不同林分内茶树光合特性及其影响因子和小气候因子分析

对板栗-银杏-茶(Castanea mollissima-Ginkgo biloba-Camellia sinensis)和板栗-茶(Castanea mollissima-Camellia sinensis)复合林分和纯茶(Camellia sinensis)林分内3个小气候因子[包括光合有效辐射强度(PAR)、空气温度(Ta)和空气相对湿度(RH)]和茶树光合特性[包括净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)]的差异进行了比较,并采用多元回归分析探讨了影响茶树Pn的主要生理生态因子.结果表明:在不同测定时期3种林分内PAR、Ta和RH差异较大;同一时期纯茶林分内的PAR和Ta基本都高于2种复合林分,但纯茶林分内的RH总体上均低于2种复合林分;与纯茶林分相比,板栗和银杏与茶树复合种植有助于调节林分内的PAR、Ta和RH.2种复合林分内茶树的生长均受到板栗或银杏阴蔽的影响,纯茶林分中茶树的Pn最高,与板栗-银杏-茶复合林分内茶树的Pn有显著差异;而纯茶林分中茶树的Gs总体上高于复合林分、Ci与复合林分间差异不显著,且3种林分中茶树的Tr总体上也无显著差异.多元回归分析结果表明:在6个生理生态因子(Gs、Ci、Tr、PAR、Ta 和RH)中,Tr对3种林分内茶树的Pn影响最大,其次是Ta,其他因子在各种林分内的影响程度不同.研究结果表明:茶树复合种植可调节林分内的水热状况,改善茶树生长环境,值得在现有茶园中进行推广和应用.     

林下层植被对上层乔木的影响研究综述

植物间交互作用在植物群落和生态系统的组成、结构、功能等方面发挥着重要作用.在过去的森林生态系统研究中,更多地关注上层乔木之间的相互作用或乔木层对下层植被的影响,较少研究林下层植被对上层乔木生理生态和生长的影响.本文综述了去除林下层植被对土壤理化性质、土壤动物区系、凋落物分解及上层乔木生理生态和生长的影响,讨论了外界干扰对林下植被-乔木层竞争关系的影响,提出林下植被对上层乔木影响的生理生态学机理概念模型.研究区域、乔木林龄、地力条件、林下植物种类是影响林下层植被-乔木层竞争关系的重要因素.     

三种林-茶复合林分中环境因子和茶的光合特征参数的日变化规律

对栾树-茶(Koelreuteria paniculata-Camellia sinensis)、香樟-茶(Cinnamomum camphora-Camellia sinensis)和枫香-茶(Liquidambar formosana-Camellia sinensis)3种林-茶复合林分中环境因子的日变化及茶[Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Ktze. ]的光合特征参数日变化和相关性进行了分析研究.结果显示,在3种林-茶复合林分中,光合有效辐射强度和气温的日变化呈单峰曲线,均在12:00达到最高值;空气相对湿度和大气CO2浓度呈先降后升的日变化趋势,分别在10:00和14:00达到最低值;各环境因子在全天不同时刻均有极显著差异(P<0.01).3种林-茶复合林分中茶的净光合速率日变化均表现为不对称的双峰型曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00和14:00,其中枫香-茶复合林分中茶的净光合速率日均值最高(0.80 μmol·m-2·s-1);茶的气孔导度与蒸腾速率均在每日的早、晚较低,并在10:00达到最高;胞间CO2浓度日变化整体呈"W"型曲线,每日的早、晚较高,在10:00最低,其中栾树-茶复合林分中茶的胞间CO2浓度的日均值最高;茶的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日均值在3种林-茶复合林分间有极显著差异(P<0.01),气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度日均值差异不显著.除气温与茶的净光合速率,以及光合有效辐射强度与茶的胞间CO2浓度、气温和空气相对湿度间相关性不显著外,其余环境因子与茶的净光合速率以及两两指标之间的相关性均达显著或极显著水平.综合分析结果表明,枫香-茶复合林分可改善茶的生长环境,促进茶生长,适合在安徽芜湖推广种植.     

三种林-茶复合林分中环境因子和茶的光合特征参数的EI变化规律

对栾树-茶（Koelreuteria paniculata—Camellia sinensis）、香樟-茶（Cinnamomum camphora—Camellia sinensis）和枫香-茶（Liquidambar formosana—Camellia sinensis）3种林-茶复合林分中环境因子的日变化及茶[Camellia sinensis（L．）O．Ktze．]的光合特征参数日变化和相关性进行了分析研究。结果显示,在3种林-茶复合林分中,光合有效辐射强度和气温的日变化呈单峰曲线,均在12：00达到最高值;空气相对湿度和大气CO2浓度呈先降后升的日变化趋势,分别在10：00和14：00达到最低值;各环境因子在全天不同时刻均有极显著差异（P〈0．01）。3种林-茶复合林分中茶的净光合速率日变化均表现为不对称的双峰型曲线,峰值分别出现在10：00和14：00,其中枫香-茶复合林分中茶的净光合速率日均值最高（0．80μmol&#183;m^-1&#183;s^-1）;茶的气孔导度与蒸腾速率均在每日的早、晚较低,并在10：00达到最高;胞间CO2浓度日变化整体呈“W”型曲线,每日的早、晚较高,在10：00最低,其中栾树-茶复合林分中茶的胞间CO2浓度的日均值最高;茶的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日均值在3种林-茶复合林分间有极显著差异（P〈0．01）,气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度日均值差异不显著。除气温与茶的净光合速率,以及光合有效辐射强度与茶的胞间CO2浓度、气温和空气相对湿度间相关性不显著外,其余环境因子与茶的净光合速率以及两两指标之间的相关性均达显著或极显著水平。综合分析结果表明,枫香-茶复合林分可改善茶的生长环境,促进茶生长,适合在安徽芜湖推广种植。     

