气候变化对邛崃山系大熊猫主食竹和栖息地分布的影响

气候变化对生物多样性的影响,特别是珍稀濒危物种的影响是当前的研究热点。全球气候变化对大熊猫的影响一直受到广泛关注。根据野外调查的大熊猫活动痕迹点、竹类分布点和主食竹扩散距离数据,采用Maxent模型,利用植被、地形、气候等因素,在RCP8.5下分析了2050年和2070年邛崃山系大熊猫主食竹分布及栖息地变化趋势。结果显示:(1)未来大熊猫适宜生境及主食竹气候适宜区面积均有所减少,到2070年分别减少37.2%和4.7%;(2)未来主食竹分布范围总体向高海拔扩展,但面积持续减少,到2070年分布面积比当前减少8.3%;(3)大熊猫栖息地未来有向高海拔扩张的趋势,在低海拔地区退缩明显,到2070年较当前减少27.2%;但到2070年大熊猫栖息地面积加上非栖息地有主食竹分布的面积,较现有大熊猫栖息地面积大1.5%;(4)受气候变化影响较严重的区域是邛崃山系南部以及低海拔地区,其余区域所受影响相对较小;(5)未来需要加强对受气候变化影响严重区域的监测与保护,特别是邛崃山系中部的大熊猫集中分布区。     

大熊猫栖息地亚高山针叶林结构和动态特征

亚高山针叶林是大熊猫适宜的栖息环境 ,其结构和动态规律严重影响大熊猫的生存和繁衍及其进化潜力的维持 ,是恢复退化大熊猫栖息地的唯一科学依据。通过样方法和中心点四分法调查了大熊猫栖息地 4个亚高山针叶林样地和该样地所在森林的 6 2个林窗 ,研究了该类森林的结构及其更新与大熊猫主食竹生长、林窗干扰的关系 ,以期揭示亚高山针叶林的动态规律 ,为大熊猫栖息地的恢复提供科学依据。研究结果表明 :岷江冷杉 Abies faxoniana和紫果云杉 Picea purpurea是亚高山针叶林的主体 ,其所构成的森林是大熊猫重要的栖息环境。岷江冷杉种群年龄呈现连续分布格局 ,而紫果云杉种群年龄呈间歇性分布 ,其在 2 5 0～ 5 0 0 a之间没有更新。该类森林中普遍存在着林窗干扰和更新现象 ,90 %的林窗下分布有岷江冷杉和紫果云杉更新的幼苗、幼树和大树。但林窗内不同树种更新密度不同 :岷江冷杉更新幼苗、幼树和大树占所有更新树种的 82 .5 % ,而紫果云杉和糙皮桦的更新幼苗、幼树和大树占 11.3%。岷江冷杉和紫果云杉的更新同时受林下大熊猫主食竹生长状况的影响 :主食竹盖度高 ,更新树种幼苗、幼树的密度低 ,即主食竹的生长抑制了岷江冷杉和紫果云杉的更新。     

汶川地震对都江堰地区大熊猫生境的影响

为了明确汶川地震破坏区的空间分布特征及其对大熊猫生境的影响,选择在都江堰地区采用遥感数据解译和GIS模型分析相结合的方法进行了此项研究。研究结果表明：汶川地震及其产生的滑坡、泥石流等次生灾害造成的植被破坏区面积为12862hm^2,其中78．64％的破坏区位于龙溪虹口自然保护区内部。地震破坏区在空间上主要分布在海拔1400—2400m,坡度20～55°之间的山坡上。地震造成都江堰地区21．63％的大熊猫生境丧失,其中海拔2200～3000m之间的大熊猫生境丧失比例较大。大熊猫生境破碎化程度严重,震后的生境斑块数量是震前的7．7倍。龙溪虹口自然保护区的大熊猫生境丧失更为严重,其丧失比例为32．15％,而保护区外部的大熊猫生境丧失较轻,其丧失比例为9．83％。地震造成该地区大熊猫生境丧失严重,生境破碎化加剧,为了增加大熊猫可利用的生境,在震后恢复重建中应当避免在大熊猫生境中开展旅游。     

