四种热带雨林树种幼苗比叶重,光合特性和暗呼吸对生长光环境的适应

雾凉季研究了西双版纳热带雨林4种植物幼苗对生长光环境的适应,其中两个树种幼苗喜光（团花和滇南插柚紫）,两个树种幼苗耐荫（滇南红厚壳和玉蕊）发现弱光环境中生长的4种植物比叶重、光合能力、光饱和点、光补偿点暗呼吸速度、叶绿素a/b比较低,叶绿素含量较高。玉蕊和滇南红厚壳幼苗的光合能力和呼吸速度 于团花树和滇南插柚紫。团花树和滇南插机紫的比叶重和光合作用的可塑性大于玉蕊和滇南红厚壳。高光强下生长的团花树和滇南插机紫增加叶氮分配给羧化酶的比较。减少分配给叶绿素的比例。滇南红厚壳和玉蕊适应弱光环境的能力略强于团花树和滇南插机紫,但适应强光的能力较差。研究结果支持树种的生理生态特性决定了其演替状况和生境选择的假说,单位干重叶的光合能力和呼吸速率并未表现出利于光适应的可塑性,表明4种植物生理适应能力较差,形态学上的适应在4种热带雨林树种幼苗光适应方面起到了重要的作用,叶氮分配也是它们光适应的策略之一。     

夜间低温对不同光强下生长的两种沟谷雨林树苗荧光参数的影响

 于雾凉季测定了叶片叶绿素荧光参数,探讨了4～6 ℃夜间低温对4种相对光强下生长的两种西双版纳沟谷雨林树苗光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）活性的影响及雾对植物的可能保护机制。随夜间低温处理时间延长,不同光强下生长的团花树（Anthocephalus chinensis）和玉蕊（Barringtonia macrostachya）叶片日间和长期光抑制,以及PSⅡ反应中心的可逆失活或破坏加剧,生长环境光越强夜间低温的效应越明显,弱光下其效应不显著。间接表明雾使光强减弱利于缓解自然夜温降低对本区热带植物的影响。中光强下玉蕊对照植株发生了胁迫诱导的光抑制;相同处理条件下玉蕊的光抑制程度均比团花树重,表明玉蕊对夜间低温引起的光抑制更敏感。夜间低温处理后,中等和低光强下团花树的热耗散多于玉蕊,表明其光保护作用较强。夜间低温处理期间两种植物的光抑制与热耗散增多和PSⅡ反应中心的可逆失活或破坏的加剧有关。     

不同生态习性热带雨林树种的幼苗对光能的利用与耗散

研究了生长于100％、25％和8％光照条件下的热带雨林先锋树种团花、演替顶极阶段的冠层树种绒毛番龙眼和中下层树种滇南风吹楠幼苗的光合能力及光能分配特性对光强的响应。与绒毛番龙眼和滇南风吹楠相比,团花具有较高的最大光合速率和最大电子传递速率,从光能分配对光强的响应曲线可以看出,随着光强的增加,3个树种幼苗叶片吸收的光能分配到光化学反应的比例减少,分配到热耗散的比例增加,光能在光化学反应与热耗散之间的分配呈显著负相关,与其它两个种相比,100％光下的团花幼苗将较多的光能分配到光化学反应中,热耗散较弱且未达到饱和。过剩光能少,没有引起长期光抑制,绒毛番龙眼和滇南风吹楠将叶片吸收的较多光能分配到热耗散中,但生长于100％光下的幼苗过剩光能仍然较多,导致幼苗遭受长期光抑制,结果表明,不同生态习性热带雨林树种幼苗更新对光环境的要求与这些幼苗对光能的利用和耗散特性密切相关。     

夜间低温对不同光强下生长的两种热带树苗光合作用的影响

于雾凉季测定了叶片叶绿素荧光和气体交换参数、H2 O2 和丙二醛 (MDA)含量 ,探讨了 4～ 6℃夜间低温对 3种相对光强 (太阳光的 8%、2 5 %和 5 0 % )下生长的 2种山地雨林树苗光合作用的影响。夜间低温处理导致 3种光强下生长的 2种植物叶片日间和胁迫诱导的光抑制加剧 ,净光合速率 (Pn)和光呼吸速率降低 ,H2 O2 和MDA含量升高。生长环境光强升高可加剧夜间低温的效应 ,弱光下 2种植物受夜间低温影响较小 ,间接表明雾使光强减弱可缓解自然夜温降低对西双版纳热带植物的危害。处理期间滇南插柚紫Pn 主要受气孔限制 ,滇南红厚壳Pn 降低与活性氧增加引起的羧化效率降低有关 ,两种植物Pn 的降低均与光抑制关系不大。夜间低温后滇南红厚壳气孔导度降低较少 ,H2 O2 和MDA含量较高 ,光抑制较重 ,5 0 %相对光强下其未做夜间低温处理的对照植株发生了胁迫诱导的光抑制 ,表明它对夜间低温较敏感。     

