慢性非传染性疾病的预防与控制方法

目的探析慢性非传染性疾病的预防及控制方法。方法以我院在2014年1月-2015年12月抽取的500例社区居民,作为研究对象,并建立健康档案,对其均进行慢性非传染性疾病的预防干预,并提出控制方法,并选择另外500例居民没有接受慢性非传染性疾病的预防及控制方法,比较干预前后本组居民的预防结果。结果干预前,吸烟38.0%,饮酒40.4%,不良饮食习惯46.6%,慢性非传染性疾病35.0%;干预后,吸烟8.4%,饮酒8.6%,不良饮食习惯10.2%,慢性非传染性疾病13.4%;干预后本组患者在患病率及危险因素上均优于干预前,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论医务工作人员应高度重视慢性非传染性疾病的预防及控制工作,进而保证居民的健康、合理的生活,提高生活质量。     

特定人群超重及肥胖与相关疾病患病分析

目的:分析特定人群超重患病率,以及超重与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、脂肪肝等相关疾病的关系,为及早预防慢性非传染性疾病奠定基础。方法:对平房地区采取长效避孕措施的603名户籍农村已婚育龄妇女进行健康体检,按体重指数(BMI)分为正常组、超重组和肥胖组,比较各组间高血压、高血糖、高血脂、脂肪肝等相关疾病检出率的差异。结果:特定人群超重发病率及超重相关疾病检出率的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:平房地区特定人群超重及肥胖发病率未明显高于国内平均水平及全市水平。但超重及肥胖与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、脂肪肝等疾病存在较大相关关系,为了进一步降低心脑血管高危因素和死亡率,需采取早期、有效的措施控制超重和肥胖倾向。     

特定人群超重及肥胖与相关疾病患病分析

目的：分析特定人群超重患病率,以及超重与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、脂肪肝等相关疾病的关系,为及早预防慢性非传染性疾病奠定基础。方法：对平房地区采取长效避孕措施的603名户籍农村已婚育龄妇女进行健康体检,按体重指数（BMI）分为正常组、超重组和肥胖组,比较各组间高血压、高血糖、高血脂、脂肪肝等相关疾病检出率的差异。结果：特定人群超重发病率及超重相关疾病检出率的差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：平房地区特定人群超重及肥胖发病率未明显高于国内平均水平及全市水平。但超重及肥胖与高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、脂肪肝等疾病存在较大相关关系,为了进一步降低心脑血管高危因素和死亡率。需采取早期、有效的措施控制超重和肥胖倾向。     

当归六黄汤加味治疗慢性支气管炎迁延期的体会

慢性支气管炎是临床常见病、多发病。我国人群发病率约为3．82％,老年患者约为15％,有些地区甚至高达20％～30％。其病程长。反复发作,迁延不愈．甚者并发肺气肿、肺心病。严重危胁着人类的健康．是难治的顽固性疾病之一。慢支迁延期是急性发作期和临床缓解期的中间环节。此期治疗及时得当与否十分重要．但目前尚无特效的治疗方法。我科应用当归六黄汤加味治疗慢性支气管炎迁延期的患者,取得良好疗效．现报告如下。     

油田野外作业人员职业紧张与生理健康及心理障碍的关系研究

目的:探讨油田野外作业人员职业紧张与生理健康及心理障碍的关系。方法:采用分层整群抽样抽取1862例油田野外作业人员,对所有油田野外作业人员发放问卷进行调查,有效回收1546份调查问卷,回收率83.03%。采用职业紧张量表修订表统计油田野外作业人员职业紧张发生状况,其中重度紧张者571例、中度紧张者590例、正常者385例,采用症状自评量表-90(SCL-90)对不同程度职业紧张人员进行心理健康状况评估,采用慢性非传染性疾病调查表问卷统计不同程度职业紧张人员的慢性疾病患病率,采用Logistic回归分析油田野外作业人员心理障碍影响因素。结果:重度紧张者、中度紧张者SCL-90各项评分均高于正常者,且重度紧张者SCL-90各项评分高于中度紧张者(P0.05)。油田野外作业人员心理障碍与其年龄、工龄无关(P0.05),男性、有倒班、吸烟、饮酒情况的油田野外作业人员心理障碍发生率高于女性、无倒班、吸烟、饮酒情况的油田野外作业人员(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,男性、有倒班、吸烟、饮酒情况是影响油田野外作业人员发生心理障碍的危险因素。重度紧张者、中度紧张者的慢性疾病患病率均高于正常者(P0.05)。结论:男性、有倒班、吸烟、饮酒情况的油田野外作业人员心理障碍发生率较高,且油田野外作业人员职业紧张程度越高,越容易增加心理障碍以及慢性疾病的发生风险。     

吉林省二道白河地区农村老年人营养健康状况调查研究

摘要：目的：了解吉林省安图县二道白河地区农村老年人营养健康状况和存在的主要问题,为科学、全面地开展农村老年人营养健康保健体系的建设提供支撑。方法：按照分层整群随机抽样原则,以农村为单位随机抽取调研点60岁以上老年,对其基本情况、体格情况、生活习惯、患病情况等进行问卷调查和体格检查。结果：吉林省二道白河地区农村老年人消瘦发生率为3.40%,超重发生率为23.76%,男性消瘦发生率高于女性,女性超重发生率高于男性,吸烟的老年人比例为13.43%,饮酒的老年人比例为61.42%,主要以啤酒、白酒为主,烹调方法主要以煎炒、蒸煮为主。高血压、慢性胃病、血脂异常是吉林省二道白河地区农村老年人患病率较高的疾病,患病率分别为25.46%、7.41%、6.48%。结论：吉林省二道白河地区农村老年人超重率较高,饮酒现象严重,烹调方式中煎炒比例较高,高血压的发生率较高。应该重视加强老年人营养,改善老年人生活习惯,降低老年人高血压、慢性胃病、血脂异常等疾病的发生。     

