中国石龙子三尾畸形一例

笔者2005年11月从福州新建标本厂购得学生解剖用中国石龙子（Eumeces chinensis Gray,1838）浸制标本中,发现1条雌性三尾个体（图版,封4）,标本编号：051123003,保存于衡水学院生命科学系脊椎动物标本室.简报如下.     

广东省发现刘氏链蛇

2015年7月22日,在广东省车八岭国家级自然保护区采集到蛇类标本1号。基于形态和分子数据（Cyt b）,鉴定该蛇为刘氏链蛇（Lycodon liuchengchaoi）,为此物种在广东省分布的确切记录。标本（馆藏号HUM20180001）保存在黄山学院标本馆。     

中国发小卷蛾属研究及二新种记述（英文）

发小卷蛾属Pseudohedya Falkovitch全世界已知5种,分布在古北区东部（日本,韩国,俄罗斯远东地区及我国长白山）,本研究中首次在东洋区发现该属。本文报道了中国所有种类,其中记述2新种：梵净发小卷蛾P. fanjingica sp. nov.（贵州梵净山）与刘氏发小卷蛾P. liui sp. nov.（河南王屋山）;缩发小卷蛾P. retracta Falkovitch为中国新纪录种（河南,陕西,天津,湖北,广东,四川,甘肃）。文中提供了分种检索表、形态特征图、雄性外生殖器图及部分种的雌性外生殖器特征图。模式标本保存在南开大学昆虫标本室。     

四川省蜥蜴类一新记录——中国石龙子

1999年 6月在攀枝花市仁和区倮果乡获得 1条♂性蜥蜴类标本 ,经鉴定为中国石龙子 (Ｅｕｍｅｃｅｓｃｈｉ ｎｅｎｓｉｓＧｒａｙ ,1 838)。虽然原四川境内的酉阳和万县有记载 ,但该二县现己归属新建的重庆直辖市 ,所以现在攀枝花市的记录应为四川省爬行动物新记录。中国石龙子隶属于有鳞目蜥蜴亚目石龙子科石龙子属。标本保存于成都市玉林中学生物实验室。现将形态特征简述如下。体全长 1 73( 68 1 0 5)ｍｍ ,身体较粗壮 ,四肢发达 ,体背灰褐色 ,背部有 5条浅色纵纹 ,中间 1条在头部不分叉 ,侧纵纹由断续斑点缀连而成 ,背腹面散布的浅色斑点…     

山东省爬行动物新记录——中国石龙子

２００１年３月植树节期间,在山东省乳山市普集镇距地表约４５ｃｍ处,采到一号活体雌性蜥蜴标本,经鉴定为石龙子科石龙子属中国石龙子　Ｅｕｍｅｃｅｓ　ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｇｒａｙ）。虽然曾报道过山东省有石龙子的分布（１９９７,贾震绪）,但在形态上有一定的差别,且在近年出版的《中国动物志—蜥蜴亚目》（赵尔宓等,１９９９）中尚未记载,故现报道如下。体型中等大小,粗而短。吻端钝圆,吻长略小于眼耳间距;吻鳞宽大于高;鼻鳞完整,鼻孔位于鼻鳞的上半部;有上鼻鳞,彼此相切;眶上鳞５枚,前两枚较小,第三枚最大,上缘与…     

中国茶藨子属新记录种

报道了中国茶藨子属（Ribes L.）一新记录种—暗紫色茶藨子（Ribes petraeum Wulfen）。标本采自新疆维吾尔自治区阿勒泰市布尔津县禾木村。根据标本对其进行了形态特征描述，并提供了标本及部分形态特征照片。暗紫色茶藨子果实可食用，具备较高的开发利用价值。暗紫色茶藨子的发现对于丰富中国植物多样性以及研究中国茶藨子属分类均具有重要意义。凭证植物标本现存东北林业大学植物标本馆（NEFI）。     

中国石龙子不同组织三种同工酶的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法,研究了分布在广东韶关地区的中国石龙子（Eumeces chinensis）的肝脏、肌肉、心脏、脑、生殖腺5种组织的酯酶（EST）、淀粉酶（AMY）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）3种同工酶,旨在为华南地区中国石龙子的系统分类提供理论依据,结果表明不同的同工酶存在组织特异性,并且分布特征与其生理功能有一定关系.     

蛤蚧与中国石龙子顶盖组织结构的比较

通过对蛤蚧与中国石龙子顶盖细胞形态及细胞在顶盖不同层次间的比较,研究两种不同习性动物视觉结构之间的差异.用尼氏(Nissl)染色法进行顶盖组织染色,辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)进行顶盖注射,测量和记录顶盖细胞的面积、形态及树突走向并作统计分析.结果显示两种动物顶盖层次间的投射方式及细胞在各层次的比较存在相似之处,而中国石龙子顶盖C层细胞面积显著大于蛤蚧,其S层细胞树突分枝比蛤蚧的要广泛,而且这两种动物不同大小和不同形态顶盖细胞所占比例在顶盖内部三层间也存在差别.这些结果表明夜行性蛤蚧和昼行性中国石龙子的视觉系统中,其顶盖结构存在差异.     

四种利用不同生境蜥蜴运动能力的形态特征相关性

动物体态特征、功能表现和生境利用之间是否存在相关性是当前生态形态学领域的一个研究焦点。在实验室条件下测定分别利用开阔地面、草丛、岩石、树丛生境的 4种蜥蜴 (中国石龙子、北草蜥、山地麻蜥和变色树蜥 )的形态特征和运动能力 ,着重探讨蜥蜴运动能力与形态特征之间的相关性。 4种蜥蜴的头体长大小依次为 :中国石龙子 >变色树蜥 >北草蜥 >山地麻蜥。就相对体长而言 ,中国石龙子 >山地麻蜥和北草蜥 >变色树蜥 ,而头大小、附肢长度和尾长的种间差异趋势则相反 ;体高的种间差异为北草蜥 >中国石龙子和变色树蜥 >山地麻蜥。在平面上 ,山地麻蜥和北草蜥的速度显著大于中国石龙子和变色树蜥 ;在斜面上 ,变色树蜥和山地麻蜥的速度显著高于中国石龙子。变色树蜥斜面附着能力最强 ,中国石龙子最弱。生境利用不同的蜥蜴形态迥异 ,运动能力亦因此有显著的差异。本研究结果支持动物形态特征与其功能表现相关的观点。     

湖南郴州发现岭南两头蛇

2022年8月,于湖南省郴州市永兴县湘阴渡镇（113°01′18′′E,26°11′87′′N,海拔174 m）采集到两头蛇活体标本1号,通过形态测量比较,发现所采集标本与中国广东省分布的岭南两头蛇（Calamariaarcana）形态特征基本一致;后基于线粒体Cytb基因片段进行分子系统发育分析,结果显示该标本与岭南两头蛇形成高支持率单系群（后验概率PP为1.00,自举值BS为100）,所采集标本与岭南两头蛇的遗传距离为1%。综合形态学和分子生物学证据,最终确定该标本为两头蛇科（Calamariidae）两头蛇属的岭南两头蛇,系湖南省蛇类分布新记录种。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.