IL-37基因启动子的克隆及其荧光素酶报告基因载体的构建

[目的]克隆白介素-37(IL-37)基因启动子,构建其荧光素酶报告基因载体,并分析活性。[方法]用PCR方法扩增IL-37基因5'端上游区3个不同长度的启动子片段,分别克隆入荧光素酶报告基因载体p GL3,构建IL-37基因启动子荧光素酶报告基因质粒。将所构建的质粒转染HEK-293细胞,通过双荧光素酶报告基因系统分析启动子的转录活性。[结果]754、1 017、2 043 bp等3个IL-37启动子片段正确亚克隆入荧光素酶报告基因载体,重组质粒转染HEK-293细胞后,双荧光素酶活性分析显示1 017 bp的启动子片段具有较强转录活性,约为对照组(空载体p GL3-basic)的10.9倍。[结论]成功克隆IL-37基因启动子,构建了大小为1 017 bp的IL-37基因启动子荧光素酶报告基因载体,为IL-37表达的调控机制的研究提供有效的工具。     

转录因子Sp1上调前列腺癌细胞中CD59的表达

目的:构建针对Sp1基因siRNA真核表达载体,转染前列腺癌细胞PC-3,研究反式作用因子Sp1时CD59表达的影响.方法:应用siRNA表达载体介导的RNAi技术,构建含特异性sp1基因的重组载体pSUPER-siSp1,脂质体法转染前列腺癌细胞,G418筛选建立稳定表达转染基因的细胞株,Western blotting检测转染细胞中sp1和CD59基因的表达,MTT和染料释放试验判断CD59基因抑制后对补体溶破的抵抗作用.结果:成功构建了Sp1基因siRNA真核表达载体,转染PC-3细胞可表达荧光蛋白,稳定转染的Pc-3细胞Sp1及CD59基因蛋白水平降低,MTT和染料释放实验表明CD59基因受抑制后对补体溶破的抵抗作用降低.结论:siRNA-Sp1重组载体有效地抑制了CD59的表达,降低CD59的抗补体活性,结果证明反式作用因子Sp1是CD59表达调控中重要的转录因子,为探讨CD59在肿瘤细胞中高表达的研究奠定了基础.     

真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-Nurr1的构建及鉴定

目的:构建带有增强型绿色荧光蛋白报告基因EGFP及目的基因Nurr1的真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-Nurr1,并检测其在293T细胞中的表达。方法:采用反转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法从大鼠黑质中获取Nurrl基因,连接T载体测序正确后与真核空载体pIRES2-EGFP一起,经Nhe1和Xho1双酶切,T4 DNA连接酶连接,构建pIRES2-EGFP-Nurr1;真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-Nurr1测序正确后采用脂质体法将其转染293T细胞,倒置荧光显微镜下观察转染效率,PCR检测Nurr1基因mRNA水平的表达情况,免疫印迹试验(Western Blot)检测Nurr1蛋白的表达水平。结果:酶切及测序鉴定证实成功构建了重组真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP-Nurr1;293T细胞转染pIRES2-EGFP-Nurr1后可以高度表达绿色荧光,有效转录Nurr1基因并正确的高表达Nurr1蛋白。结论:成功构建Nurr1真核表达载体且在293T细胞中高水平表达,为进一步转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs),基因治疗帕金森病奠定基础。     

人角质细胞生长因子2真核表达载体的构建及功能验证

目的:构建人角质细胞生长因子2(KGF-2)基因真核表达载体,探索KGF-2的上皮细胞迁移功能。方法:以人乳腺cDNA文库为模板,PCR扩增KGF-2基因片段,将其插入pXJ-40-myc,经双酶切和测序验证后,将重组质粒转染HEK-293T细胞,采用Western印迹检测重组蛋白;转染人肠上皮细胞FHC,采用细胞划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力。结果:PCR扩增获得627 bp的DNA产物,插入pXJ-40-myc载体,双酶切及测序结果证明重组质粒含有目的序列;转染HEK-293T细胞,Western印迹检测到相对分子质量约23×103的目的蛋白;细胞划痕实验显示,转染Myc-KGF-2的FHC细胞较未转染或转染空载体的细胞迁移能力强。结论:构建了人KGF-2基因真核表达载体,并验证了其促进细胞迁移的功能。     

