东海栉水母对温度和盐度生态适应的Yield-Density模型

根据1997-2000年东海23°30′N-33°N、118°30′E-128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,采用物种丰度和同步表层温度、盐度数据的曲线拟合,构造数学模型,结合地理分布分析,研究了栉水母分布最适温度和最适盐度,分析了栉水母的生态类型.结果表明:瓜水母(Beroe cucumis)的丰度和温度,掌状风球水母(Hormiphora palmata)和卵型瓜水母(B.ovata)的丰度和盐度的相关性不显著;蝶水母(Ocyropsis crystallina)、球型侧腕水母(Pleurobrachia globosa)、瓜水母,掌状风球水母和卵型瓜水母的丰度与其对应的温度或盐度均符合Yield-Density模型;瓜水母最适温度和卵型瓜水母最适盐度依据散点图估计,掌状风球水母最适盐度不明显,其他物种最适温、盐度均由Yield-Density模型极值点计算;东海栉水母所有物种均系亚热带外海种,其中球型侧腕水母、瓜水母和掌状风球水母具有较宽的温、盐度分布区间,卵型瓜水母和蝶水母是冬、春季暖流水团的指示种.     

东海浮游枝角类生态学研究

根据1997~2000年在东海23°30′~33°00′N、118°30′~128°00′E海域4个季节的海洋调查资料,探讨了东海浮游枝角类生态特征、数量变化和相应的动力学。结果表明,枝角类丰度夏季最高(17.16 ind.(100 m3)-1),秋季(14.68 ind.(100 m3)-1)次之,春季(0.63 ind.(100 m3)-1)较低,冬季该类未出现。春、夏、秋季的肥胖三角氵蚤(Evadne tergestina)和夏季的鸟喙尖头氵蚤(Penilia avirostris)是影响枝角类数量分布的主要种;春、夏、秋季枝角类总丰度与盐度呈负线性相关关系,与水温相关关系不显著。枝角类较高丰度区常位于沿岸淡水水团与其他水团交汇处偏沿岸水一侧。其数量变化动力主要来自沿岸冲淡水势力,特别是长江冲淡水势力的消长。枝角类在东海出现率较低,有一定的集群性,较高丰度的分布基本上局限在冲淡水势力影响范围内,其高丰度的水域是沿岸水团的一个重要标志。     

东海水母类丰度的动力学特征

本文根据1997-2000年东海23°30′-33°N、118°30′-128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,探讨了东海水母类数量变化特征和相应的动力学。结果表明:水母类是东海浮游动物的第三大类群,其丰度仅次于桡足类和海樽类;其数量有明显的季节变化,春季丰度最高(5·37ind·/m3),秋季次之(2·23ind·/m3),冬季(1·82ind·/m3),夏季最低(0·88ind·/m3);其平面分布特征为近海高于外海;其数量变化首先来自优势种大西洋五角水母(Muggiaeaatlantica)和双生水母(Diphyeschamissonis)的贡献,前者是近岸暖温种,后者是近岸暖水种;春季丰度变化与表层和底层盐度二元线性相关,夏季与底层水温相关,秋季与底层盐度相关,冬季与表层盐度相关,4季总丰度与10m层盐度相关。盐度是影响水母类数量变化的主要环境动力学因子,水温是次要因子;水母类高丰度区往往位于台湾暖流与长江径流交汇处偏冲淡水水团一侧。长江冲淡水在不同季节入海后的流向是决定高丰度分布区位置重要的动力学因子。该类浮游动物对沿海海域生物安全、生态安全和环境安全都有重要的影响,引起全球的普遍关注。     

