四种杀虫剂对白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)细胞株(C6/36)的细胞遗传学效应

本文研究了四种杀虫剂:敌敌畏乳剂,灭害灵,甲基对硫磷,叶蝉散对白纹伊蚊细胞株（C6/36）染色体畸变和姐妹染色单体互换（SCE）的影响。结果表明:0.1％和0.01％浓度的敌敌畏,可使（SCE）频率明显增加,而染色体畸变率只在0.1％浓度有显著增加;0.5％的灭害灵,可使SCE频率明显增加,而染色体畸变增加不明显;甲基对硫磷和叶蝉散的实验结果表明,无论是染色体畸变和SCE频率均没有明显增加。     

恒定磁场对仔鼠遗传学指标的影响

将孕母鼠整个孕期暴露于不同强度的恒定磁场下（0．04T,0．08T,0．12T）仔鼠出生后一月,以染色体时畸变率,姐妹染色单体交换率为指标,以测定恒磁场对仔鼠体内骨髓细胞染色体的影响。结果显示,虽然染色体畸变率与对照组相比差异无显性,但是其染色体畸变率随磁场强大增大频率有升高趋势,姐妹染色单体率亦随磁场强度增大频率有增高趋势,到0．12T磁场暴露下与对照组相比交换频率明显增,差异有显性,说明磁场出生前暴露对仔鼠遗传物质具有一定的影响。     

昆明山海棠遗传毒性评价I.致突效应的研究

本文报道了中药昆明山海棠在Ames试验、人外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体互换（SCE）及小鼠骨髓细胞染色体结构畸变分析中的遗传毒性效应。结果发现,昆明山海棠根部水提取物（THH）(200~800mg/皿)及醇抽提物（ATH）（100~200mg/皿）在TA97、TA100均不同程度地诱发突变。THH在人体外周血淋巴细胞中显著诱发SCE（0.313~0.625mg/ml）。在小鼠骨髓细胞染色体结构分析中,THH未表现出明显的染色体断裂效应（2.5~14.3g/kg）。结果暗示,昆明山海棠对人类遗传物质具有潜在威胁,其临床应用应持谨慎态度。     

亚硫酸氢钠（SO2）对人血淋巴细胞染色体畸变,姊妹染色单体互换及微核的效应

本文研究结果表明,亚硫酸氢钠（二氧化硫）能够引起人血淋巴细胞姊妹染色单体互换（ＳＣＥ）和微核（ＭＮ）率的增加,可使淋巴细胞有丝分裂周期延迟及细胞分裂指数下降,且这些作用有显著的剂量效应关系。结果指出,亚硫酸氢钠在低浓度下仅引起细胞染色单体型畸变,在高浓度下既可引起染色单体型畸变,又可引起染色体型畸变。结果还指出,亚硫酸氢钠对染色体畸变（ＣＡ）和ＭＮ的诱发效应有明显的个体差异。硫酸钠未能引起上述细胞     

职业性接触砷、铅工人外周淋巴细胞染色体畸变和姐妹染色单体交换率的变化

本实验以个旧云南锡业公司某矿坑下作业工人和某冶炼厂尿砷,尿铅超标工人为检查对象,初步探讨了污染与人类染色体损伤的关系,结果是使以上受检对象的外周淋巴细胞的染色单体断裂率、裂隙率、畸变细胞率和姐妹染色单体交换率都明显增高,与对照组相比差异显著。尿铅和尿砷超标工人外周淋巴细胞的染色体畸变和姐妹染色单体交换率分别与对照组相比,经统计学处理差异显著(P<0.05),且随着砷、铅在体内蓄积量的增加而有上升的趋势,表明砷、铅污染是引起人类染色体损伤的一个因素。     

人白血病细胞系（J6-1,J6-2和J6-3）的SCE及其对MMC敏感性的研究

染色体或染色单体断裂可作为研究DNA 损伤的一个细胞遗传学指标,但是在正常情况 下染色体和染色单体断裂的出现率并不高,而 姐妹染色单体互换（简称SCE）频率则较高,因 而后者是研究染色体稳定性的一个较好指标。 丝裂霉素（MMC）是一种强的致突变和 致癌剂^[2],同时又是强的SCE诱发剂。     

