基于mtDNA-COⅡ基因部分序列探讨蟋蟀科五属的进化关系（直翅目：蟋蟀科）

采用DNA测序技术并比较了蟋蟀科5个属：斗蟋属Velarifictorus、棺头蟋属Loxoblemmus、油葫芦属Teleogryllus、灶蟋属Gryllodes和蟋蟀属Gryllus以及蛉蟋科针蟋亚科Allonemobiussocius的mtDNA-COⅡ基因部分序列,依据分子数据建立了5个属的系统发育关系。结果显示A、T、C和G碱基含量分别为34．8％、35．3％、19．3％和10．6％,AT含量（70．1％）仅略高于半翅目锥猎蝽和缨尾目。分子系统树显示,油葫芦属黄脸油葫芦与蟋蟀属家蟋亲缘关系较近。显示油葫芦属与斗蟋属的亲缘关系较近。并且,棺头蟋属的多伊棺头蟋和窃棺头蟋先聚合,这与形态学特征的结果相符。     

基于mtDNA-COII基因部分序列探讨蟋蟀科五属的进化关系(直翅目:蟋蟀科)

采用DNA测序技术并比较了蟋蟀科5个属:斗蟋属Velarifictorus、棺头蟋属Loxoblemmus、油葫芦属Teleogryllus、灶蟋属Gryllodes和蟋蟀属Gryllus以及蛉蟋科针蟋亚科Allonemobiussocius的mtDNA-COII基因部分序列,依据分子数据建立了5个属的系统发育关系。结果显示A、T、C和G碱基含量分别为34.8%、35.3%、19.3%和10.6%,AT含量(70.1%)仅略高于半翅目锥猎蝽和缨尾目。分子系统树显示,油葫芦属黄脸油葫芦与蟋蟀属家蟋亲缘关系较近。显示油葫芦属与斗蟋属的亲缘关系较近。并且,棺头蟋属的多伊棺头蟋和窃棺头蟋先聚合,这与形态学特征的结果相符。     

中国油葫芦属昆虫的RAPD分析（直翅目：蟋蟀总科：蟋蟀科）

用RAPD技术研究了我国油葫芦属Teleogryllus 5种蟋蟀的系统发生关系。研究中使用了15个标本,在所试用的54种随机引物中,有9种引物能扩增出清晰而稳定的多态性片断,多态性片断共计167条。应用UPGMA法对多态性片断进行聚类分析,构建树状图,推测其系统发生关系。每一种蟋蟀先各自聚为一类,聚类结果所呈现的属内种间关系与传统分类研究结果基本一致,且支持黑脸油葫芦与黄脸油葫芦为独立种的观点。     

历山自然保护区四种蟋蟀鸣声结构的比较研究(直翅目:蟋蟀总科)

应用计算机技术,分析了山西历山自然保护区的白须双针蟋,短翅灶蟋,银川油葫芦,迷卡斗蟋4种蟋蟀雄性的鸣声结构,白须双针蟋雄性鸣声的每个脉冲组持续时间和每个脉冲组的脉冲数不同,主能峰频率为6．5kHz,短翅灶蟋雄性鸣声的时域波形较规则,每个脉冲组由3个脉冲构成,每个脉冲组的持续时间,脉冲组间隔基本相同,主能峰频率6．6kHz,银川油葫芦雄性的鸣声由两类脉冲组构成,主能峰频率为3．94kHz,迷卡斗蟋雄性鸣声的时域波形较规则,每个脉冲组由6－7个脉冲构成,主能峰频率为3．86kHz。     

七种蟋蟀基因组DNA的RAPD多态性研究（直翅目：蟋蟀总科）

应用10种随机引物,对西北地区常见的3属7种蟋蟀进行RAPD多态性检测,共筛选出2种引物S142,S8可以对7个种扩增出清晰稳定的多态性片段,多态性片段共计58条,相对分子质量在320bp-2400bp之间。应用UPGMA（非加权配对算术平均法）对多态性片段进行聚类分析,构建树状图,推测系统发生关系。每一种蟋蟀均先各自聚为一类,棺头蟋属与油葫芦属间的遗传距离最小,亲缘关系最近,斗蟋属4个种间的亲缘关系较为复杂,明显分为2个支系,与传统分类并不一致。     

