毒蛇咬伤的早期预测与程序化救治的疗效观察

目的通过对毒蛇咬伤的早期预测和处理,评价程序化综合救治方法对毒蛇咬伤的疗效。方法对136例毒蛇咬伤患者除进行“毒蛇咬伤的临床病情分型”外,尽早进行病情预测、血生化(肝、肾功能、凝血功能、心肌酶)检查,同时进行伤口和全身程序化综合救治。观察病情变化,伤口愈合情况及平均住院时间。结果总有效率100％,无过敏反应发生,伤口渗血、肿胀明显缓解,平均住院时间较前缩短。结论早期准确预测和尽快应用程序化救治方法能提高对毒蛇咬伤的疗效。     

机械辅助通气在重危型神经毒毒蛇咬伤应用路径的评价

目的 通过对重危型神经毒毒蛇咬伤的病情预测和处理,建立和评价机械通气应用路径的价值.方法 对132例神经毒毒蛇咬伤患者进行临床病情分型,其中重危型69例,即予病情预测,以路径式管理,在呼吸困难早期及时使用呼吸机辅助通气,同时对伤口局部和全身程序化综合救治,并观察病情变化及血氧饱和度、血气分析、平均住院时间.结果 重危型神经毒毒蛇咬伤患者,经及时应用机械通气后的抢救成功率100%,无过敏反应发生,平均住院时间较前缩短.结论 早期准确预测病情变化,在使用抗蛇毒血清的同时尽快建立临床路径,应用机械通气方法能提高毒蛇咬伤的疗效,并明显减少并发症的发生.     

小儿毒蛇咬伤救治分析（附13例）

目的 通过分析小儿毒蛇咬伤的特点,以提高小儿毒蛇咬伤的救治水平.方法 回顾总结救治13例小儿毒蛇咬伤的临床经验.结果 小儿毒蛇咬伤的特点是症状较成人重,易发生并发症,但经过早期程序化综合救治,13例全部治愈,无伤残.总有效率100%.结论 根据小儿自身特点,伤后及时到专科医院就诊,尽快应用抗蛇毒血清,准确预测和尽快应用程序化救治,才能提高疗效,降低致残率和死亡率.     

不明蛇种咬伤的急诊救治

目的探讨不明蛇种咬伤的诊断方法、临床特点及急诊救治措施。方法对64例不明蛇种咬伤患者的诊断方法、临床表现、程序化综合救治方法及疗效评价进行分析。结果蛇种判定基本准确,治疗及时,总有效率100%,伤口渗血、肿胀明显减少。结论急诊救治的关键是早期诊断、早期预测、早期治疗,其中早期诊断是重中之重。需要早期评估病情的发展,加强蛇伤知识的普及,提高对毒蛇的认识,建议群众尽可能把伤人之蛇打死带来医院以便于及早确诊。     

早期程序化急救处理方案治疗毒蛇咬伤的临床观察

目的观察早期程序化急救处理对毒蛇咬伤的救治有效性。方法将2018年1月作为早期程序化急救处理方案的时间分界点,选择实施前后毒蛇咬伤的住院病患者各30例为研究对象,将实施前行常规急救治疗的30例患者为对照组,将实施后早期程序化急救处理的30例患者作为观察组,比较不同急救处理方案的有效性(痊愈、好转、无效)及症状好转时间(伤口肿痛、呼吸困难、全身乏力、恶心呕吐、头晕眼花)。结果实施前的急救有效率为86.67%,实施后升至96.67%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);实施前后的伤口肿痛、呼吸困难、全身乏力、恶心呕吐、头晕眼花症状好转时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论毒蛇咬伤实施早期程序化急救处理能降低并发症发生率,提高救治效果。     

80例神经毒类毒蛇咬伤的流行病学特点及急诊救治

目的总结分析80例神经毒类毒蛇咬伤的流行病学特点及急诊救治经验。方法收集80例神经毒类毒蛇咬伤的临床资料,分析其临床特点并总结救治经验和体会。结果 80例神经毒类毒蛇咬伤抢救成功率100%,痊愈率100%,总有效率100%。结论综合治疗神经毒类毒蛇咬伤的疗效显著。早期使用氧疗和机械辅助呼吸以及抗蛇毒血清等治疗方法是神经毒类毒蛇咬伤呼吸衰竭抢救成功的关键。     