紫茎泽兰光合特性对生长环境光强的适应

测定了不同光强下生长的紫茎泽兰叶片最大净光合速率(Pmax)、叶绿素荧光参数、光合色素含量和比叶重(SLW),探讨了其光适应能力及生理生态学机制．强光下(100％相对光强)紫茎泽兰发生了轻度光抑制,Pmax、SLW、类胡萝卜素含量和日间热耗散升高,但热耗散能力没有提高．强光下紫茎泽兰通过：1)加强日间热耗散和活性氧清除能力以及光系统Ⅱ反应中心可逆失活来耗散过剩光能;2)增大P～以增加光能利用;3)提高SLW,降低单位干重叶绿素含量以减少光能吸收3个途径避免了光合机构光破坏．弱光下(36％、12．5％和4．5％相对光强)紫茎泽兰日间热耗散很小,SLW降低,但P～较高,这有利于其增加光能吸收和利用效率．紫茎泽兰能在很大的光强范围内有效地维持光合系统正常运转,这可能是其表现较强入侵性的原因之一．     

七种热带雨林树苗叶片气孔特征及其可塑性对不同光照强度的响应

对生长在荫棚3种不同光照条件下和全自然光下的热带雨林4个冠层种(望天树、绒毛番龙眼、团花、红厚壳)和3个中层种(玉蕊、藤黄、滇南风吹楠)树苗叶片气孔特征以及它们的可塑性进行了研究、结果表明,这些植物的气孔全部着生在远轴面．7种植物中,玉蕊和绒毛番龙眼的气孔密度较大,滇南红厚壳和团花的保卫细胞最长．随光强的增大,气孔密度和气孔指数增大,单位叶气孔数在低光强下较大．除团花外,其它植物叶片气孔导度在50％光强处最大,而光强对保卫细胞的长度影响不显著．相关分析表明,气孔密度与植物单位叶的面积呈负相关。而与气孔导度的相关性不显著、尽管两种不同生活型植物气孔指数和单位叶气孔数在不同光强下的可塑性差异较小,但冠层树种气孔密度和气孔导度的可塑性显著高于中层树种．     

光照对两种热带雨林树种幼苗光合能力、热耗散和抗氧化系统的影响

 研究了生长于不同光照条件下（100%、25%和8%光强）热带雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼（Pometia tomentosa）和中层树种滇南风吹楠（Horsfieldia tetratepala）幼苗的光合能力、热耗散、活性氧和保护性酶的活性。结果表明,绒毛番龙眼的最大光合速率随着生长光强的增加而提高,而滇南风吹楠在全光条件下的最大光合速率反比25%光照条件下的低。全光条件下两个树种光系统II的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）都显著降低,表明发生了长期光抑制。当把生长于遮荫条件下的幼苗移到全光下,从凌晨到中午随着光强的增加光抑制加剧,日落时生长于8%光照条件下的绒毛番龙眼及生长于8%和25%光照条件下的滇南风吹楠的光抑制不能完全恢复。非光化学猝灭对光强的响应曲线表明,随着生长光强的增加滇南风吹楠的热耗散能力增强,而生长在全光和25%光照条件下的绒毛番龙眼的热耗散能力都比滇南风吹楠的弱。两个树种叶片中O-[]·2、H2O2含量、SOD和CAT活性均随着生长光强的增加而提高;在同一光照条件下,绒毛番龙眼叶片中O-[]·2、H2O2含量、SOD和CAT活性显著高于滇南风吹楠。上述结果表明,在光抑制条件下,冠层树种绒毛番龙眼较大程度通过提高保护性酶的活性来保护光合机构免受损伤,而中层树种滇南风吹楠却较大程度通过增强非光化学猝灭来耗散过量光能;滇南风吹楠对强光的适应性差。     

