中国重组抗体药物发展的策略探讨

随着重组抗体药物展示出良好的治疗效果和市场效益,抗体药物的研发逐渐成为生物医药产业发展的主要方向。但是目前国内动物细胞表达水平普遍较低和发酵工艺落后的现状制约了我国抗体药物产业化的发展。本文主要综述了国际抗体药物产业的发展态势,重点比较二氢叶酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶表达体系、连续灌注和流加培养发酵模式的各自优势,结合我们抗体药物表达、发酵方面的经验,对当前我国抗体药物产业化发展策略进行了探讨,提出抗体药物产业化模式应根据企业对抗体产率、产能和市场经济学的多重考虑选择发酵工艺和发酵规模,应用谷氨酰胺合成酶/CHO-K1表达系统和连续灌注培养工艺可能更适应目前中国抗体产业化的需要。     

治疗性单抗与抗体产业关键技术

抗体技术历经动物血清多克隆抗体、杂交瘤单克隆抗体,以及重组基因工程抗体等不同发展时期,尤其是后者使得治疗性抗体的生产进入产业化阶段.在已上市的抗体药物中,人源化抗体、全人源抗体由于免疫原性小,临床药效好,目前已经成为抗体药物的主流.随着抗体药物在癌症、免疫调节等治疗领域的广泛应用.抗体产业已经成为国际制药行业的主要组成部分.我国的抗体产业由于品种不足、技术落后,尚处于起步阶段,其行业发展受限于诸多技术瓶颈,如:工程细胞系构建与筛选、大规模培养工艺开发,单抗的纯化与质控等,上述产业化关键技术的突破可加快我国抗体产业的发展进程.     

营养补偿和代谢控制提高细胞蛋白表达的研究

为解决连续灌注培养产物因营养物质不能有效利用而导致产率偏低的问题,降低生产成本,通过在发酵过程中测定表达重组肿瘤坏死因子受体p75:Fc(TNFRp75:Fc)蛋白的CHO工程细胞株对氨基酸成分的不同消耗速率,定量添加特定氨基酸作为营养补偿,提高了培养基中氨基酸的综合利用效率.同时,在连续灌注过程中通过对葡萄糖补加的限量控制,使培养体系中葡萄糖始终低于0.5g/L,减少了乳酸蓄积对细胞的毒性作用,从而有效降低了灌注速率.结果显示,在30L工作体积发酵规模上经过氨基酸补偿和葡萄糖控制的连续灌注培养工艺使最终重组蛋白产率(mg/L)和最终产量较工艺改进前提高2.1倍和3.7倍,分别达到388mg/L和244.4g,生产周期延长了一周.工艺改进前后重组蛋白的唾液酸含量和体外生物比活没有改变.通过营养补偿和代谢控制工艺策略可以有效提高连续灌注培养工艺重组肿瘤坏死因子受体p75:Fc蛋白的产率和产能,从而降低产业化成本.     

细胞培养工艺条件对抗体异质性影响的研究进展

抗体药物具有靶向明确、副作用小等优势,近年来受到国内外药企的广泛关注。然而,动物细胞大规模培养和抗体质量分析已然成为我国的抗体药物产业化的主要限制因素,尤其是细胞培养工艺条件对抗体异质性的影响非常显著,如何有效通过优化工艺条件来满足抗体药物开发要求成为迫在眉睫的问题。文中简要综述了近年来细胞培养工艺条件对抗体异质性影响的技术进展,并对未来国内抗体药物开发作了展望。     

营养补偿和代谢控制提高连续灌注培养重组肿瘤坏死因子受体p75:Fc的蛋白产率

为解决连续灌注培养产物因营养物质不能有效利用而导致产率偏低的问题,降低生产成本,我们通过在发酵过程中测定表达重组肿瘤坏死因子受体p75:Fc（TNFRp75:Fc）蛋白的CHO工程细胞株对氨基酸成分的不同消耗速率,定量添加特定氨基酸作为营养补偿,提高了培养基中氨基酸的综合利用效率;同时,在连续灌注过程中通过对葡萄糖补加的限量控制,使培养体系中葡萄糖始终低于0.5 g/L,减少了乳酸蓄积对细胞的毒性作用,从而有效降低了灌注速率。结果显示,在30L工作体积发酵规模上经过氨基酸补偿和葡萄糖控制的连续灌注培养工艺使最终重组蛋白产率（mg/L）和最终产量较工艺改进前提高了2.1倍和3.7倍,分别达到388mg/L和244.4g,生产周期延长了一周。工艺改进前后重组蛋白的唾液酸含量和体外生物比活没有改变。通过营养补偿和代谢控制工艺策略可以有效提高连续灌注培养工艺重组肿瘤坏死因子受体p75:Fc蛋白的产率和产能,从而降低产业化成本。     