西安地区空军老干部患病现况及其相关因素研究

目的:调查西安地区老年空军人群慢性病患病情况及其生活评价的现况,分析其相关因素的影响。方法:采用整群抽样的方法对西安地区310名老年空军进行体格检查和使用生活综合评价调查表进行问卷调查。结果:在本次研究的老年空军人群中,慢性病患病率100%。同时患两种病及以上的占91.29%。患病率由高到低排名前10位的慢性病依次为高血压、冠心病、高脂血症、老年性白内障、脑血管疾病、前列腺疾病、糖尿病、慢性支气管炎、慢性胃肠道疾病、胆囊和胆道疾病。舒张压异常、体检白细胞指标异常的人群患脑血管疾病的优势比分别是2.16、3.95(P<0.05);甘油三脂异常的人群患高脂血症的优势比是4.74(P<0.001);在健康自评和心理卫生评定中、差的人群患冠心病的优势比分别是1.85、1.64(P<0.001);体能检查中、差的人群惠老年性白内障的优势比是1.48(P<0.05);生活功能、社会交往和活动强度中、差的人群患脑血管疾病的优势比分别是3.40、2.22、2.92(P<0.001)。结论:应有针对性、有重点地开展危险因素的早期干预,促进预防和医疗两大系统的协作,才能有效地控制老年人慢性病的发生。     

高血压流行病学病因分析和总结

近年来,由于社会变革和人们生活方式的变化,我国心血管病发病率及相关危险因素均有增加趋势。据2002年卫生部组织的全国居民27万人营养与健康状况调查资料显示,我国居民膳食质量明显提高,但城市居民膳食结构不尽合理。畜肉类及油脂类消费过多,慢性非传染性疾病患病率上升迅速(2)。我国18岁及以上居民高血压患病率为18.8%,估计全国患病人数1.6亿多。与1991年比较,患病率上升31%。我国人群高血压知晓率为30.2%,治疗率为24.7%,控制率为6.1%,与1991年比有所提高,但仍处于较差水平。高盐饮食与高血压患病密切相关,饮酒与高血压和血脂异常的患病密切相关,脂肪摄入多且体力活动少的人,患高血压病的机会多。     

健康体检人群甲状腺结节多普勒超声检查结果及影响因素分析

目的:研究健康体检人群甲状腺结节多普勒超声检查结果及影响因素。方法:将从2018年1月~2019年12月,于医院接受体检的健康体检人员5270例纳入研究,对所有受试者均进行多普勒超声检查,分析超声检查结果和体检人群基线资料的关系,分析甲状腺结节多普勒超声特征。采用单因素以及多因素Logistic回归分析健康体检人群甲状腺结节的影响因素。结果:在5270例健康体检人群中,甲状腺结节检出率为51.86%(2733/5270),女性甲状腺结节检出率为52.83%(2355/4458),高于男性的46.55%(378/812),且随着年龄的不断增长,健康体检人群甲状腺结节检出率呈逐渐升高趋势(均P<0.05)。甲状腺结节患者的多普勒超声检查特征以低回声以及结节直径<2 cm为主(均P<0.05),但是结节数目以及病变部位比较无明显差异(均P>0.05)。经单因素分析发现:吸烟、甲状腺疾病家族史、高血压及糖尿病的健康体检人员甲状腺结节检出率高于不吸烟、无甲状腺疾病家族史、无高血压及无糖尿病的健康体检人员(均P<0.05),而不同民族、受教育年限、体质量指数(BMI)、是否饮酒的健康体检人员甲状腺结节检出率比较无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。经多因素Logistic回归分析发现:女性、年龄、吸烟、甲状腺疾病家族史、高血压及糖尿病均是健康体检人群甲状腺结节发生的独立危险因素(均OR>1,P<0.05)。结论:甲状腺结节多普勒超声检查特征以低回声以及结节直径≤2 cm为主,其影响因素包括年龄、性别、吸烟、甲状腺疾病家族史、高血压及糖尿病,值得临床重点关注。     

大连高新区部分居民几种慢性病患病情况调查

目的了解大连高新区15~74岁居民主要慢性病患病基本特征,为制定和评价大连高新区卫生政策和干预措施提供基础数据。方法在大连高新区采用分层整群随机抽样方法,随机抽取15~74岁常住居民的976人为调查对象进行调查。结果高血压患病率为33.61%,糖尿病患病率为11.07%,冠心病患病率为6.76%,血脂异常患病率为50.41%,城乡间患病率无差异;高血压、糖尿病、冠心病和血脂异常患病率均随着年龄的增加呈逐渐上升趋势,丧偶人群患病率最高(P0.05);高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常患病率,男性高于女性,文化程度低者高于文化程度高者,且随着体重指数的增高而增高(P0.05);高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常患者中,有超过半数为本次检查新发现病例。结论大连高新区居民慢性非传染性疾病患病率处于较高水平,防控策略和措施亟待加强。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这