东海浮游枝角类和涟虫类生态适应性

根据1997-2000年东海23°30′-33°00′N、118°30′-128°00′E海域4个季节海洋综合调查资料,以及2002-2003年长江口外海29°00′-32°00′N、122°00′-123°30′E海域4个季节资料,对浮游枝角类、涟虫类丰度和同步的表层温、盐度数据进行曲线拟合,构造数学模型,计算各物种分布的最适温度和盐度,分析其地理分布和生态特征,确定物种的生态类型。结果表明:鸟喙尖头溞(Penilia avirostris)、肥胖三角溞(Evadne tergestina)是亚热带近海种,具有广温广盐的生态特征;诺氏三角溞(Evadne nordmanni)、萨氏异涟虫(Heterocumasarst)和细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera)是亚热带外海种,其中诺氏三角溞具有暖温种的特征,后两种涟虫(Bodotria ovalis)是典型的亚热带外海种;卵圆涟虫仅仅在长江口近海出现,是亚热带近海种。东海浮游枝角类大多数物种最适盐度偏低,尤其是鸟喙尖头溞和肥胖三角溞,它们的高丰度分布区是沿岸水团的标志。     

东海浮游等足类和涟虫类的调查

根据1997~2000年东海(23°30′~33°00′N,118°30′~128°00′E)海域4个季节海洋调查资料,对东海浮游等足类和涟虫类种类的组成、数量变化及地理分布等特征作了探讨。结果表明,调查海域出现浮游等足类2种,其中圆柱水虱(Cirolanasp.)在东海等足类数量中具有绝对优势(占总丰度的98%),中国急游水虱(Tachaea chinensis)是稀有种。等足类主要在夏季出现,并分布在东海近海。浮游涟虫类主要分布在台湾海峡和东海南部海域。浮游涟虫类有4种,细长涟虫(Iphinoe tenera)和萨氏异涟虫(Heterocumasarsi)在3个季节出现,丰度和出现率较高,是东海涟虫类的常见种;无尾涟虫(Leueonsp.)在2个季节出现,丰度和出现率与前2个种相似,是次常见种。卵圆涟虫(Bodotria ovalis)仅出现在秋季,数量和出现率极低,是稀有种。细长涟虫、萨氏异涟虫和无尾涟虫都是暖水种。相比之下,无尾涟虫有更广泛的适温能力。卵圆涟虫在盐度较低的长江口出现,是一个近岸种。     

黄海南部和东海小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)产卵场分布及其环境特征

根据2003～2005年和2007年4月份在黄海南部和东海海域进行的底拖网调查数据,分析了小黄鱼产卵场分布和产卵场环境特征等.结果表明,目前小黄鱼产卵场范围较过去有扩大,范围已经扩展到外海海域,产卵场可分为黄海南部产卵场和东海产卵场;其中黄海南部产卵场主要集中在33°00′～34°00′N,122°30′～124°00′E,产卵场最适水温范围为9.65～12.17℃,最适盐度范围为32.25～34.54,最适水深范围为29.74～76.49m;东海产卵场主要集中在30°30′～31°00′N,124°00′～125°00′E海域和30°30′～32°30′N,125°00′～126°00′E海域,产卵场最适水温范围为10.13～16.64℃,最适盐度范围为32.50～34.37,最适水深范围为40.23～85.61m;黄海南部和东海产卵场水温分布差异极显著(P<0.01);小黄鱼产卵场较过去发生较大变化的主要原因可能是在过度捕捞等扰动因素的影响下,小黄鱼对环境适应性明显提高.     

长江口及邻近海域浮游水螅水母、管水母和栉水母的丰度分布与季节变化

依据2002—2003年长江口及邻近海域(29°00'—32°00'N、122°00—123°30'E)4个季节的海洋调查资料,探讨了该水域小型水母(含水螅水母、管水母和栉水母)总丰度的空间分布特征及季节差异。结果显示,该海域共出现小型水母41种,其中水螅水母28种,管水螅11种,栉水母2种。主要优势种包括管水母大西洋五角水母(Muggiaea atlantica)、双生水母(Diphyes chamissonis)和气囊水母(Physophora hydrostatica)以及水螅水母四叶小舌水母(Liriope tetraphylla)、两手筐水母(Solmundella bitentaculata)和短柄和平水母(Eirene brevistylus),其中大西洋五角水母为冬、春季第一优势种,双生水母则为夏、秋季第一优势种。该水域小型水母总丰度呈明显季节差异,夏季丰度最高((337.33±55.68)个/m~2),春、秋季次之(分别为(142.09±67.71)个/m~2和(132.84±35.17)个/m~2),冬季最低((113.69±32.72)个/m~2)。水温是影响调查区小型水母总丰度季节变化的主要环境因子,小型水母丰度与表层温度显著正相关(P0.01)。盐度是影响小型水母平面分布格局的主要环境因子,春季小型水母丰度与底层盐度正相关(P0.05),夏季与10 m层盐度正相关(P0.01),全年则是与10 m层盐度正相关(P0.01)。此外,调查水域小型水母丰度与其饵料——小型桡足类亦存在显著正相关关系(P0.01)。     