生长环境光强对两种热带雨林树种幼苗光合作用的影响

以西双版纳热带雨林中演替后期种绒毛番龙眼和先锋树种山黄麻为材料 ,于雾凉季测定了不同光强下生长的 2种树苗叶片最大净光合速率 (Pmax)、叶绿素荧光参数以及光合色素含量和比叶重 (L MA) ,探讨了不同生态习性热带雨林树种幼苗对光强的适应及光保护机制。发现在一定光强范围内随生长环境光强的增加 ,2种树苗 L MA、荧光的非化学猝灭 (N PQ)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量、Car与叶绿素 (Chl)之比升高 ,光饱和点和光补偿点也有随生长环境光强的增大而升高的趋势 ,Chl含量降低 ,2种树苗均能通过形态和生理特性的变化适应不同的光强环境。相同的生长光强下 ,绒毛番龙眼光抑制明显比山黄麻重 ,山黄麻适应强光的能力强。随生长环境光强的增加 ,山黄麻 N PQ增加不显著 ,热耗散较少 ,相同光强下其 Pmax显著高于绒毛番龙眼。绒毛番龙眼则相反 ,其热耗散随生长环境光强的升高显著增多 ,但 Pmax差异不显著。表明先锋种山黄麻主要通过提高 Pmax利用光能防止光合机构光破坏 ,而演替后期种绒毛番龙眼却较大程度通过增强非光化学猝灭来耗散过量光能。上午人为降低光强度对先锋种山黄麻影响不大 ,但可以明显缓解绒毛番龙眼的光抑制 ,表明上午一定程度的遮光 (如有雾 )可减缓绒毛番龙眼光抑制     

热带雨林蒲桃属3个树种的幼苗光合作用对生长光强的适应

 测定了生长于3种光强下（100％、42％和14％自然光强） 热带雨林演替早期（思茅蒲桃Syzygium latilimbum）、中期（乌墨S.cumini）和后期（阔叶蒲桃S. szemaoense）出现的蒲桃属 （Syzygium）3个树种幼苗叶片气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的日变化、比叶重和叶绿素含量。发现演替早期树种光合能力和光合可塑性最大、中期树种次之,后期树种光合能力最弱且在强光下受到显著抑制。但是,生长在强光下,3个树种均未发生长期光抑制和光破坏。随生长光强增加,3个树种热耗散速率都升高。不过在强光下,中期和后期树种通过热耗散消耗的过剩光能较多,通过叶黄素循环的热耗散可能对于这两个树种在强光下避免光合机构的光破坏起到了重要作用。14％光强下,3个树种最大净光合速率、光合作用的光饱和点、光补偿点、暗呼吸速率、比叶重降低,叶片单位干重叶绿素含量提高,对低光环境有了较好的形态学和生理学适应。但是,在4％光强下思茅蒲桃和乌墨幼苗全部死亡,只有阔叶蒲桃幼苗仍能存活,说明阔叶蒲桃幼苗适应弱光环境的能力高于思茅蒲桃和乌墨,与它们的演替状态一致。     

西双版纳两种生态特性不同的外来草本植物对生长环境光强的适应策略

于干热季测定了紫茎泽兰和阳春砂仁叶片比叶重、色素含量、光合能力和叶绿素荧光动力学参数,探讨了它们适应环境光强的策略及其生理生态学机制。36 %光强下砂仁叶片光抑制较明显;10 0 %光强下紫茎泽兰光抑制不严重,光系统 最大光能转换效率和量子效率始终维持在较高水平。随着环境光强的升高,紫茎泽兰最大净光合速率(Pmax)、比叶重、非光化学猝灭系数(N PQ)和单位面积叶片类胡萝卜素含量升高,单位干重叶片叶绿素含量降低。紫茎泽兰能通过形态和生理特性的变化适应大幅度的光强范围,这可能是其表现强入侵性的重要原因之一。强光下紫茎泽兰热耗散并不多,主要通过提高Pmax利用更多的光能来保护光合机构,光系统 反应中心可逆失活也能耗散部分光能。虽然砂仁Pmax也能随生长环境光强的升高而增大,但其值较低,增幅不大,相反其热耗散的增加较多,N PQ较高,白天初始荧光明显低于黎明,表明砂仁主要是通过热耗散来保护光合机构。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.