FLT-1启动子在血管内皮细胞中特异生物活性的检测及其意义

目的:构建带有组织特异性 FLT-1 启动子的真核表达栽体,检测其在转染的人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)中对荧光素酶报告基因表达的驱动能力.方法:采用PCR扩增FLT-1启动子,插入到pGL3-Basic-luc载体中,构建携带FLT-1启动子的真核表达载体pGL3-FLT-Basic-luc,经脂质体法转染HUVEC、HepG2、NIH3T3和HEK293 细胞,于转染48h后采用双荧光报告系统检测荧光素酶表达活性.结果:酶切及测序证实构建的pGL3-FLT-Basic-luc栽体中含有序列正确的FLT-1基因启动子,双荧光报告系统检测显示,转染的HUVEC细胞其荧光素酶活性明显高于HEK293细胞(P<0.01),而转染的HepG2和NIH3T3细胞中未检测出荧光素酶表达.结论:克隆的FLT-1启动子具有较高的血管内皮特异性转录活性,可作为血管疾病靶向基因治疗的启动子来源.     

FLT-1启动子在血管内皮细胞中特异生物活性的检测及其意义

目的:构建带有组织特异性FLT-1启动子的真核表达载体,检测其在转染的人脐静脉内皮细胞（HUVEC）中对荧光素酶报告基因表达的驱动能力。方法：采用PCR扩增FLT-1启动子,插入到pGL3-Basic-luc载体中,构建携带FLT-1启动子的真核表达载体pGL3-FLT-Basic-luc,经脂质体法转染HUVEC、HepG2、NIH3T3和HEK293细胞,于转染48h后采用双荧光报告系统检测荧光素酶表达活性。 结果:酶切及测序证实构建的pGL3-FLT-Basic-luc载体中含有序列正确的FLT-1基因启动子,双荧光报告系统检测显示,转染的HUVEC细胞其荧光素酶活性明显高于HEK293细胞（P<0.01）,而转染的HepG2和NIH3T3细胞中未检测出荧光素酶表达。结论:克隆的FLT-1启动子具有较高的血管内皮特异性转录活性,可作为血管疾病靶向基因治疗的启动子来源。图     

阿尔茨海默病中miR-29c对APP表达调控的初步研究

目的探讨microRNA29c（miR-29c）在阿尔茨海默病中的作用。方法采用了microarray芯片检测3月龄、6月龄APPswe/PSΔE9双转基因阿尔茨海默病小鼠大脑中microRNA表达情况并利用实时定量PCR验证结果可靠性,通过microRNA靶基因数据库预测选出与阿尔茨海默病相关的靶基因,构建miR-29c表达载体,将其转染SH-SY5Y及HEK-293T细胞,在高表达miR-29c的SH-SY5Y及HEK-293T细胞系中验证miR-29c对靶基因的调控作用。将靶基因APP mRNA的野生及突变3’UTR序列克隆到双荧光素酶报告基因载体,用双荧光素酶报告检测系统检测miR-29c与靶基因的结合位点。结果根据microRNA芯片结果筛选出在3、6月龄APPSWE/PS1ΔE9双转基因小鼠大脑表达均有差异的miR-29c,通过实时定量PCR证实miR-29c在3月、6月、9月龄小鼠中表达明显升高。通过microRNA靶基因数据库预测miR-29c可以调控阿尔茨海默病的靶基因APP,利用Western blot检测到高表达miR-29c的SH-SY5Y细胞及HEK-293T细胞中APP蛋白表达减少。将miR-29c表达载体与带有野生及突变APPmRNA的3’UTR的双荧光素酶报告载体共转染HEK-293T细胞,通过双荧光素酶检测系统检测未找到miR-29c与APP mRNA 3’UTR的结合位点。结论 miR-29c对APP表达的具有负向调控作用,但其调控位点可能不位于其3’UTR区域。     