大熊猫觅食行为的栖息地管理策略

野生大熊猫觅食行为的季节性垂直迁移习性和"撵笋"现象有其自身的繁殖生理机制,并与主食竹营养含量的季节变化、竹笋特有的生物化学特性以及地理分布的异质性格局密切相关.本文从大熊猫的觅食行为特性入手,综述和分析了觅食行为的繁殖生理机制、觅食行为与主食竹的分布规律和生长发育特征的关系,从而提出了大熊猫栖息地保护管理的整体性、保护与科研相结合和遵循物种生态生物学特性的基本原则,以及区域森林生态系统的垂直布局管理、主食竹竹笋的封禁保护和圈养大熊猫食物的基地建设等管理措施.     

大熊猫栖息地地震受损植被恢复研究进展

大熊猫是我国特有的珍稀濒危兽类, 是世界野生动物保护的代表物种。四川大熊猫栖息地位于地质活跃区, 地震及其次生灾对大熊猫栖息地植被的损毁和分割严重影响了野生大熊猫种群复壮进程。因此, 大熊猫栖息地地震后受损植被恢复是学术界关注的热点。自2008汶川特大地震之后, 学者们从栖息地植被覆盖、植被景观特征、植被群落组成结构和植被群落恢复构建等几个方面展开了大量研究。文章对这些研究进行了综述, 指出了现阶段研究存在的问题, 并对未来研究进行了展望。     

汶川地震对四川龙溪—虹口和唐家河自然保护区大熊猫栖息地利用格局的影响

2008年的汶川地震发生在大熊猫集中分布的区域,对大熊猫的栖息地造成了严重破坏.利用龙溪—虹口和唐家河两个国家级自然保护区地震前(2003～ 2007)和地震后(2008～ 2010)共计7年的大熊猫监测数据,就汶川地震对大熊猫栖息地利用格局的影响进行了分析.研究结果表明:(1)地震前5年,大熊猫对栖息地的利用格局在年间没有显著变化;(2)地震后的2年间,大熊猫对栖息地的利用格局在年间没有显著变化;(3)地震前后连续7年调查的样线中,大熊猫对栖息地的利用格局在年间没有显著变化;(4)在龙溪一虹口保护区,大熊猫对样线的利用与滑坡体的面积没有显著关系,即大熊猫对栖息地的空间利用没有受到滑坡体面积大小的显著影响;(5)虽然从现有资料发现地震对大熊猫栖息地的利用格局没有显著的影响,但仍然需要在震后加强对大熊猫及其栖息地的保护.     

汶川地震后鸟兽资源现状: 以都江堰光光山峡谷区为例

<正>2008年"5.12"汶川特大地震及后续次生地质灾害(如崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和堰塞湖等)不仅给地震灾区人民造成了巨大生命和财产损失,也对该区域的野生动植物及其栖息地造成了长期的严重影响(欧阳志云等,2008)。地震发生地所属的岷山和邛崃山系是世界生物多样性保护的关键区域,区域内动植物资源十分丰富,是大熊猫(Ailuopoda melanolcuca)和川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae)等珍稀野生动物的主要分布区(国家林业局,2006)。根据遥感影像数据,汶川地震及其所引起的各种次     

基于小波变换的卧龙国家级自然保护区植被时空变化分析

提出一种基于小波变换从长时间序列、大范围遥感数据中快速、自动化检测植被动态变化的方法。以MODIS 500m空间分辨率,16d合成的NDVI数据为数据源,对受到2008年5月12日汶川地震严重影响的卧龙国家级自然保护区内2003年至2012年的植被动态变化进行时空分析,为保护生态多样性及生态系统的稳定性提供依据。研究表明:1)地震后保护区内植被指数减少的面积大范围增加,且波动较震前更为明显,统计分析结果能够更为直观地反映地震及其次生灾害等极端现象对该地区植被的破坏程度;2)保护区内植被指数极值变化多发生在夏季或秋季,较低海拔地区极值变化多发生在夏季,而在高海拔地区则多发生在秋季;3)在大熊猫最适宜栖息的区域(2600—2800m)植被指数极值减少量大于0.4的范围大于增加量大于0.4的范围,反映出植被在震后的恢复状况并没达到理想的水平。同时发现在该海拔区域范围内植被指数减少的面积在春夏两季较大,表明在该时间段卧龙地区大熊猫最适宜生存区域的植被情况较为不稳定,需更为关注其动态,采取适当的保护措施。     