蟋蟀肠道细菌多样性的宏基因组分析

【目的】了解油葫芦属蟋蟀成虫前中肠和后肠肠道细菌的多样性。【方法】首先,基于mtDNA-16S rRNA基因对蟋蟀进行分子鉴定,然后从蟋蟀前中肠和后肠分别提取总DNA,再使用Illumina Miseq平台进行细菌16S rRNAv3-v4变异区进行测序,最后分析蟋蟀肠道微生物的群落组成和多样性。【结果】蟋蟀mtDNA-16S rRNA基因分析结果显示归属于油葫芦属,暂时命名为平顶山油葫芦。细菌16SrRNA基因宏基因组测序分析,前中肠共获得21799条reads,857个操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic unit,OUT),后肠获得16 515条reads,2155个OUT。99%的蟋蟀肠道细菌归属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)。前中肠归入232个属,前5个属分别是:乳球菌属(33.47%),泛菌属(21.50%),肠杆菌属(15.47%),沃尔巴克体属(9.47%)和魏斯菌属(5.34%);后肠归入152个属,前5个属分别是:未分类的瘤胃球菌科成员(Unclassified Ruminococcaceae)(30.07%),Parabacterides(10.93%),Incertae sedis(9.74%),Alistipes(5.86%),类杆菌属(5.50%),Dysgonomonas(4.91%)。【结论】mtDNA-16S rRNA是油葫芦属分子鉴定的有效工具。蟋蟀肠道含有丰富的微生物资源,为后续的肠道微生物资源开发奠定了基础。     

五种蟋蟀染色体的研究 A Study on Chromosomes in Five Crickets

报道了中国4种蟋蟀的染色体C带核型,即黑脸油葫芦 Teleogryllus occipitalis (Serville,1838),2n=27,XO(♂);银川油葫芦 T.infernalis (Saussure,1877),2n=27,XO(♂);迷卡斗蟋 Velarifictorus micado (Saussure,1877),2n=29,XO(♂);泰康棺头蟋 Loxoblemmus taicoun (Saussure,1877),2n=17,XO(♂)及长颚斗蟋V.aspersus (Walker,1869)的核型即2n=23,XO(♂)。4种蟋蟀各染色体均显示强的着丝粒带,多数染色体显强或中的端带,斗蟋属(Velarifictorus)1种部分染色体显示居间带,油葫芦属(Teleogryllus)2种和棺头蟋属（Loxoblemmus）1种无居间带,各物种表现出明显的种类特异性。对蟋蟀染色体及C带核型在分类中的意义作了初步的探讨。 Abstract:This is a report on the chromosome C-banded karyotypes of four Gryllidae species in China.They are Teleogryllus occipitalis(Serville,1838),2n=27,XO(♂);T.infernalis(Saussure,1877),2n=27,XO(♂);Velarifictorus micado (Saussure,1877),2n=29,XO(♂);Loxoblemmus taicoun Saussure,1877,2n=17,XO(♂).And another karyotype is reported as well,it is V.aspersus（Walker,1869）,2n=23,XO(♂).All chromosomes of the four crickets show strong paracentric C-bands,lots of the arms show strong or median terminal C-bands,and some chromosomes of V.micado show middle C-bands.In addition,the total heterochromatin content of the four crickets was shown.The cytotaxonomic significance is discussed.     

一种蟋蟀寄生螨的生物学观察

Leplothrombiumsp．是属绒螨科的一种寄生螨,可寄生于北京油葫芦、银川油葫芦、大扁头蟋、斗蟋、长颚蟋等多种农田蟋蟀。其寄生率一般在10％～30％,个别达80％以上。单头寄生螨数通常1～5头,多者达20头以上。该寄生螨1年1代,7至9月幼螨寄生于蟋蟀虫体,8月下旬离开蟋绊进入土壤中,变为若螨。若螨在20cm以下的土壤中越冬,第2年5月变为成螨。6～7月成螨出土活动,卵产于蟋蟀体上。7月中旬,田间开始出现被寄生蟋蟀,8月为奇生盛期,主要寄生姐蟀的中、老龄着虫和成虫,以螫胶吸附在蟋蟀虫体背面、后胸及腹部第亚、2腹节的节间、足基部…     

