盐胁迫下不同基因型冬小麦渗透及离子的毒害效应

以4种不同基因型冬小麦为试验材料,利用分根法研究了盐胁迫对小麦的渗透胁迫和离子毒害的效应。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,小麦既受渗透胁迫,也受盐离子胁迫。渗透胁迫效应比较快,大约在处理后1-2d内发生;离子毒害效应比较缓慢,大约需3-4d时间。在一半盐胁迫(200mmol/L NaCl)和一半非盐胁迫的分根条件下,小麦没有明显的渗透胁迫效应,小麦植株地上部Na⁺ 累积到毒性水平之前盐处理对小麦生长无抑制效应。小麦具有将Na⁺ 从盐胁迫一侧转移非盐一侧的能力,说明小麦吸收的Na⁺ 有一部分可以从地上部回流到根系中,回流率可达76%-89%。无水分胁迫(不加入PEG)的回流率大于水分胁迫(加入PEG)的回流率。不同基因型小麦在盐分吸收累积和回流,及渗透和离子胁迫的速度和程度等方面具有明显差异。NR 9405和小偃6号的Na⁺ 累积速度要少于陕229和RB 6;NR 9405根系排Na⁺ 能力强于陕229和RB 6。因此,NR 9405和小偃6号的耐盐性高于陕229和RB 6。     

NaCl胁迫下大麦根液泡膜H^＋—ATPase活性、离子吸收与钙的关系

NaCl胁迫 2d ,耐盐大麦 (HordeumvulgareL .cv) (“滩引 2号”)根系液泡膜H _ATPase活性增强 ,H _PPase活性下降。以质膜Ca2 通道抑制剂La3 (1mmol/L)或Ca2 螯合剂EGTA (5mmol/L)处理大麦幼苗 ,抑制了NaCl诱导的液泡膜H _ATPase活性的增强 ,但提高了H _PPase活性 ;用CaM拮抗剂三氟拉嗪 (TFP ,2 0 μmol/L)处理 ,也抑制了液泡膜H _ATPase活性的增强。NaCl胁迫下 ,外加La3 ,TFP或La3 TFP处理 ,使Na 吸收增加 ,K 和Ca2 吸收降低。结果表明 ,NaCl胁迫下 ,液泡膜H _ATPase活性提高和离子吸收的变化可能与Ca_CaM系统有关。     

NaCl胁迫下大麦根液泡膜H+-ATPase活性、离子吸收与钙的关系

NaCl胁迫2 d,耐盐大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.cv) ("滩引2号")根系液泡膜H+-ATPase活性增强,H+-PPase活性下降.以质膜Ca2+通道抑制剂La3+ (1 mmol/L)或Ca2+螯合剂EGTA (5 mmol/L)处理大麦幼苗,抑制了NaCl诱导的液泡膜H+-ATPase活性的增强,但提高了H+-PPase活性;用CaM拮抗剂三氟拉嗪(TFP,20 μmol/L)处理,也抑制了液泡膜H+-ATPase活性的增强.NaCl胁迫下,外加La3+,TFP或La3++TFP处理,使Na+吸收增加,K+和Ca2+吸收降低.结果表明,NaCl胁迫下,液泡膜H+-ATPase活性提高和离子吸收的变化可能与Ca-CaM系统有关.     

盐胁迫下水稻苗期Na+和K+吸收与分配规律的初步研究

选择苗期耐盐性较强的水稻(Oryza sativa)品种(株系)'AB52'、'02402'和'02435'及敏感品种'日本晴',在网室周转箱内,设置5 000和8 000 mg·L-1NaCl两种盐处理,以清水为对照,研究盐胁迫下苗期水稻植株不同部位Na+和K+的吸收和分配与品种耐盐性的关系.结果表明,盐胁迫下,株高、绿叶干重和绿叶面积下降,绿叶中的水分含量降低,但茎鞘中的水分含量有所上升.5 000 mg·L-1NaCl胁迫处理10 d,耐盐品种所受的生长影响和叶片伤害程度低于敏感品种,但8 000 mg·L-1NaCl胁迫处理下品种间差异变小.盐胁迫下,水稻植株吸收Na+和置换出K+,但不同器官部位中Na+和K+的区域化分布特征明显,各部位的Na+含量由低到高依次为绿叶、根、茎鞘和枯叶.下部老叶能优先积累较多Na+而枯黄;绿叶吸收Na+相对较少,维持较低的Na+水平,同时保持较高且稳定的K+含量;植株茎鞘通过选择性吸收大量Na+和置换出一部分K+到叶片中,保持绿叶较稳定的K+含量和相对较低的Na+含量,维持较高的K+/Na+比,从而使植株少受盐害.敏感品种'日本晴'在盐胁迫下绿叶中的Na+含量相对较高,且5 000 mg·L-1NaCl胁迫下绿叶Na+含量已接近高值,与在8 000 mg·L-1NaCl胁迫下差异不大,而耐盐品种绿叶吸收较少的Na+.另一方面,耐盐品种茎鞘的含K+相对较高,在盐胁迫下能吸收容纳较多的Na+,而绿叶中K+/Na+比较高.可以认为,绿叶的K+/Na+比可作为一个衡量耐盐性的相对指标.     

