected only in populations of the B biotype, while Wolbachia and Arsenophonus were found only in the Q biotype (33% and 87% infection, respectively). Rickettsia was abundant in both biotypes. Cardinium and Fritschea were not found in any of the populations. No differences in secondary symbionts were found among host plants within the B biotype; but within the Q biotype, all whiteflies collected from sage harboured both Rickettsia and Arsenophonus, an infection frequency which was significantly higher than those found in association with all other host plants. The association found between whitefly biotypes and secondary symbionts suggests a possible contribution of these bacteria to host characteristics such as insecticide resistance, host range, virus transmission and speciation.     

Assessment of cross-resistance potential to neonicotinoid insecticides in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Laboratory bioassays were carried out with four neonicotinoid insecticides on multiple strains of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) to evaluate resistance and cross-resistance patterns. Three imidacloprid-resistant strains and field populations from three different locations in the southwestern USA were compared in systemic uptake bioassays with acetamiprid, dinotefuran, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. An imidacloprid-resistant strain (IM-R) with 120-fold resistance originally collected from Imperial Valley, California, did not show cross-resistance to acetamiprid, dinotefuran or thiamethoxam. The Guatemala-resistant strain (GU-R) that was also highly resistant to imidacloprid (RR=109-fold) showed low levels of cross-resistance when bioassayed with acetamiprid and thiamethoxam. However, dinotefuran was more toxic than either imidacloprid or thiamethoxam to both IM-R and GU-R strains as indicated by low LC50s. By contrast, a Q-biotype Spanish-resistant strain (SQ-R) of B. tabaci highly resistant to imidacloprid demonstrated high cross-resistance to the two related neonicotinoids. Field populations from Imperial Valley (California), Maricopa and Yuma (Arizona), showed variable susceptibility to imidacloprid (LC50s ranging from 3.39 to 115 microg ml(-1)) but did not exhibit cross-resistance to the three neonicotinoids suggesting that all three compounds would be effective in managing whiteflies. Yuma populations were the most susceptible to imidacloprid. Dinotefuran was the most toxic of the four neonicotinoids against field populations. Although differences in binding at the target site and metabolic pathways may influence the variability in cross-resistance patterns among whitefly populations, comparison of whitefly responses from various geographic regions to the four neonicotinoids indicates the importance of ecological and operational factors on development of cross-resistance to the neonicotinoids.     

Differential indirect effects of two plant viruses on an invasive and an indigenous whitefly vector: implications for competitive displacement

The role of vector–begomovirus–plant interactions in the widespread invasion by some members of the whitefly species complex Bemisia tabaci is poorly understood. The invasive B biotype of B. tabaci entered China in the late 1990s and had become the predominant or only biotype of the whitefly in many regions of the country by 2005–2006. Meanwhile epidemics of begomoviruses have been observed in many crops including tomato for which Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) have been identified as two major disease-causing agents. Here, we conducted laboratory experiments to compare the performance of the invasive B and indigenous ZHJ1 whitefly biotypes on uninfected, TYLCCNV-infected and TYLCV-infected plants of tomato cv. Hezuo903, a cultivar that has been widely cultivated in many regions of China. The infection of tomato plants by either of the viruses had no or only marginal effects on the development, survival and fecundity of the B biotype. In contrast, survival and fecundity of the ZHJ1 biotype were significantly reduced on virus-infected plants compared to those on uninfected plants. Populations of the B biotype on uninfected and TYLCCNV-infected plants increased at similar rates, whereas population increase of the ZHJ1 biotype on TYLCCNV-infected plants was affected adversely. These asymmetric responses to virus infection of tomato plants between the B and ZHJ1 biotypes are likely to offer advantages to the B biotype in its invasion and displacement of the indigenous biotype.     

不同作物田烟粉虱发生的时空动态

2008～2009年连续2年系统调查了番茄、茄子、棉花、大豆、玉米等寄主植物上烟粉虱种群发生的时间与空间动态。结果表明：不同寄主植物上的烟粉虱成虫及其伪蛹数量有显著性差异,其密度大小依次为：茄子>棉花>番茄>大豆>玉米。其中,在玉米上除了发现极少量的成虫逗留外,没有发现烟粉虱的卵及若虫。在发生的时间序列上,烟粉虱成虫及伪蛹的数量呈现为先逐渐上升后又下降的变化过程,发生高峰期集中在8月5日到8月31日,9月初以后烟粉虱数量慢慢减少。在空间分布上,表现为烟粉虱成虫喜食寄主的上部叶片。统计分析显示,寄主对烟粉虱成虫和伪蛹的数量的影响极显著,而年份对其数量的影响没有显著差异。由此得出的烟粉虱发生和达到高峰的时间,可为烟粉虱预测预报和区域性综合治理提供重要理论依据。     