昆明山海棠遗传毒性评价——1.致突效应的研究

本文报道了中药昆明山海棠在Ames试验、人外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体互换(SCE)及小鼠骨髓细胞染色体结构畸变分析中的遗传毒性效应。结果发现,昆明山海棠根部水提取物(THH)(200-800mg/皿)及乙醇抽提物(ATH)(100-200mg╱皿)在TA97、TA100均不同程度地诱发突变。THH在人体外周血淋巴细胞中显著诱发SCE(0.313-0.625mg/ml)。在小鼠骨髓细胞染色体结构分析中,THH未表现出明显的染色体断裂效应(2.5-14.3g/kg)。结果暗示,昆明山海棠对人类遗传物质具有潜在威胁,其临床应用应持谨慎态度。     

苯作业人员姐妹染色单体互换频率的观察

苯是一种具有中等毒性的化学物质,其工 业用途很广,主要用作有机溶剂和化工原料。接 触苯的工业有石油裂化、橡胶、油漆、制药、有机 合成、农药等。有学者已证实,苯可以导致人体 淋巴细胞染色体畸变,包括染色体的断裂、超二 倍体、额外的C组和D组染色体等,也能导致白 血病的发生,这些畸变即使在血象恢复正常以 后依然存在［[s7。基于以上研究,我院对苯作业 人员进行了姐妹染色单体互换（SCE）频率的观 察,并与正常健康人作了比较。     

恒定磁场对仔鼠遗传学指标的影响

将孕母鼠整个孕期暴露于不同强度的恒定磁场下(0.04T,0.08T,0.12T)仔鼠出生后一月,以染色体时畸变率、姐妹染色单体交换率为指标,以测定恒磁场对仔鼠体内骨髓细胞染色体的影响。结果显示,虽然染色体畸变率与对照组相比差异无显著性,但是其染色体畸变率随磁场强度增大频率有升高趋势。姐妹染色单体交换率亦随磁场强度增大频率有增高趋势,到0.12T磁场暴露下与对照组相比交换频率明显增高,差异有显著性。说明磁场出生前暴露对仔鼠遗传物质具有一定的影响。     

γ射线一次全身照射对小白鼠生殖细胞减数分裂(中期Ⅰ)染色体的畸变效应

1.本文叙述了对照组和照射组的小白鼠精母细胞和卵母细胞成熟分裂时中期I染色体制备技术。2.对照组小白鼠的卵母细胞和精母细胞中期I染色体的畸变百分数都为0%。3.小白鼠经100、200和300拉德γ射线全身照射后24小时,染色体畸变百分数在卵母细胞分别为2%、3%和16.3%、而精母细胞则分别为13%、29%和111%。两者均随着照射剂量增高而增加,但在雄性方面增加得更显著。根据这些实验,我们认为小白鼠的精母细胞比卵母细胞对辐射更为敏感。     

Clastogenic effects of the fasciolicide drug fasinex on river buffalo lymphocyte cultures in vitro

Fasinex (triclabendazole) has been reported to be an active fasciolocidal agent used in humans and in farm animals. The clastogenic effects of fasinex were tested in lymphocyte cultures of the river buffalo at three final concentrations: 25, 50 and 100 microg/ml. Chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and micronucleus formation are the three cytogenetic parameters used in this study.The results demonstrated that the number of cells with different types of chromosomal aberrations, including chromatid breaks and gaps, isochromatid breaks and gaps and polyploidy, was increased significantly in cultures treated with different doses of fasinex compared to the control. This increase was dose-dependent where there was a positive correlation between increased drug concentration and induction of chromosomal aberrations.The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges and the formation of micronuclei in all lymphocyte cultures treated with different doses of fasinex were increased significantly compared to the control; these increases were also dose-dependent.In conclusion, the three cytogenetic parameters used to evaluate the effect of fasinex revealed that the drug has a strong clastogenic effect on river buffalo lymphocytes in vitro.     

Clastogenic effect of pesticides in peripheral lymphocytes of cotton-field workers.

We studied clastogenic effects in peripheral lymphocytes of cotton-field workers who were exposed to different pesticides. All the cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium for 48 and 72 h. The type of aberrations observed in the exposed group are gaps, breaks, dicentrics, exchanges, rings and polyploidy. The frequency of total chromosomal aberrations increased significantly in male pesticide applicators when compared to controls. A significant decrease in mitotic index was observed in the exposed group as compared to the control group. The 48-h cultures showed high incidence of chromosomal aberrations and low mitotic index when compared to 72-h cultures. The difference in chromosomal aberrations between 48- and 72-h cultures was not significant. 24 out of 26 individuals showed ill health effects such as severe giddiness and nervous disorders.     