表达重组抗CD52单克隆抗体CHO细胞灌流培养基的筛选

目的筛选重组抗CD52单克隆抗体CHO细胞株培养和连续灌流表达用培养基,以提高抗体表达量。方法通过调整原有批培养用培养基中谷氨酰胺和植物水解蛋白,获得5种培养基配比。使用模拟灌注方式进行细胞培养,分析细胞密度、活细胞比率和目标蛋白表达,筛选连续灌流细胞培养和表达用培养基。最后在7 L反应器中采用灌注培养方式对筛选获得的培养基进行验证。结果使用50 mL细胞培养管进行模拟灌注培养时,活细胞比率较高,达到90%以上;CHO细胞在添加谷氨酰胺至4.0 mmol/L和植物水解蛋白至5.0 g/L的批培养用培养基中生长速度最快;在基础培养基中抗体表达量比优化前高15%。20 d培养周期内,优化的培养基在7 L反应器中可以维持CHO细胞密度在(2 727±253)万个/mL,活细胞比率在95%以上。结论通过模拟灌注培养,筛选获得了一种在7 L反应器灌流培养中适宜于重组抗CD52单克隆抗体CHO细胞表达的培养基。     

中国抗体药物产业现状与发展前景

我国抗体药物起步晚,研发与生产技术与国际水平相比尚有一定的差距,但我国抗体药物产业发展迅速,国家政策支持以及研发投入力度较大,目前已取得一定的成果,市场潜力巨大。根据近年来国内相关文献报道以及CFDA、CDE网站的数据库,对我国抗体药物的上市、注册、审批情况以及产业化现状、重点研发企业、发展方向等方面进行归纳总结。综述了我国抗体药物的研究进展及发展前景,为生物制药企业及从事生产研发的科研人员提供了参考依据。     

我国抗体药物产业分析和展望

抗体药物是现代生物医药产业的主力军,目前占全球生物药物市场的50%。生物类似药特别是抗体类似药是一个新兴的市场,抗体类似药既不是新药也不是传统意义上的化学仿制药,有其特殊的开发途径和临床要求。抗体药物产业是我国生物技术发展规划中的重点领域。介绍了我国抗体药物产业发展现状并对我国抗体药的发展提出了建议。     

高糖环境对Mu ller细胞谷氨酸转运体及谷氨酰胺合成酶表达的影响

目的：研究高糖环境对原代培养新生7天SD乳鼠视网膜Muller细胞谷氨酸转运合成系统的影响及其可能机制。方法：新生7天SD乳鼠视网膜Muller细胞原代培养并模拟高糖环境构建乳鼠视网膜muller细胞体外高糖环境模型。处理分为3组：对照组,高糖组,高糖＋白藜芦醇干预组。培养时间为24h,通过westernblot等检测方法,对照观察各组Muller细胞谷氨酸转运体（GLAST）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）的表达情况。结果：模拟高糖环境可以造成新生SD乳鼠视网膜Muller细胞谷氨酸转运体（GLAST）表达的降低（0．225foldVScontrol,P〈0．05）,并导致其表达的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）表达水平的显著降低（0．653foldVScontrol,P〈0．05）;而干预药物白藜芦醇作用后可明显逆转新生SD乳鼠Mu ller细胞谷氨酸转运体（GLAST）（1．133foldvSHGgroup,P〈0．05）、谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）（1．720foldVSHGgroup,P〈0．05）等蛋白的表达水平。结论：模拟高糖环境可以影响视网膜M0ller细胞谷氨酸转运体（GLAST）、谷氨酰胺合成酶的表达,其结局可能导致视神经细胞因谷氨酸堆积而导致的兴奋性毒性,白藜芦醇能提高Mcjller细胞谷氨酸转运体（GLAST）、谷氨酰胺合成酶表达,从而保护视神经细胞。     