中华眼镜蛇咬伤致CK及超敏C反应蛋白改变的中西医结合治疗研究

目的探讨桂中桂北蛇伤救治基地自主研发的蛇伤灵内服Ⅰ方、外敷Ⅱ方联合早期程序化综合治疗方法在中华眼镜蛇咬伤致患者心肌酶谱(CK)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)表达改变中的临床治疗效果及机制。方法将纳入研究的60例患者随机分为蛇伤灵方联合早期程序化综合治疗组和早期程序化综合治疗对照组,每组各30例,观察比较两组在心肌酶谱与超敏C反应蛋白表达方面的临床疗效。结果治疗组CK与超敏C反应蛋白表达量明显低于对照组,组间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论中西医结合治疗毒蛇咬伤具有一定优势,蛇伤灵方联合早期程序化综合治疗方法在针对中华眼镜蛇咬伤所致局部肌肉细胞损伤、全身炎性反应症状控制方面优于早期程序化综合治疗方法,疗效确切。     

中西医结合救治毒蛇咬伤呼吸停止23例

目的 总结23例毒蛇咬伤呼吸停止的救治经验.方法 分析23例毒蛇咬伤呼吸停止的临床资料,总结其救治的经验和体会.结果 23例毒蛇咬伤呼吸停止抢救成功率100%.23例中,痊愈22例,好转1例,痊愈率95.65%,总有效率100%.结论 毒蛇咬伤呼吸停止抢救成功的关键在于"四早",即早期正确判断致伤蛇种,早期严密监测病情,早期应用相应抗蛇毒血清,早期使用氧疗和机械辅助呼吸.     

165例毒蛇咬伤的救治

毒蛇咬伤是湛江地区的常见病。我院于2005~2006年,共救治165例毒蛇咬伤病人,现总结如下。1临床资料1·1一般资料毒蛇咬伤165例,男100例,女65例,年龄6~76岁,平均32岁。就诊时间:1~96 h,平均12 h。按中国中西医结合急救医学专业委员会蛇伤急救学组通过的毒蛇咬伤的临床分型及严重程度评分的标准进行分型[1]:轻型96例,重型38例,危型31例。其中竹叶青蛇咬伤81例,眼镜蛇咬伤54例,银环蛇咬伤30例。1·2治疗方法伤口及时行清创术:分别用双氧水、生理盐水、0·3%碘伏冲洗伤口,2%利多卡因10 ml 地塞米松5~10 mg封闭伤口周围;应用相应的抗蛇毒血清,本…     

毒蛇咬伤患者院前早期程序化急救处理方案的应用观察

目的探讨毒蛇咬伤患者院前早期程序化急救处理方案的应用价值。方法回顾性分析我院58例毒蛇咬伤患者应用院前早期程序化急救处理方案的临床资料。结果 58例毒蛇咬伤患者经院前早期程序化急救处理后,痊愈出院53例,好转3例,自动出院1例,院前死亡2例（眼镜王蛇咬伤1例,银环蛇咬伤1例）。结论院前急救是蛇伤治疗前期的一个关键性步骤,院前早期程序化急救处理方案应用于蛇伤患者,有利于提高抢救成功率。     

龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征与综合救治

目的探讨龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征和综合救治措施。方法回顾性分析我院2006-2011年资料完整的458例蛇伤住院患者的临床资料。结果458例急诊蛇伤患者中,死亡6例,病死率1．3％,致伤蛇种以竹叶青蛇、烙铁头、眼镜蛇、银环蛇、眼镜王蛇为主,近年来还发现一些罕见蛇类如白头蝰蛇、红脖颈槽蛇咬伤病例;掌握了我市蛇伤的发病季节、致伤人群、致伤部位及转归。结论初步掌握了龙岩市急诊蛇伤流行病学特征,并提出了有效的综合救治措施,为今后开展蛇伤的防治、教学、科研提供了科学依据。     