基于Cytb基因序列探讨蝽亚科11种昆虫的系统发育关系

对蝽亚科6属11种昆虫线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因部分序列进行PCR扩增和序列测定。比较其同源性,统计密码子使用频率并应用生物学软件构建分子系统树。在获得的432bp序列中,碱基T,C,A和G的平均含量分别是38．1,18．2,31．9和11．8％,表现出强烈的AT偏向性;就每个氨基酸密码子来看,第3位点的A＋T含量较高,达到85．5％。该序列片段中共有162个核甘酸位点发生变异（约占37．5％）,种间序列差异范围为0．9％～19．4％,平均为16．6％,变异较大。以筛豆龟蝽Megaeopta cribraria为外群,通过多种方法构建的系统发育树拓扑结构一致,这6属11种昆虫大致形成4个分支：珀蝽属、碧蝽属、菜蝽属3属的关系最接近,形成一个分支;真蝽属的3种聚为1支,与第1支形成姊妹群;曼蝽属的2种形成1支;麻皮蝽位于系统树的基部,为分化较早的1支,是蝽亚科中较为原始的类群。     

基于细胞色素b基因序列对蜻科部分种类系统进化研究（蜻蜓目：差翅亚目）

采用PCR产物直接测序法,获得了蜻科6属9种蜻蜓的线粒体细胞色素b（Cyt b）核苷酸序列（长度576 bp）。A＋T平均含量较高,为69．2％。氨基酸密码子第三位点的A＋T平均含量最高（86．5％）。变异位点数为216个（约占37．5％）,简约信息位点148个,数据显示这几种蜻蜓之间DNA序列变异丰富。用一种豆娘Megalestes maai作外群构建系统发育树表明：蜻科为单系群,灰蜻属较进化,黄蜻属相对较古老一些。这6属的起源关系为：黄蜻属和赤蜻属→宽腹蜻属→椎腹蜻属和红蜻属→灰蜻属。     

Phylogenetic Analysis of the Genus Bifidobacterium and Related Genera Based on 16S rDNA Sequences

The 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for type strains of 21 Bifidobacterium species. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the determined sequences and sequences from DNA databases, which contain the sequences of 11 type strains of Bifidobacterium species and 11 strains of related genera. All species of the genus Bifidobacterium and Gardnerella vaginalis ATCC 14018 belonged to a cluster phylogenetically distinct from the other genera. The cluster was divided into two subclusters: subcluster 1 composed of most species of Bifidobacterium and G. vaginalis, and subcluster 2 consisting of two species, B. denticolens and B. inopinatum; both of which were isolated from human dental caries. In the genus Bifidobacterium, four groups of species are known to be moderately to highly related by DNA-DNA hybridization. The four groups of species exhibited more than 99% similarity among their 16S rDNA sequences within each group. These results indicated that species with around 99% or more similarity in their 16S rDNA sequences should be confirmed for species identities.     

从12S rRNA基因序列探讨中国10种壁虎的系统关系

对肌肉样品采用SDS／蛋白酶K裂解,酚－氯仿抽提和乙醇沉淀提取总DNA,用线粒体12SrDNA通用引物扩增,用银染测序和ABI Prism 310型遗传分析仪测定了Gekko japonicus,G.swinhonis,G.hokouensis,G.gecko,Cyrtopodion elongatus,C.russowi,Teratoscincus roborowskii,Hemidactylus bowringii.,H.frenatus和Gehyra mutilata 10种壁虎的线粒体12SrRNA基因片段的序列,对位排列后的序列长421bp,含201个变异位点,属间核苷酸变异范围为0．228－0．282,属内是0．005－0．263。重建的分子系统树将10种壁虎聚为三支：第1支是大壁虎和截趾虎,第2支由壁虎属其余的3个种构成一个单系;第三支由基余3个属的5个种组成,研究结果表明：截趾虎与壁虎属4物种亲缘关系较近;吐鲁番沙虎和弯脚虎属2物种,晰虎属2物种之间的亲缘关系较近,支持Russell(1976)关于弯脚虎属与晰虎属间进化关系的研究结果而不支持Kluge(1987)将沙虎属另立亚科的系统发生假说;铅山壁虎与无蹼壁虎最先聚为姐妹群,再与多疣壁相聚组成一个单系。     