Toxicological Assessment of Arsenic-Induced Hematological Alterations and Chromosomal Aberrations in Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus

Arsenic is an environmental contaminant and potential carcinogen. Toxicological assessment of As, which causes hematological alterations and chromosomal aberrations, was studied in freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus. Fish were exposed to 3 ppm, 28 ppm, and 56 ppm concentrations of sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂) and blood samples were collected after 48 h, 96 h, and 192 h of exposure. Hematological assay of exposed fish revealed abnormal mature and immature erythrocytes, deformed erythrocytes (spindle-shaped and triangular erythrocytes) and erythrocytes with segmented nuclei in all treatments. Arsenic exposure induced chromosomal aberration in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas, a decreasing trend was found after 192 h exposure. Observations on blood cells of exposed fish revealed chromosome breaks, chromatid breaks, and chromatid gaps. The alterations and aberrations of these parameters can be effectively used to assess toxicological effects of As on fish in the aquatic environment and at the same time this study elucidates the potential risks to humans who live in arsenic-contaminated areas.     

Adaptive response of human lymphocytes for the repair of radon-induced chromosomal damage

In human lymphocytes low doses of X-rays can decrease the number of chromatid deletions induced by subsequent high doses of sparsely ionizing X-rays. Because of the concern with the carcinogenic effects of low doses of -particles from radon in homes, experiments were carried out to see if low doses of X-rays could also decrease the yield of chromosomal aberrations induced by subsequent exposure to radon. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were irradiated with low doses of X-rays (2 cGy) at 48 h of culture, exposed to radon at 72 h of culture, and analyzed for the presence of chromatid aberrations at subsequent intervals. The frequency of chromatid aberrations induced by radon alone increased with time after exposure, indicating exaggerated differences in the stage sensitivity of cell cycle stages to high-LET radiation. Furthermore, the numbers of aberrations per cell did not follow a Poisson distribution but were over dispersed, as might be expected since high-LET radiations have a high relative biological effectiveness compared with low-LET radiations. Nevertheless, lymphocytes exposed to 2 cGy of X-rays before radon exposure contained approximately one-half the number of chromatid deletions compared with lymphocytes treated with radon alone and analzed at the same time. Thus, the putative chromosomal repair mechanism induced by low doses of sparsely ionizing radiation is also effective in reducing chromosomal aberrations induced by radon, which hitherto had been thought to be relatively independent of repair processes.     

High yields of isochromatid breaks and successive formation of chromosome exchanges may lead to reproductive cell death following high-LET irradiation

To clarify the relationship between cell death and chromosomal aberrations following exposure to heavy-charged ion particles beams, exponentially growing Human Salivary Gland Tumor cells (HSG cells) were irradiated with various kinds of high energy heavy ions; 13 keV/μm carbon ions as a low-LET charged particle radiation source, 120 keV/μm carbon ions and 440 keV/μm iron ions as high-LET charged particle radiation sources. X-rays (200 kVp) were used as a reference. Reproductive cell death was evaluated by clonogenic assays, and the chromatid aberrations in G2/M phase and their repairing kinetics were analyzed by the calyculin A induced premature chromosome condensation (PCC) method. High-LET heavy-ion beams introduced much more severe and un-repairable chromatid breaks and isochromatid breaks in HSG cells than low-LET irradiation. In addition, the continuous increase of exchange aberrations after irradiation occurred in the high-LET irradiated cells. The cell death, initial production of isochromatid breaks and subsequent formation of chromosome exchange seemed to be depend similarly on LET with a maximum RBE peak around 100–200 keV/μm of LET value. Conversely, un-rejoined isochromatid breaks or chromatid breaks/gaps seemed to be less effective in reproductive cell death. These results suggest that the continuous yield of chromosome exchange aberrations induced by high-LET ionizing particles is a possible reason for the high RBE for cell death following high-LET irradiation, alongside other chromosomal aberrations additively or synergistically.     

The effects of increasing dosages of X-radiation on the chromosomes of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi (Kirtland) (Salmoniformes: Umbridae)

Fish subjected to 350 R, 660 R and 990 R of X-radiation showed chromosomal aberrations such as chromatid breaks and gaps, and chromatid exchanges between several chromosomes. The frequency of aberrations/metaphase increased with radiation dosage. Likewise, the percentage of aberrant cells increased with increased irradiation. The countable metaphases fish was lower for higher doses of radiation. At lower doses single chromatid breaks accounted for most of the aberrations whereas complex aberrations involving the breakage and exchange of fragments between several chromosomes were more frequent in fish subjected to 990 R. Gill tissue yielded three times as many countable metaphases as did spleen tissue.     