茶果（林）复合园的光特征研究

茶果（林）复合园上层林冠透光率落叶树种比常绿树种高２～１５％,春季可高出３０％左右,透光率维持大于５５％水平对茶叶产量影响不显著．林冠下的散射量１２～１４时已超过２．９Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·ｍｉｎ－１的茶树光饱和点水平落叶树下散射光量占总辐射量春季达６５～８０％,夏、秋季４５～６０％茶树树冠面反射光量占总辐射量比例小,晴天约为５～８％,年变辐为５～１０％,日变幅以１０～１５时最高,夏、秋季高达０．２～０．４Ｊ·ｃｍ－２·ｍｉｎ－１茶树树冠透射光量在５００～２０００ｌＸ,日变化以１６～１７时透射率最高约１５～２０％,茶树吸收光占总量８０～８５％     

浅埋对三倍体毛白杨落叶分解的影响

凋落物分解在森林生态系统养分循环及能量流动中具有十分重要的作用,为实现三倍体毛白杨纸浆林养分的科学管理,加快落叶分解,采用网袋法研究了2、4、6年生3个不同年龄的林分落叶在浅埋条件下的分解情况.结果表明:与在地表分解相比,浅埋显著促进了三倍体毛白杨落叶的分解,1年的分解率显著提高,分别为落叶在地表年分解率的130％、194％和186％;浅埋落叶分解50％所需天数分别只有地表的58％、39％和38％,而分解95％所需的天数分别只有地表的60％、38％和36％;浅埋对不同年龄林分落叶的促进程度不同.     

亚高山森林林窗大小对凋落叶木质素降解的影响

木质素降解是认识高寒森林凋落物分解过程的关键环节,可能受到林窗大小及其在不同季节水热环境的影响。采用分解袋法,研究了川西亚高山森林不同面积大小林窗下红桦(Betula albo-sinensis)和岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)凋落叶在初冻期、深冻期、融化期、生长季节初期、生长季节中期和生长季节后期的木质素分解动态特征。研究结果表明,采样时间和林窗面积大小对两种凋落叶的木质素降解均有显著影响。经历1a分解,红桦凋落叶的木质素降解了21.53%—27.65%,而岷江冷杉凋落叶的木质素富集了7.95%—19.40%。较大林窗促进了冬季岷江冷杉凋落叶和生长季节红桦凋落叶木质素的降解,抑制了冬季红桦凋落叶木质素的降解;而生长季节岷江冷杉凋落叶木质素富集速率则为林下大林窗中林窗小林窗。逐步回归分析表明,凋落叶木质素的降解过程在冬季主要受到负积温和土壤冻融循环次数的影响(木质素结构的物理破碎),而在生长季节则主要受到平均温度和正积温的影响(木质素的生物降解)。可见,川西亚高山森林木质素降解受林窗格局变化的显著影响,且林窗大小对凋落叶木质素降解的影响与物种和分解时期有关。     

短尾猴栖息地的季节变化

本文阐述了短尾猴栖息地的季节变化。春季,主要利用海拔570-1600米的常绿阔叶林、常绿、落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林;夏季,限于海拔1000米以上的落叶阔叶林。秋季的栖息地,在海拔650-1200米常绿阔叶林和常绿、落叶阔叶混交林;冬季仅利用海拔600-900米的常绿阔叶林。此外还报道了短尾猴四季的食物组成。并对栖息地的变化原因,做了初步探讨。     

饲料类型对茶尺蠖幼虫肠道细菌多样性及幼虫存活率的影响

【目的】茶尺蠖是茶园中的重要害虫。研究茶尺蠖寄主食物-肠道菌群-茶尺蠖生长发育三者之间的关系对于茶尺蠖的防治具有重要的理论指导价值。【方法】分析不添加茶叶因子的纯人工饲料和茶树鲜叶对茶尺蠖幼虫的存活影响;用高通量测序技术分析不同饲料饲喂的茶尺蠖幼虫的肠道菌群异同。【结果】取食人工饲料的幼虫死亡率远远高于取食茶树鲜叶的幼虫;取食人工饲料的幼虫肠道细菌多样性和丰富度高于取食茶树鲜叶的幼虫;茶尺蠖幼虫肠道中存在很多促进宿主生长的细菌。【结论】饲料类型影响茶尺蠖幼虫的存活;饲料类型影响茶尺蠖幼虫肠道菌群结构。     

无翅茶蚜对茶树挥发物的触角电生理和行为反应

分别使用昆虫触角电位仪(EAG)和四臂嗅觉仪,测定了无翅茶蚜Toxopteraaurantii Boyer对14种茶树挥发性化合物、14种挥发物中"绿叶气味"组成的混合物(GLV)、14种挥发物的混合物(ACB)、以及新鲜嫩叶、芽、嫩茎、成叶和茶蚜为害嫩叶(ADYL)的EAG反应和行为反应。ACB引出最大的EAG反应值,茶树挥发物主要组分Z-3-己烯-1-醇、E-2-己烯醛、n-己醇、水杨酸甲酯和苯甲醇也引起较大的EAG反应值。4种正常茶梢的器官也引出较大的EAG反应,以嫩叶最强、依次为芽、嫩茎和成叶。有趣的是ADYL引出弱的负的EAG值。用嗅觉仪进行的生物测定表明,嫩叶以及主要的茶梢挥发性成分乙酸-Z-3-己烯酯、水杨酸甲酯、E-2-己烯-1-醇和Z-3-己烯-1-醇等也具有较强引诱活性。研究显示无翅茶蚜可能利用茶梢挥发物作为利它素而寻觅适宜的取食场所,如茶树嫩梢。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.