The bite force of the largest fossil rodent (Hystricognathi,Caviomorpha, Dinomyidae)

Blanco R.E., Rinderknecht, A. & Lecuona, G. 2011: The bite force of the largest fossil rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha, Dinomyidae). Lethaia, Vol. 45, pp. 157–163. An exceptionally well‐preserved skull of the largest fossil rodent Josephoartigasia monesi allows the first analysis of the bite mechanics of this group of South American giant rodents. In this study, we reconstructed the main anatomical features of the skull of this Pliocene rodent, relating them to the bite force at incisors. Bite force was estimated using three different techniques. Two methods suggest that bite forces at incisors of around 1000 N were possible for these mammals. However, the incisors seem to be stronger than expected for this bite force implying that the bite forces may have been greater than 3000 N. We consider three hypotheses: allometric effects, teeth digging or defence against predators, to explain our results. □Bite force, Dinomyidae, incisors, largest rodent, Pliocene.     

Snake bite envenomation in Riyadh province of Saudi Arabia over the period (2005–2010)

The present investigation is a retrospective review of snake bites in Riyadh province over the period (2005–2010). A total of 1019 cases of bites admitted to the Ministry of Health medical centers in Riyadh province were analyzed on the basis of age, sex, time of bite and its site on the body, outcome of treatment, antiserum dose and type of snake. Bites occurred throughout the six years with the highest frequency in 2005 and least in 2006 where most of the bite cases were mild and all evolved to cure except four patients who died following the administration of antivenom during 24 h after snake bite. Most of the patients were males (81.7%) and the most attacked age was within the range of 11–30 years (51.5%). All the bites were mainly in the exposed limbs and the most frequently bitten anatomical regions were the lower limbs (427 cases, 41.9%), principally the feet. The study incriminates Cerastes cerastes gasperettii in most of the bites indicating it as the snake of medical importance in Riyadh province. Also, the study indicates low degree of threat in spite of high rate of snake bites as a result of the availability of the medical facilities and the antivenin use in medical centers in Riyadh province.     

Acute Myocardial Infarction following a possible direct intravenous bite of Russell's viper (Daboia russelli)

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Russell's viper (Daboia russelli) bites lead to high morbidity and mortality in South Asia. Although variety of clinical manifestations is reported in viper bite victims, myocardial ischemic events are rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a unique case of inferior wall ST elevation myocardial infarction due to a Russell's viper bite over a vein with possible direct intravenous envenoming, in a young male with no past history or family history suggestive of ischemic cardiac disease, from Sri Lanka. In addition, the possible mechanisms of myocardial ischemia in snake bite victims are also briefly discussed. CONCLUSION: Importance of the awareness of physicians on the rare, yet fatal manifestations of snake envenoming is highlighted.     

毒蛇咬伤的预防及院前急救调查与分析

目的了解蛇伤患者对蛇咬伤的预防知识及院前自救情况,为指导蛇伤防护工作提供依据。方法随机抽取我院2010～2011年急诊收治的173例蛇伤患者,通过问卷调查及交谈法,了解蛇伤患者对蛇习性、防护措施、蛇咬伤后的反应及处理情况。结果蛇伤患者对蛇习性了解情况不乐观,采取防护措施不到位,急救处理不科学。结论应加强蛇伤防护工作的宣传,改善院前急救情况。     