基于红外相机研究野生动物对地震灾害体的利用特征

地震及其引发的次生地质灾害是影响野生动物多样性及空间利用的重要因素,为探究地震后野生动物对地震灾害体的利用特征,为震后生物多样性保护与生态资源恢复方案制定提供基础资料,本研究在四川卧龙国家级自然保护区的不同损毁程度地震灾害体内及周边设置红外相机调查野生动物组成和相对多度指数。经过2 833个相机工作日的调查,在地震灾害体内共探测到野生动物28种 (兽类15种,鸟类13 种),其中出现频率较高的为红腹锦鸡 (Chrysolophus pictus)、马来豪猪 (Hystrix brachyura)、中华斑羚 (Naemorhedus griseus) 等喜食植物 (根、茎、叶和果实) 的动物,而记录到的兽类中,有60%被IUCN红色名录评估为濒危 (EN)、易危 (VU) 和近危 (NT),表明珍稀野生动物会利用恢复过程中的地震灾害体,反映出地震灾害体对保护珍稀濒危动物具有潜在生态价值。轻度、中度、重度损毁程度区的物种种类构成差异大,动物相对多度指数 (RAI) 也存在较大差异：中度 > 轻度 > 重度。地震灾害体外的野生动物种数与相对多度指数均高于灾害体内,表明汶川地震引发的次生地质灾害仍在持续影响野生动物生境选择与利用。建议针对震后受损区域的野生动物生境利用展开长期监测与研究。     

栖息地保护对鸟类保护的重要性

栖息地是生物生存和繁衍的场所。栖息地丧失和质量下降都会对野生生物的种群维持带来严重影响。通过2个案例介绍栖息地保护对鸟类保护的重要性:1)韩国西海岸大滨鹬的关键迁徙停歇地丧失导致其种群快速下降;2)崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区通过治理外来植物互花米草和优化鸟类栖息地,鸟类多样性明显提升。栖息地是生物赖以生存的"家园",开展栖息地保护对野生生物的保护起着关键作用。     

Application of ecological-niche factor analysis in habitat assessment of giant pandas

Ecological-niche factor analysis (ENFA) is a multivariate approach to study geographic distribution of species on a large scale with only “presence” data. It has been widely applied in many fields including wildlife management, habitat assessment and habitat prediction. In this paper, this approach was applied in habitat suitability assessment for giant pandas in Pingwu County, Sichuan Province, China. With “presence” data of giant pandas and remote sensing data, habitat suitability of pandas in this county was evaluated based on ENFA model, and spatial distribution pattern of nature reserves and conservation gaps were then evaluated. The results show that giant pandas in this county prefer high-elevation zones (> 2128 m) dominated by coniferous forest, and mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest, and avoid deciduous broadleaf forest and shrubs. Pandas avoid staying at habitats with human disturbances. Farmland is a major factor threatening panda habitat. Panda habitat is mainly distributed in north and west of Pingwu with a total area of 234033 hm², 106345hm² for suitable habitat and 127688 hm² for marginally suitable habitat). 3 nature reserves were located in Pingwu, covering over 49.2% of total suitable habitat and 45.6% of total marginally suitable habitat. Although 47.2% of panda habitat was in reserves under protection, connectivity between reserves was weak and a conservation gap existed in the north part of Pingwu. Thus, a new nature reserve in Baima and Mupi should be established to link the isolated habitats.     