用于重组抗体生产的细胞大规模培养技术

近年来,用于单抗药物生产的动物细胞大规模培养技术发展迅速.此领域的技术进展集中在个性化培养基开发,工艺条件优化等方面.本文总结了用于提高重组抗体表达水平的常用方法,以及细胞培养工艺对抗体药物“关键质量属性”(聚体、降解、糖基化修饰、电荷变异等)的诸多影响.此外,细胞培养工艺在产业化过程面临着工艺放大与技术转移,定性研究与工艺验证等实际问题.未来大规模细胞培养工艺的开发,将进一步借助动物细胞的组学研究成果和新兴的“过程分析技术”.     

Glutamine Production by Coupling with Energy Transfer: Employing Yeast Cells and Gluconobacter Glutamine Synthetase

A glutamine production process was established by combining alcoholic fermentation of baker's yeast cells with glutamine synthetase from the bacterium Gluconobacter suboxydans. The maximum amount of glutamine formed under optimum conditions was about 20 mM in 3 hr with 80% yield based on glutamate, substrate. The fermentation proceeded in two steps: the accumulation of energy in a form of fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) by yeast fermentation of sugar based on the Harden-Young effect and the fermentation of FDP coupled with glutamine synthetase reaction (an endergonic reaction) through an ATP-ADP system. The following factors were found to be important: (a) the ratio of the activities of yeast fermentation of sugar and glutamine synthetase, (b) effect of contaminating enzyme(s) in glutamine synthetase preparation, and (c) enzymatic properties of glutamine synthetase.     

A membrane-integrated fermentation reactor system: its effects in reducing the amount of sub-raw materials for D-lactic acid continuous fermentation by Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus

Continuous fermentation by retaining cells with a membrane-integrated fermentation reactor (MFR) system was found to reduce the amount of supplied sub-raw material. If the amount of sub-raw material can be reduced, continuous fermentation with the MFR system should become a more attractive process for industrialization, due to decreased material costs and loads during the refinement process. Our findings indicate that the production rate decreased when the amount of the sub-raw material was reduced in batch fermentation, but did not decrease during continuous fermentation with Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus. Moreover, continuous fermentation with a reduced amount of sub-raw material resulted in a productivity of 11.2 g/L/h over 800 h. In addition, the index of industrial process applicability used in the MFR system increased by 6.3-fold as compared with the conventional membrane-based fermentation reactor previously reported, suggesting a potential for the industrialization of this D-lactic acid continuous fermentation process.     

A three-phase pattern in growth, monoclonal antibody production, and metabolite exchange in a hybridoma bioreactor culture

The use of partial cubic spline data interpolation for the calculation of volumetric metabolite exchange rates suggested the existence of three distinct metabolic phases during bioreactor culture of a hybridoma cell line. During phase 1, a rapid amino acid uptake rate and ammonia release rate were observed. The growth rate was low and glutamine synthetase activity fell. In phase 2, maximum growth rate and minimum glutamine assimilation and ammonium production rates were observed. Attempts to corroborate the apparent ammonia assimilation in this phase using (15)NH(4)Cl resulted in low incorporation rates into alanine and glutamine. Maximum glutamine synthetase activity took place during this period. Maximum antibody production rate was observed during phase 3 during which peaks in glutamine assimilation, ammonia release, and glutamine synthetase activity were observed. The apparent existence of the three phases prompted us to carry out Northern blot analysis of glutamine synthetase RNA at appropriate times during the process. This revealed a pattern of appearance and dis-appearance of mRNA consistent with the three phases indicated by the fermentation parameters. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

谷氨酰胺高效酶法转化条件研究

谷氨酰胺合成酶是生物体氮代谢的中心酶之一,在消耗ATP的情况下,谷氨酰胺合成酶催化由谷氨酸和NH4+向谷氨酰胺的转化,Toch ikura提出了将酵母发酵与纯化酶结合生产谷氨酰胺(G ln)的方法,本实验通过建立酶法合成L-G ln与酵母酒精发酵的能量偶联体系,研究了在此偶联体系中各因素对谷氨酰胺酶转化效率的影响,为工业上利用酶法生产G ln提供理论依据。     

Isolation of a New Tobacco Constituent, 5,6-Dihydro-5-hydroxy-3,6-epoxy-β-ionol,from Japanese Domestic Suifu Tobacco