基于动物学、临床医学跨界研究快速准确诊断1例不明蛇类咬伤的分析

目的探讨动物学、临床医学跨界研究成果联合运用于快速准确诊断不明蛇类咬伤中的作用及效果。方法通过回顾性分析1例不明蛇类咬伤患者的临床资料,从病史、动物学生活习性、咬痕鉴别、流行病学、临床表现、蛇类动物学分布6个方面进行剖析不明蛇类咬伤的诊断思路与方法。结果该例蛇伤患者的病史特征以及诊断与鉴别诊断:(1)病史特征符合银环蛇生活习性;(2)咬痕特征首先符合毒蛇咬痕,其次与银环蛇咬痕特征高度吻合;(3)蛇伤流行病学研究支持被咬地域存在银环蛇致伤病种;(4)临床表现首先符合毒蛇咬伤,其次与银环蛇/金环蛇咬伤临床表现高度吻合;(5)依据桂中毒蛇种类分布研究成果结合银环蛇咬痕特征确诊为银环蛇咬伤。结论将蛇类动物学、临床医学跨界研究成果联合运用于不明蛇类咬伤的快速准确诊断是一种切实有效的方法。     

激素联合抗蛇毒血清环行封闭治疗毒蛇咬伤伤口溃疡

目的探讨激素联合抗蛇毒血清环行封闭治疗毒蛇咬伤伤口溃疡的疗效及实用价值。方法对81例伤口溃疡形成,且周围组织肿胀的毒蛇咬伤患者,在静脉应用抗蛇毒血清的同时,迅速清除及破坏伤口局部蛇毒,伤口常规扩创、负压吸引冲洗,予同种抗蛇毒血清1／2支加甲基强的松龙40mg(或地塞米松10mg)环行封闭,观察治疗后患者自觉症状、伤口愈合程度。结果治疗1～3天后症状明显好转,疼痛减轻,伤口肿胀、溃烂、渗血明显减轻,无1例需植皮或截肢。结论激素联合抗蛇毒血清环行封闭对毒蛇咬伤伤口疗效明显,具有一定的推广价值。     

Microbial Analysis of Bite Marks by Sequence Comparison of Streptococcal DNA

Bite mark injuries often feature in violent crimes. Conventional morphometric methods for the forensic analysis of bite marks involve elements of subjective interpretation that threaten the credibility of this field. Human DNA recovered from bite marks has the highest evidentiary value, however recovery can be compromised by salivary components. This study assessed the feasibility of matching bacterial DNA sequences amplified from experimental bite marks to those obtained from the teeth responsible, with the aim of evaluating the capability of three genomic regions of streptococcal DNA to discriminate between participant samples. Bite mark and teeth swabs were collected from 16 participants. Bacterial DNA was extracted to provide the template for PCR primers specific for streptococcal 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene, 16S–23S intergenic spacer (ITS) and RNA polymerase beta subunit (rpoB). High throughput sequencing (GS FLX 454), followed by stringent quality filtering, generated reads from bite marks for comparison to those generated from teeth samples. For all three regions, the greatest overlaps of identical reads were between bite mark samples and the corresponding teeth samples. The average proportions of reads identical between bite mark and corresponding teeth samples were 0.31, 0.41 and 0.31, and for non-corresponding samples were 0.11, 0.20 and 0.016, for 16S rRNA, ITS and rpoB, respectively. The probabilities of correctly distinguishing matching and non-matching teeth samples were 0.92 for ITS, 0.99 for 16S rRNA and 1.0 for rpoB. These findings strongly support the tenet that bacterial DNA amplified from bite marks and teeth can provide corroborating information in the identification of assailants.     

Identifying Snake Species Threatened by Economic Exploitation and International Trade in China

It is important to identify endangered species from thousands of species and take conservation measures in time. Many researchers have reported declines and overexploitation of snake species, but it is difficult to identify the species requiring emergency concern. We tried to identify the snake species threatened by economic exploitation in mainland China through the following procedure: First, we identified 16 snake species in significant international trade through analyzing trade records; second, we chose 10 variables representing biological characteristics and economics factors. The values of these variables for each species were evaluated from 0 (minimum risk) to 3 (high risk). Three snake species protected by CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) were also assessed. We then got the priority rank of these species by calculating their average scores. We found that among the species in significant international trade, except those CITES-listed ones, four snake species were at extremely high risk, while all other snake species in significant trade were endangered or vulnerable. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to classify the species into four groups according to their different biological and economic characteristics. This study provides a possible way to identify endangered species and to rank their conservation priority. The results of this paper can also be used as a priority sequence for taking conservation action, especially trade control measures.