东海水螅水母环境适应与生态类群

根据1997—2000年东海23°30′—33°00′ N、118°30′—128°00′ E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,依据丰度和同步表层温、盐度数据,采用曲线拟合构造了数学模型,并结合地理分布分析对东海水螅水母最适温度、最适盐度和生态类群进行了研究.结果表明：东海水螅水母适温环境多样,最适温度低于20 ℃的有15种,在20 ℃～22.5 ℃之间的有8种,在22.5 ℃～25 ℃之间的有12种,超过25 ℃的有17种;大多数物种（32种）最适盐度为32～34,大于34的有13种,在30～32之间的有6种,低于30的仅出现2种.水螅水母大多数物种生存的盐度区间较窄,它们的数量和分布范围有限.嵊山秀氏水母等2种属暖温带近海种,八囊摇篮水母等13种属暖温带外海种,宽外肋水母等8种属亚热带近海种,半口壮丽水母等5种具有热带大洋种特征,四叶小舌水母等25种属亚热带外海种.东海水螅水母的许多物种可作为东海水团重要的指示种.     

长江口及临近海域夏季水母类分布特征

采用1998年8月,1999年8月长江口及其临近海域（121&#176;15′E-122&#176;41′E,30&#176;00′N-31&#176;30′N）的调查资料,对采集到的水母样品进行分析,探讨水母的分布特征以及影响因素。结果表明：调查海域共出现水母21种,其中水螅水母15种,管水母4种,栉水母2种;可分为近岸低盐性、低盐河口性和大洋暖水性3个生态类群,其中近岸低盐物种达60％以上,分布范围广,低盐河口类群仅出现于受长江冲淡水影响明显的低盐水域,而大洋暖水类群分布于受外海水影响较大、盐度较高、离岸较远的区域;优势种为贝氏拟线水母、球型侧腕水母、单囊美螅水母、五角水母、拟细浅室水母和双生水母。总体分布特征为：从长江口向外伴随着盐度的逐渐增大．丰度逐渐升高,在长江）中淡水与外海水交汇的舟山渔场西部水域,丰度最大;水母的出现种类、丰度均与东海外海水、长江冲淡水2大水系的配置有关：外海水越强,整个区域平均盐度较高,出现的水母种类、丰度均高;反之,长江冲淡水势力控制范围大,平均盐度明显降低,物种少且丰度低。     

东海水母类多样性分布特征

根据1997–2000年东海23°30'–33°00'N、118°30'–128°00'E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,从环境因素与优势种的聚集强度等不同侧面探讨了东海水母类多样性指数(H′)的分布特征及其成因。东海4季共发现水母类103种,主要分布在东海南部和北部外海。大部分水域水母物种多样性较高,且冬夏季高于春秋季,南部高于北部,外海高于近海。分析成因如下:(1)多样性指数与物种数密切相关,但与丰度相关性不显著。优势种的聚集导致个别海区物种多样性降低。春季五角水母(Muggiaeaatlantica)在浙江近海、秋季双生水母(Diphyeschamissonis)在长江口海域聚集,导致春秋季东海近海水母类多样性指数较低。(2)水温是影响多样性指数分布的主要环境因子,盐度是次要因子。冬春季多样性指数值与10m层水温相关,夏季与表层水温相关,秋季与10m层盐度相关。(3)多样性指数的分布还受不同水团的影响。春季、夏季和冬季多样性指数(H′)等值线分布全面反映了东海海流走向和水团的变化,是分析东海水团的良好指标。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.