Impacts of temperature on giant panda habitat in the north Minshan Mountains

Understanding the impacts of meteorological factors on giant pandas is necessary for future conservation measures in response to global climate change. We integrated temperature data with three main habitat parameters (elevation, vegetation type, and bamboo species) to evaluate the influence of climate change on giant panda habitat in the northern Minshan Mountains using a habitat assessment model. Our study shows that temperature (relative importance = 25.1%) was the second most important variable influencing giant panda habitat excepting the elevation. There was a significant negative correlation between temperature and panda presence (ρ = −0.133, P < 0.05), and the temperature range preferred by giant pandas within the study area was 18–21°C, followed by 15–17°C and 22–24°C. The overall suitability of giant panda habitats will increase by 2.7%, however, it showed a opposite variation patterns between the eastern and northwestern region of the study area. Suitable and subsuitable habitats in the northwestern region of the study area, which is characterized by higher elevation and latitude, will increase by 18007.8 hm² (9.8% habitat suitability), while the eastern region will suffer a decrease of 9543.5 hm² (7.1% habitat suitability). Our results suggest that increasing areas of suitable giant panda habitat will support future giant panda expansion, and food shortage and insufficient living space will not arise as problems in the northwest Minshan Mountains, which means that giant pandas can adapt to climate change, and therefore may be resilient to climate change. Thus, for the safety and survival of giant pandas in the Baishuijiang Reserve, we propose strengthening the giant panda monitoring program in the west and improving the integrity of habitats to promote population dispersal with adjacent populations in the east.     

Integrating population size analysis into habitat suitability assessment: implications for giant panda conservation in the Minshan Mountains,China

Compared to conventional approaches, the integration of population size analysis with habitat suitability assessment on a large scale can provide more evidence to explain the mechanisms of habitat isolation and fragmentation, and thus make regional conservation plans. In this paper, we analyzed the habitat suitability for giant pandas in the Minshan Mountains, China, using the ecological-niche factor analysis (ENFA) method, and then evaluated the current conservation status of this endangered species. The results showed that (1) giant pandas were distributed in a narrow altitudinal range in which vegetation cover was dominated by coniferous forest, mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest, and deciduous broadleaf forest with scattered bamboo understory, and (2) roads and human settlements had strong negative effects on the panda habitat selection. According to habitat analysis, the total habitat area of giant panda in the Minshan Mountains was 953,173 ha, which was fragmented into 12 habitat units by major roads, rivers, and human settlements. The habitat of the mid-Minshan was less fragmentized, but was seriously fragmented in the north. The panda population size estimation showed that 676 individuals inhabited the study area, and 94.53% of them were in the mid-Minshan, but small panda populations less than 30 individuals inhabited the isolated and fragmented habitat patches in the north. The nature reserves in the Minshan Mountains have formed three conservation groups, which covered 41.26% of panda habitat and protected 70.71% of panda population of the study area, but there still exists two conservation gaps, and the connectivity among these reserves is still weak. Due to habitat isolation and extensive human disturbances, giant pandas in the north (i.e., Diebu, Zhouqu, and Wudou) are facing threats of local extinction. In order to protect pandas and their habitats in this area, some effective conservation approaches, such as establishing new reserves in gap areas, creating corridors among patches, and seasonally controlling traffic flux in key roads, should be implemented in the future to link these isolated habitats together.     

用间接遥感方法探测大熊猫栖息地竹林分布

竹子是野生大熊猫赖以生存的唯一食物。探测大熊猫栖息地内的竹林分布状况,有助于深入了解大熊猫及其栖息地的空间分布格局与特点,并为评估其栖息地适宜性、破碎化程度和生态承载力提供科学依据。由于大熊猫的主食竹大都生长于林下,直接通过遥感影像解译的方法很难实现对其分布密度的探测。以佛坪自然保护区的两大优势竹种——巴山木竹和秦岭箭竹为例,在运用遥感和GIS方法获取空间连续的环境变量时,引入了林上和林下的光照条件,通过分析不同竹种与各环境要素之间的关系,建立竹子密度的预测模型,最后在GIS空间分析技术的支持下实现了对林下竹子密度的绘制。研究结果显示:该方法能够比较准确地预测出林下竹子的分布状态,对两种竹子的密度预测精度均可达到70%以上。     