盐分胁迫对啤酒大麦幼苗生长、离子平衡和根际pH变化的影响

盐分胁迫不仅影响植物的生长,而且会影响植物根际微域环境。根际pH的改变对土壤养分的有效性和微生物群落组成的变化有重要影响。为了探究啤酒大麦幼苗对不同类型盐分胁迫的生理生态响应机制和根际pH变化影响的生理机制,采用水培法,通过不同类型盐分(对照、混合Na盐、混合Cl盐和NaCl)胁迫处理啤酒大麦幼苗,对其生长、离子平衡和根际pH变化进行了研究。结果表明,1)在3种不同类型盐分胁迫下,啤酒大麦幼苗地上部干重、含水量均有所降低,而根冠比增加,尤其在NaCl胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗地上部干重较对照显著降低了17.88%,而根干重和根冠比则分别增加了19.12%和43.86%。不同类型盐分胁迫抑制了啤酒大麦幼苗根长的生长,尤其在混合Na盐胁迫下根长降低明显(P0.05),但促进了根表面积和根体积的增加,尤其在混合Cl盐胁迫下,根表面积和根体积分别增加了41.76%和84.38%。2)不同类型盐分胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗地上部离子平衡发生改变,在混合Na盐和NaCl胁迫下啤酒大麦幼苗主要吸收Na~+,地上部K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+显著降低;混合Cl盐和NaCl胁迫下则过量吸收Cl~-,抑制了H_2PO_4~-、NO_3~-和SO_4~(2-)的吸收。3)在混合Na盐、混合Cl盐和NaCl盐分胁迫下,啤酒大麦幼苗对阴离子的吸收总量高于对阳离子的吸收总量,离子平衡计算结果表明根际呈碱化现象,与原位显色结果一致,且在混合Cl盐胁迫下根际碱化程度最大。     

外源硝酸钙对黄瓜幼苗盐胁迫伤害的缓解作用

采用营养液水培法,以较耐盐黄瓜品种'新泰密刺'为试材,研究了叶面喷施硝酸钙对盐胁迫(NaCl 65 mmol·L-1)下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸及不同部位离子含量的影响.结果表明,叶面喷施硝酸钙能够显著提高盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的干鲜重、相对含水量和叶片叶绿素含量,显著减少MDA及渗透调节物质脯氨酸的积累;同时可显著降低盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗体内Na+和Cl-含量,提高K+、Ca2+含量和 K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+.可见,外源硝酸钙能缓解盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的失水程度和光合色素的下降幅度,保护膜的完整性,调节离子选择性吸收,从而减轻盐胁迫伤害,促进黄瓜植株生长.     

SA浸种对盐胁迫下小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以小麦盐敏感品种鲁麦15为材料,研究了外源水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)浸种对100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。研究结果表明:盐胁迫下,无论经SA浸种还是未经SA浸种,小麦幼苗的生长均受到明显抑制,干、鲜重显著下降;0.1 mmol/L、0.2 mmol/L和0.3 mmol/L SA溶液浸种均能显著缓解NaCl胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制,其中以0.2 mmol/L SA溶液浸种预处理效果最好。实验中,0.2 mmol/L SA浸种可显著提高盐胁迫下小麦种子β-淀粉酶的活性和吸胀速率。此外,与未经SA浸种的盐胁迫小麦幼苗相比,0.2 mmol/L SA浸种的盐胁迫小麦幼苗整株的干、鲜重显著增加,幼苗体内Na~+含量降低,K~+含量和K~+/Na~+比值显著提高;同时,小麦幼苗叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性升高,而丙二醛(MDA)含量则显著降低。由此可以得出,SA浸种能有效提高盐胁迫下小麦幼苗体内K~+/Na~+比值,提高SOD、CAT和POD的活性,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,以缓解盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用,从而提高耐盐性。     