A Further Numerical Taxonomic Study of the Rhodochrous Group

A computer taxonomy was carried out as an aid to clarify the relationships between the genera Mycobacterium, and Nocardia as well as the ‘Rhodochrous’ group. The last group contained slightly acid-fast organisms isolated from sputa and soil and also included strains received as “Mycobacterium rhodochrous.” The group had been proposed as the genus Gordona by the present author. The rhodochrous group formed a cluster at the 87% similarity level and was clearly separated from all strains of the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. The cluster of the rhodochrous group was divided into seven subclusters at the 90% similarity level, and six of the seven corresponded to six species of the genus Gordona: G. bronchialis; G. rubropertincta (synonym G. rubra); G. terrae; G. aurantiaca; G. rhodochroa; G. rosea. If one accepts the concept that a phenetically well-defined cluster is a species, each of the subclusters of the rhodochrous group should be regarded as a species and the entire group as a genus. Discrepancies between the results of numerical classification and the results of lipid analyses remain as a problem to be solved in the future.     

中国蕨科的数量分类研究

本文用聚类分析的方法,对中国蕨科23个种代表9个属做了数量分类研究,通过23OTUs×37个性状的原始数值矩阵标准化后,用欧氏距离系数计算相似性,采用WPGMA法进行聚类分析,以探索各属之间的系统位置和亲缘关系。其结果与我国植物学家经典分类处理基本上一致,并对粉背蕨属(Aleuritopteris)也做了修正,认为粉背蕨系(Ser.Farinosae)和银粉背蕨系(Sef.Argenteae)也可做为两个新属处理比较合理。另外对距离系数和结合线在类群划分申的作用进行了讨论和评价。     

从Cyt b基因序列探讨Grophosoma属和Dybowskyia属的分类地位(半翅目:蝽科)

对蝽科11种昆虫的线粒体细胞色素b（Cyt b）基因部分序列进行测定和分析,在获得的长度为432bp的序列片段中,碱基T、C、 A、G的平均含量分别为38.8%、18.0%、31.6%和11.6%, A＋T平均含量为70.4%,明显高于G＋C含量（29.6 %）.密码子第三位点的A＋T含量高达86.1%.属种间序列变异丰富,有179个核苷酸位点发生变异,变异率为41.4%,碱基替换多发生于第三位点.以筛豆龟蝽Megacopta cribraria为外群构建的系统发育树表明：滴蝽属与蝽亚科其它属关系较远,条蝽属与蝽亚科其它属关系较近,结合形态特征与序列变异情况,支持将滴蝽属从蝽亚科划出并入舌盾蝽亚科,但条蝽属的分类地位仍需要进一步探讨.     

缘蝽亚科和巨缘蝽亚科部分种类细胞色素b基因序列及系统进化研究的探讨(半翅目:缘蝽科)

以线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因作为分子标记,首次对缘蝽亚科和巨缘蝽亚科9种昆虫进行序列测定,获得Cytb基因412bp序列片段,该片段中碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为34.0%、11.6%、34.5%和19.9%,A T平均含量为68.5%,明显高于G C含量(31.5%)。密码子第3位点的A T含量高达79.8%,属种间序列变异大,有188个核苷酸位点发生变异,碱基替换多发生于第3位点。以筛豆龟蝽为外群构建系统发育树,表明黑缘蝽属与缘蝽亚科其它属关系较远,同缘蝽属与巨缘蝽亚科关系较近,结合形态特征与序列变异情况,建议将黑缘蝽属和同缘蝽属从缘蝽亚科划出,同缘蝽归属于巨缘蝽亚科,并将黑缘蝽属提升为亚科。     