人TANK结合激酶1的基因克隆、表达及生物活性鉴定

目的:克隆人TANK结合激酶1(TBK1)基因,构建其真核表达载体,检测该基因在293细胞中的表达,并利用萤光素酶报告基因实验检测其生物活性。方法:应用RT-PCR方法,以HeLa细胞RNA为模板,扩增获得TBK1基因,定向克隆到pcDNA3-Flag载体中,以LipofectAMINE2000转染试剂转染pcDNA-Flag-TBK1至293细胞中进行瞬时表达,并利用萤光素酶报告基因实验检测诱导β干扰素(IFN-β)转录的情况。结果:测序结果表明,从人HeLa细胞总RNA中克隆到正确的TBK1基因全长编码序列,利用Western印迹检测其在293细胞中获得有效表达,利用萤光素酶报告基因实验检测TBK1可以诱导IFN-β转录激活。结论:真核表达的人TBK1具有相应的生物学活性,为研究其功能奠定了基础。     

肺癌细胞中调控ezrin基因基本转录活性的顺式作用元件及转录因子的鉴定

研究发现,质膜-细胞骨架连接蛋白Ezrin在多种肿瘤细胞中异常表达,而且Ezrin的表达上调与肿瘤细胞的移动侵袭相关,但是调控ezrin基因转录的分子机制却不清楚.为了探明ezrin基因的转录调控机制,以肺癌细胞A549为材料,首先采用双荧光素酶报告基因分析系统检测ezrin基因5′侧翼嵌套缺失序列和位点突变序列的转录活性,鉴定肺癌细胞中ezrin基因的基本启动子区以及关键的顺式作用元件Sp1结合位点(-75/-69)和AP-1结合位点(-64/-58).其次,利用凝胶电泳迁移率变动分析证明,肺癌细胞核蛋白提取物能够与ezrin基因含有关键顺式作用元件的DNA序列结合,形成DNA-核蛋白复合物,而且Sp1结合位点和AP-1结合位点与重组蛋白rhSp1和rhAP-1的结合具有位点特异性.最后,利用瞬时转染实验证实,转录因子Sp1和AP-1(由c-Jun和c-Fos组成的异源二聚体)分别通过Sp1结合位点和AP-1结合位点,增强ezrin基因基本转录活性,而且,过表达转录因子Sp1、c-Jun或c-Fos上调了Ezrin蛋白表达.研究确定,肺癌细胞中调控ezrin基因基本转录活性的关键顺式作用元件是Sp1结合位点(-75/-69)和AP-1结合位点(-64/-58),与之作用的转录因子Sp1和AP-1对于ezrin基因的转录激活作用至关重要.     

含VEGF启动子的报告基因的构建及雌激素受体对其活性的影响

目的：构建含血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）基因启动子的荧光素酶报告基因载体,并检测其在雌激素受体作用下的转录活性。方法：以乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7基因组为模板,扩增VEGF启动子片段,克隆到荧光素酶报告基因载体pGL3-basic中。用脂质体介导的基因瞬时转染法,将重组正确的报告基因载体转染293T细胞,检测重组质粒中荧光素酶报告基因的表达。结果：酶切鉴定和DNA序列分析表明构建了正确的pGL3-basic—VEGF报告基因载体;转录活性实验表明构建的报告基因载体具有启动子活性,雌激素受体α（ERα）能以剂量依赖的方式升高VEGF启动子调控下的报告基因的转录。结论：克隆了VEGF启动子,为ERα共调节子的功能研究奠定了基础。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.     

中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系及其在世界区系中的地位和作用

基于吴征镒将中国全部种子植物３２３８个属的分布区划分为１５个大类型和３４个变型的基础上,简要地讨论了中国植物区系与其它地区区系的联系,以及它在被子植物起源方面的作用。主要论点如下：（１）与热带亚洲区系的联系。这种联系主要通过第７类型（热带亚洲分布）及其５个变型来体现的。本文列举了１０个科,龙脑香料、狭义隐翼科、交让木科、五隔草科、五列木科、肉实树科、心翼果科、八宝树科、兰花蕉科和四数木科,来说明这