卧龙及草坡自然保护区大熊猫的种群与保护

卧龙和草坡自然保护区以保护大熊猫及其生态系统为主, 面积3 224 km2 , 为中国大熊猫分布区最大的保护区。自1974 年以来, 我们经过多次调查, 其栖息地由约2 500 km2 缩减到现今约800 km² 。大熊猫在该地所选择的最适生境在海拔2 800～3 100 m一带的三、四级夷平地带, 面积约4 ×104 hm² 。大熊猫的种群数量, 据1974 年调查有195 只(其中卧龙为145 只) , 1983 年冷箭竹大面积开花后种群有所下降, 而上世纪90 年代以后有所恢复, 现在约有150 只。在保护对策上, 应在4 个隔离种群间退耕还林, 控制交通流量和禁止夜间通行, 扩大保护范围到毗邻的县, 对最适的栖息地实行绝对保护, 并控制旅游规模及旅客流量。     

区域自然保护区群规划——以秦岭山系为例

自然保护区群的构建对于优化我国自然保护区空间布局、提高自然保护区的保护效果具有重要意义。以大熊猫为主要研究对象,以秦岭山系为研究区域,以生境评价与通达性分析为主要研究方法,探讨了自然保护区群合理布局与功能区优化的程序、内容与方法。研究表明,目前秦岭山系已建与筹建的大熊猫自然保护区17个,自然保护区群初步形成,保护了50%的大熊猫生境,但东部的3个自然保护区尚未全部相连,且整个自然保护区核心区被隔离为20部分,大大影响了自然保护区效果的发挥。为优化自然保护区的布局,建议新建湑水河与锦鸡梁两个自然保护区,以大熊猫居群为基本单位将核心区调整为4个,并且通过3个连接区的建设加强各大熊猫居群的连通性,以促进大熊猫种群间的交流与迁徙。研究结果可为秦岭山系自然保护区建设提供思路与依据,对其它地区自然保护区群的建立及全国自然保护区网络的优化也具有借鉴意义。     

Synergistic effects of anthropogenic disturbances on giant pandas

Livestock grazing and the collection of bamboo shoots are the main threats to giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat in the Liangshan Mountains in China. It is important to clarify the effect of these disturbances to the giant panda to formulate targeted management policies. Based on species distribution models and daily activity models, we investigated the effects of livestock grazing and bamboo shoot collection on giant pandas from May 2021 to July 2022. Our results indicated the giant panda's suitable habitat in the reserve covered 51.83 km² (15.02% of the reserve area). Grazing and bamboo shoot collection led to losses of 19.08 km² and 7.68 km² of suitable habitat, respectively. Together, the 2 activities resulted in a loss of 28.35 km² of suitable habitat, which was more than half of the area of panda habitat. The areas of suitable habitat for giant pandas significantly overlapped with the areas affected by both disturbances. Giant pandas did not show significant differences in daily activity rhythms under a single disturbance, but the daily activity rhythms of giant pandas differed when we compared the area combining the 2 disturbances with the undisturbed area. Our study reveals that the anthropogenic disturbances in the reserve have varying effects on the suitable habitat range and daily activity rhythm of giant pandas and evidence of a synergistic effect. Therefore, when formulating relevant conservation policies, it is important to fully evaluate the extent and characteristics of anthropogenic disturbances in shaping the population distribution and habitat preferences of the giant panda and other wildlife to enhance the efficacy of conservation management practices.     

野生大熊猫现状、面临的挑战及展望

截至2003年底,我国野生大熊猫种群数量达1596只,分布在陕西、四川和甘肃3省的45个县境内,总栖息地面积达2304991hm^2。与第2次大熊猫调查相比,野生大熊猫生存状况已得到改善,分布范围扩大、栖息地面积增加、种群数量进一步增长。本文在第3次大熊猫调查的基础上,就野生大熊猫种群及栖息地现状进行了分析,指出未来保护大熊猫所面临的3个方面的挑战,即来自物种自身生物学特性的挑战、栖息地破碎化及隔离小种群未来命运的挑战以及大熊猫保护与社区经济发展需求相冲突的挑战。作者还就我国大熊猫保护前景进行了展望,即自然保护区数量将进一步增加,栖息地状况将进一步改善;种群数量在总体保持稳定的基础上将逐步增长,但局部小种群灭绝风险将加剧;圈养种群将形成能自我维持的种群,圈养个体通过培训将逐步放归到隔离野生小种群中以改变其命运。