基于核基因c-mos的鸫亚科部分鸟类系统发生关系

采用分子系统学方法对鸫亚科Turdinae 11属21种鸟类的核基因c-mos进行了系统发生分析.所测序列经对位排列后共572个位点,其中核苷酸变异位点111个,简约信息位点71个.以太平鸟Bombycilla garrulus作外群,采用邻接法、最大简约法和最大似然法分别构建其系统发生树.重建的系统发生树显示:所研究鸫亚科21种鸟类分成2个支系,第1个支系包括鸫属Turdus和地鸫属Zoothera.第2个支系包括红尾鸲属Phoenicurus、矶鸫属Monticola、水鸲属Rhyacornis、鸲属Tarsiger、溪鸲属Chainarrornis、石即鸟属Saxicola、燕尾属Enivurus、歌鸲属Luscinia和鹊鸲属Copsychus.红尾鸲属为并系类群,水鸲属和溪鸲属聚到这一支系;歌鸲属与燕尾属互为姐妹群,再与鸲属聚合构成另一支系;宝兴歌鸫Turdus mupinensis独立于鸫属及地鸫属之外,形成单独一个分支.     

药用真菌子实体多糖SEC—HPLC图谱的相似度定量评价研究

目的：对灵芝属Ganoderma下4个种共7个菌株及灰树花Grifola ffondosa和云芝Trametes versicolor共9种子实体粗多糖进行了体积排阻HPLC色谱（SEC—HPLC）,并分析了相似度。方法：各样品水提物的HPLC图谱用平方欧氏距离法计算了相似度,用离差平方和法进行聚类分析。结果：灵芝属内各样品聚类距离为8,灰树花与云芝的聚类距离为16,它们与灵芝属的距离为25,说明同一灵芝属内的不同种及同种不同菌株所产生的多糖分子量分布近似度远高于来自树花菌属的灰树花或栓菌属的云芝。结论：此方法可量化描述不同多糖间SEC—HPLC的相似关系,有作为真菌多糖样品质量控制手段的潜在能力。     

叶甲亚科部分种类COⅡ基因序列分析及系统发育初探

以线粒体COⅡ基因作为分子标记,对叶甲亚科4种昆虫进行序列测定,获得该基因585 bp的序列片段,并结合GenBank中的8种同源序列进行分析,结果表明:12种叶甲序列片段变异率为45.6%,碱基T、C、A、G的平均含量分别为37.5%、16.5%、35.3%和10.7%, A+T平均含量为72.8%,明显高于G+C含量(27.2%).密码子第3位点A+T含量高达86.7%.碱基替换主要发生在C←→T和A←→T之间,第3位点的替换频率显著高于前两个位点.以中华萝摩叶甲Chrysocus chinensis为外群构建的系统发育树显示,金叶甲属和角胫叶甲属关系较近,弗叶甲属和叶甲属关系较近,圆肩属形成一个单系,位于系统树的基部,它们之间的关系为(圆肩属+(弗叶甲属+叶甲属)+(金叶甲属+角胫叶甲属)).属内种间的关系反映出叶甲的食性专化现象与其在分类系统上的地位是密切相关的.     

Phylogenetic structure of the genera Flexibacter,Flexithrix, and Microscilla deduced from 16S rRNA sequence analysis

The 16S rDNA sequences of 40 strains of 17 species in the genus Flexibacter, 5 strains of 4 species in the genus Microscilla, and 1 strain of Flexithrix dorotheae, including all type strains of approved and validated species in these genera, were determined to reveal their phylogenetic relationships. The 16S rRNA sequence analysis demonstrated the extreme heterogeneity of the genera Flexibacter and Microscilla. The strains examined diverged into 24 distinct lines of descent (1 group included both flexibacteria and flexithrix, and 1 group included both flexibacteria and microscilla) that were remote from each other at the genus level or higher. Flexibacter strains were scattered across the cytophaga-flavobacteria-bacteroides phylum and divided into 20 phylogenetic groups, and the genus Microscilla was separated into 5 groups. Flexibacter flexilis, the type species of the genus Flexibacter, and Microscilla marina, the type species of the genus Microscilla, were isolated from other organisms in their respective genera. This means that each genus should be restricted to only the type species. Flexithrix dorotheae, the type species of the genus Flexithrix, clustered with Flexibacter aggregans. The heterogeneity was found not only within genera but also within species. Flexibacter aggregans, Flexibacter aurantiacus, Flexibacter flexilis, Flexibacter roseolus, Flexibacter tractuosus, and "Microscilla sericea" each contained phylogenetically distant strains. The taxonomic concept of the genera Flexibacter, Flexithrix, and Microscilla should be reorganized in accordance with the natural relationships revealed in this study.