Glutamine production was investigated by coupling of glutamine synthetase from Gluconobacter suboxydans with a sugar fermentation system of baker's yeast (energy generating system). Under the optimum condition, 22 mM glutamine was formed in 3 hr, and the yield was 92% based on the substrate glutamate. The first step of the process was the accumulation of fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) as a reservoir of fermentation energy, in the presence of a high concentration of inorganic phosphate; and the second step was accomplished by coupling the degradation of FDP with glutamine synthetase reaction through an ADP-ATP system. The effects of enzyme concentration, additives in the reaction mixture and others on glutamine formation were investigated, and the importance of three factors was pointed out: (a) the ratio of activity of energy generating system to utilizing system, (b) contaminated enzyme(s) in the energy utilizing system and (c) the enzymatic properties of the energy utilizing system.     

Neurospora crassa glutamine synthetase. Translation of specific messenger ribonucleic acid in a cell-free system derived from rabbit reticulocytes.

The total reticulocyte lysate cell-free protein-synthesizing system was incubated in the presence of Neurospora crassa RNA. With the aid of an antibody directed against purified N. crassa glutamine synthetase, the synthesis of a specific protein was detected. This protein precipitates with antiglutamine synthetase using both direct and indirect procedures, migrates with the same molecular weight as the monomer of N. crassa glutamine synthetase when subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and chromatographs as N. crassa glutamine synthetase on anthranilate-bound Sepharose. These data indicate the translation of the mRNA that codes for N. crassa glutamine synthetase. This RNA behaves as poly(A)-containing material when fractionated on oly(U)-Sepha-rose.     

Developmental formation of glutamine synthetase in greening pumpkin cotyledons and its subcellular localization

During the germination of pumpkin (Cucurbita sp. Amakuri Nankin) seeds in dark, the activity of glutamine synthetase in cotyledons gradually increased, reaching a maximum at 5 to 6 days. A measurable enhancement (about 4-fold) of the enzyme activity occurred when the seedlings were exposed to continuous illumination from day 4 up to day 8. Glutamine synthetase activity was detectable only in the cytosolic fraction in the etiolated cotyledons, whereas it was found both in the cytosolic and chloroplast fractions in the green cotyledons. The two isoenzymes of glutamine synthetase have been separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography of extracts from the green cotyledons. These data indicate that during the greening process the chloroplastic glutamine synthetase is newly synthesized. The roles of cytosolic and chloroplastic glutamine synthetase in germinating pumpkin cotyledons concerning assimilation of NH₃ are discussed.     

Investigation of proteomic responses of Streptomyces lydicus to pitching ratios for improving streptolydigin production

Streptomyces lydicus has been reported to produce antibiotic streptolydigin. Pitching ratios play crucial roles in primary and secondary metabolism of Streptomyces bacteria. The higher pitching ratio (30%, v/v) significantly enhanced the levels of streptolydigin products in S. lydicus. Proteome analysis revealed that betaglucosidase and UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase were up-regulated to accelerate the starch hydrolyzation at the high pitching ratios. Enhancement in the levels of UDPN-acetylmuramoylalanyl-D-glutamate-2, 6-diaminopimelate ligase and glycine cleavage system aminomethyltransferase were involved in the conversion of amino acids into secondary metabolites. Additionally, the expression levels of PfkA2, PfkA3, Zwf2, SucD, GalE1, GatB, TktA1 and ThcA, associated with glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism, were dramatically elevated at high pitching ratios, which play important roles in the enhanced streptolydigin production in S. lydicus E9. Interestingly, the levels of proteins (glutamine synthetase I, glutamate synthase subunit beta and glutamine synthetase) were down-regulated with the increases of pitching ratios and fermentation progress, revealing that pitching ratio altered the glutamine synthetase levels and consequently regulated the streptolydigin production of S. lydicus E9. The up-regulation of proteins (eg, aldehyde dehydrogenase and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase) was involved in the redox-based regulation network triggered by an imbalance of the intracellular cell redox homeostasis and by crosstalk with secondary metabolism at the higher pitching ratio. These results settle new insights into physiological facts of S. lydicus E9 in responses to pitching ratios and will eventually improve the antibiotic production schemes in industry.