Toxicity of sucrose octanoate to egg, nymphal, and adult Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) using a novel plant-based bioassay

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), B biotype, presents a unique problem for vegetable growers by serving as a vector of plant viruses and by inducing physiological disorders of leaves and fruit. An action threshold of a single whitefly is necessary because of the threat of disease in many areas and growers rely heavily on a single class of insecticides (neonicotinoids) for whitefly control. Additional control methods are needed to manage this pest in commercial vegetables. Extracts of wild tobacco contain natural sugar esters that have previously been shown effective in controlling many soft-bodied insects. We developed a novel tomato leaf bioassay system to assess a synthetic sugar ester derivative, sucrose octanoate, for insecticidal activity against the eggs, nymphs, and adults of B. tabaci. The LC50 values for sucrose octanoate against adults, second instars, and fourth instars of the whitefly were 880, 686, and 1,571 ppm, respectively. The LC50 against whitefly eggs was higher (11,446 ppm) but indicated that some egg mortality occurred at the recommended application rate of 0.8-1.2% (3,200-4,800 ppm [Al]). Toxicity of sugar esters to whitefly eggs has not been reported previously. The tomato leaf bioassay produced reliable and repeatable results for whitefly toxicity studies and predicted that effective nymph and adult whitefly control can be achieved with sucrose octanoate at application rates < or = 1% (4,000 ppm [AI]). Field efficacy studies are warranted to determine whether this biorational pesticide has application in commercial tomato production.     

Resistance of insect pests to neonicotinoid insecticides: current status and future prospects

The first neonicotinoid insecticide introduced to the market was imidacloprid in 1991 followed by several others belonging to the same chemical class and with the same mode of action. The development of neonicotinoid insecticides has provided growers with invaluable new tools for managing some of the world's most destructive crop pests, primarily those of the order Hemiptera (aphids, whiteflies, and planthoppers) and Coleoptera (beetles), including species with a long history of resistance to earlier-used products. To date, neonicotinoids have proved relatively resilient to the development of resistance, especially when considering aphids such as Myzus persicae and Phorodon humuli. Although the susceptibility of M. persicae may vary up to 20-fold between populations, this does not appear to compromise the field performance of neonicotinoids. Stronger resistance has been confirmed in some populations of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Resistance in B- and Q-type B. tabaci appears to be linked to enhanced oxidative detoxification of neonicotinoids due to overexpression of monooxygenases. No evidence for target-site resistance has been found in whiteflies, whereas the possibility of target-site resistance in L. decemlineata is being investigated further. Strategies to combat neonicotinoid resistance must take account of the cross-resistance characteristics of these mechanisms, the ecology of target pests on different host plants, and the implications of increasing diversification of the neonicotinoid market due to a continuing introduction of new molecules.     

Symbiont diversity and non-random hybridization among indigenous (Ms) and invasive (B) biotypes of Bemisia tabaci

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a worldwide pest and a vector of numerous plant viruses. B. tabaci is composed of dozens of morphologically indistinguishable biotypes and its taxonomic status is still controversial. This phloem-feeder harbours the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum and potentially six secondary symbionts: Cardinium, Arsenophonus, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, Wolbachia and Fritschea. In the southwest Indian Ocean, La Réunion hosts two biotypes of this species: B (invasive) and Ms (indigenous). A multiplex PCR was developed to study the symbiont community of B. tabaci on La Réunion. Symbiont community prevalence and composition, host mitochondrial and nuclear genetic diversity, as well as host plant and localization, were described on field populations of La Réunion for B and Ms B. tabaci biotypes and their hybrids. A clear association between symbiotypes and biotypes was shown. Cardinium, Arsenophonus and Rickettsia were found in the Ms biotype (73.6%, 64.2% and 3.3%, respectively). Hamiltonella (exclusively) and Rickettsia were found in the B biotype (78% and 91.2%, respectively). Hybrids harboured all symbiotypes found in Ms and B populations, but with a higher prevalence of Ms symbiotypes than expected under random hybridization. An unexpected majority was Cardinium mono-infected (65.6%), and a striking minority (9%) harboured Cardinium/Arsenophonus. In the hybrids only, genetic diversity was linked to symbiotype. Among the hybrids, significant links were found between symbiotypes and: (i) mitochondrial COI sequences, i.e. maternal origin; and (ii) alleles of nuclear microsatellite loci, specific to either Ms or B parental biotype. Taken together, our results suggest that Cardinium and/or Arsenophonus may manipulate the reproduction of indigenous (Ms) with invasive (B) biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.