不同耐盐性小麦根Na~+和K~+的吸收特性

以耐盐小麦品种‘德抗961’和盐敏感小麦品种‘鲁麦15’为材料,研究小麦根Na+、K+吸收特性及其与耐盐性关系。结果表明,2个小麦品种根K+吸收动力学曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten方程,即V=Vmax×[S]/([S]+Km)+k×[S]。低浓度(低于25mmol·L-1)NaCl处理对根高亲和K+吸收系统转运K+具有促进作用,对耐盐品种‘德抗961’的促进作用更大。小麦根高亲和K+吸收系统是通过K+/H+同向转运,而不是K+/Na+同向转运。NaCl处理对根低亲和K+吸收系统有抑制作用,对盐敏感品种‘鲁麦15’的抑制作用更大。NaCl处理导致2个小麦品种根和叶片中的K+含量显著下降,Na+含量显著升高,但‘德抗961’根和叶片中的K+含量均显著高于‘鲁麦15’,‘德抗961’根中Na+含量显著高于‘鲁麦15’,而其叶片中Na+含量显著低于‘鲁麦15’,从而保证NaCl胁迫下其叶片较高的K+/Na+比。非选择性阳离子通道是小麦根Na+吸收的主要途径,K+通道是Na+吸收的一条重要途径。这些结果表明小麦部分通过调节根系K+吸收系统而维持叶片较高的K+/Na+比,从而提高其耐盐性。     

NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对栓皮栎种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了阐明栓皮栎种子萌发期对盐碱胁迫的耐受性,研究了不同浓度(0、50、100、200和400 mmol/L)NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫对其种子萌发、生长、保护酶活性和有机渗透调节物质等的影响,结果表明:(1)盐碱胁迫对栓皮栎种子的萌发率和发芽指数均没有显著影响;随着Na+浓度的升高,NaCl和Na2CO3处理下的胚根长度、胚根生长速率、胚根鲜重均受到抑制,呈现下降趋势;活力指数和耐盐指数在NaCl胁迫下表现为较低浓度(50 mmol/L)促进,较高浓度(100,200,400 mmol/L)抑制,而在Na2CO3处理下则不断下降;相对盐害率在两种处理下均表现波动趋势。(2)通过建立活力指数、胚根长度等与Na+浓度的回归方程,发现在NaCl胁迫下栓皮栎种子活力指数、胚根鲜重、胚根长度和胚根生长速率的临界值分别为300.0、300.0、333.6、369.6 mmol/L。(3)在NaCl和Na2CO3胁迫下,随Na+浓度的增加,丙二醛含量增幅显著;NaCl处理下的SOD(superoxide dismutase)活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而Na2CO3处理下则均低于对照;POD(peroxidase)活性变化不显著;CAT(catalase)活性均表现为先降低后升高;脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均随着Na+浓度的升高而呈现不同程度上升趋势。(4)等Na+浓度时,NaCl处理下的各项生长指标均高于Na2CO3处理,丙二醛、保护酶活性及渗透调节物质含量均低于Na2CO3处理,说明Na2CO3对栓皮栎种子的影响比NaCl更为显著。     

盐胁迫下杨树根际系统盐分离子分布特性

在温室条件下,采用盆栽根箱培养的方法研究盐胁迫下I 69杨(PopulusdeltoidesBartr.cv.'Lux')和NL 1381杨〔PopulusdeltoidesBartr.cv.'Lux'×P.euramericana(Dode)GeninierCL'I 45 51'〕根际、非根际土壤盐分分布特征。盐处理浓度共设3个水平:CK(NaCl0g kg)、处理A(NaCl1g kg)和处理B(NaCl2g kg),采用完全随机设计。结果表明,2个杨树无性系根际水溶性K+亏缺,水溶性Na+、Ca2+和Mg2+富集。K+的亏缺率及Na+的富集率随NaCl处理浓度的增大而减小,Ca2+和Mg2+的富集率在非盐渍条件下最低,处理A达最高,处理B较处理A略有下降。在盐胁迫下,无性系NL 1381杨根际土壤Na+的浓度和电导率均低于无性系I 69杨,可以有效减轻盐分对根系的渗透胁迫,相对而言具有较强的抗盐性。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.