Folic acid and chromosome breakage. III. Types and frequencies of spontaneous chromosome aberrations in proliferating lymphocytes

The types and frequencies of spontaneous chromosome aberrations were studied in human lymphocytes cultured for 96 h in minimal essential medium (MEM) or MEM without folic acid (MEM-FA). In both media, the most frequent aberrations were chromatid gaps, isochromatid gaps and chromatid breaks. Chromosome (isochromatid) breaks and dicentrics were seen less frequently. Neither of these less frequent aberrations was seen in 4000 cells from MEM, but both were seen in 4000 cells from MEM-FA.     

Effect of Copper on Morphology, Weight, and Chromosomal Aberrations in the Spiny Lobster, Panulirus homarus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Spiny lobster Panulirus homarus which had been exposed to cupric ion at 9.55 and 19.1?μg/l for 28?days was examined for sub-lethal effects including morphology, wet weight, and induced genotoxic effect on the chromosome. Following cupric exposure, the color of lobster P. homarus changed from yellowish-brown to greenish black in the hepatopancreas, changed from normal creamy white to yellowish white in the muscle, and changed to greenish black in the gill. A significant change in the percentage of wet weight of muscle (28.70?±?0.41-23.47?±?0.45), hepatopancreas (4.03?±?0.12-2.63?±?0.17), and gills (3.63?±?0.45-3.87?±?0.12) were observed in the copper-treated lobsters. The diploid number of chromosomes of P. homarus was over 200 metaphases from ten lobsters, as 2n?=?58, and consisted of 16 acrocentric, seven metacentric, and six sub-metacentric chromosomes. The lobsters exposed to cupric ion at 9.55 and 19.1?μg/l showed different types of chromosomal aberrations such as centromeric gaps, chromatid breaks, centromeric fusion, stickiness, ring chromosomes, and acrocentric association region. The frequency of aberrations increased with duration of exposure. In conclusion, it was suggested that cupric ion interacts with the spindle formation and consequently distorts the normal karyomorphology, indicating cytogenetic effect on lobster.     

G2 repair and chromosomal damage in lymphocytes from workers occupationally exposed to low-level ionizing radiation

The effect of the G2 repair of chromosomal damage in lymphocytes from workers exposed to low levels of X- or gamma-rays was evaluated. Samples of peripheral blood were collected from 15 radiation workers, 20 subjects working in radiodiagnostics, and 30 healthy control donors. Chromosomal aberrations (CA) were evaluated by scoring the presence of chromatid and isochromatid breaks, dicentric and ring chromosomes in lymphocytes with/without 5 mM caffeine plus 3 mM-aminobenzamide (3-AB) treatment during G2. Our results showed that the mean value of basal aberrations in lymphocytes from exposed workers was higher than in control cells (p < 0.001). The chromosomal damage in G2, detected with caffeine plus 3-AB treatment was higher than the basal damage (untreated conditions), both in control and exposed populations (p < 0.05). In the exposed workers group, the mean value of chromosomal abnormalities in G2 was higher than in the control (p < 0.0001). No correlation was found between the frequency of chromosome type of aberrations (basal or in G2), and the absorbed dose. Nevertheless, significant correlation coefficients (p < 0.05) between absorbed dose and basal aberrations yield (r = 0.430) or in G2 (r = 0.448) were detected when chromatid breaks were included in the total aberrations yield. Under this latter condition no significant effect of age, years of employment or smoking habit on the chromosomal aberrations yield was detected. However, analysis of the relationship between basal aberrations yield and the efficiency of G2 repair mechanisms, defined as the percentage of chromosomal lesions repaired in G2, showed a significant correlation coefficient (r = -0.802; p < 0.001). These results suggest that in addition to the absorbed dose, the individual G2 repair efficiency may be another important factor affecting the chromosomal aberrations yield detected in workers exposed to low-level ionizing radiation.     

Leather tanning workers: chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes and micronuclei in exfoliated cells in urine

A cytogenetic study was performed on workers of a leather tanning industry. Two different approaches for the biological monitoring of the individuals were used: chromosomal aberration analysis in peripheral lymphocytes and the frequency of micronucleated cells exfoliated in urine samples. 26 men working in the sections considered to present a greater risk were included in the study. Controls were 20 men that were not exposed to chemicals. The percentage of abnormal cells was higher in workers than in controls. Smokers showed higher values of chromosome breaks than non-smokers in both groups. These differences were not statistically significant. The percentage of cells with chromatid and chromosome gaps in workers and controls was different (p less than 0.01). A slight but not significant increase in the mean percentage of micronuclei was observed in the exposed group. We conclude that exposure to chemicals during leather tanning did not produce genotoxic effects measured by chromosomal aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes and micronuclei in urine in this group of workers.