南亚热带格木、马尾松幼龄人工纯林及其混交林生态系统碳氮储量

研究比较了南亚热带6年生格木(Erythrophleum fordii)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)幼龄人工纯林及马尾松与格木混交林生态系统碳氮储量及其分配特征。结果表明,生态系统总碳储量依次为马尾松-格木混交林(137.75 t/hm2)格木纯林(134.07 t/hm2)马尾松纯林(131.10 t/hm2),总氮储量则为格木纯林(10.19 t/hm2)马尾松-格木混交林(8.68 t/hm2)马尾松纯林(7.01 t/hm2)。3种人工林生态系统碳氮库空间分布基本一致,绝大部分储存于0—100 cm土壤层,平均占生态系统总储量的81.49%和96.91%,其次为乔木层(分别占17.52%和2.69%),林下植被和凋落物层所占比例最小。林地土壤碳主要集中于表土层,其中0—30 cm土层平均碳储量为52.52 t/hm2,占土壤总碳储量(0—100 cm)的47.99%,土壤氮的分布则无明显规律。相比于纯林,与固氮树种混交的营林方式表现出更大的碳储存能力。3种幼龄人工林生态系统较低的地上与地下部分碳氮分配比,表明其仍具有较强的碳氮固持潜力。     

马尾松-肉桂人工复层林生物量及生产力研究

应用相对生长法和样方收获法研究了广西岑溪市马尾松不同光环境处理下营造的马尾松-肉桂人工复层林的生物量及生产力.结果显示:(1)不同处理中,枯落物层生物量随林分郁闭度的增加而增加,灌木层、草本层生物量则随着林分郁闭度的增加而减少;马尾松-肉桂人工复层林模式下林分的生物量、生产力以及群落总生物量远大于马尾松单层林.(2)不同处理的马尾松-肉桂人工复层林林分净生产量均大于马尾松单层林,且上层林马尾松郁闭度在0.5～0.7条件下与肉桂形成的复层林更有利于提高环境资源的获取能力,其中以马尾松林分郁闭度为0.5、密度781株/hm2以及肉桂密度5 952株/hm2的人工复层林模式的成层性最明显,群落生物量、乔木层生物量、净生产力水平最高,分别达167.64 t/hm2、160.549 t/hm2、9.146 t/(hm2·a),且分别高于马尾松单层林14.9％、18.5％、68.7％,是经济效益和生态效益最理想的复合林模式.研究表明,光环境处理对群落生物量空间分布有显著影响,对林分各器官生物量的分配有较大影响,复层林能提高乔木层生物量在总群落生物量中的分配.人工复层混交林比单层林更有利于提高获取环境资源的能力并增加林分的稳定性.     

干热河谷印楝和大叶相思人工林根系生物量及其分布特征

以元谋干热河谷10年生印楝和大叶相思为研究对象,采用分层挖掘法对印楝纯林、大叶相思纯林及印楝×大叶相思混交林根系生物量及其分布特征进行研究.结果表明:印楝×大叶相思混交林根系总生物量为2.707 t/hm2,介于印楝纯林(2.264t/hm2)和大叶相思纯林(3.405 t/hm2)之间.混交林内主根总生物量为1.057 t/hm2,为印楝纯林和大叶相思纯林的69.9％和69.7％,而除粗根外,混交林内其它径级的侧根(中根、小根和细根)生物量均介于印楝纯林和大叶相思纯林之间,分别为印楝纯林的228.7％、120.1％、450.0％,为大叶相思纯林的71.3％、65.8％和48.8％.干热河谷印楝和大叶相思人工林根系在土壤表层分布比例大,尤其足0-0.2 m土层内,其根系生物量占根系总生物量的63.6％-76.3％.根系垂直累积生物量与土壤深度可用二次方程拟合,拟合方程的二阶导数表明,垂直方向上,印楝纯林根系分布较混交林均匀,而混交林较大叶相思纯林均匀.     

川西山地主要人工林种群根系生物量与生产力

采用标准地法,对四川西部山地主要人工林的根系进行了研究,结果表明(1)用D2H估测单株林木根系生物量的适合模型均以幂函数模型为最佳,所筛选统计模型的相关系数较高,在0.94～0.99之间;(2)根系总生物量大小排序为日本落叶松＞峨眉冷杉＞四川红杉＞川西云杉,分别为37.832、24.907、18.320t/hm2和15.982 t/hm2,各级根的生物量占总根量的比例各不相同;(3)根系生物量集中在分布土层0.00～40.00cm,川西云杉占97.88%,四川红杉占96.78%,峨眉冷杉占95.65%,日本落叶松占99.72%;尤其在0.00～20.00cm土层分布的根最多,分别占77.13%,77.13%,65.02%和80.66%;在0.00～20.00cm,20.00～40.00cm和40.00～60.00cm的各层根系生物量分配比例,川西云杉为34121,四川红杉为2461,峨眉冷杉为1571,日本落叶松为63141;(4)川西云杉、四川红杉、峨眉冷杉和日本落叶松人工林种群根系的生物量密度分别为10.782t/(hm2·m),8.230t/(hm2·m),14.546 t/(hm2·m)和13.211 t/(hm2·m);(5)川西云杉、四川红杉、峨眉冷杉和日本落叶松人工林种群根系生产力分别为0.57、0.83、0.71 t/(hm2·a)和1.64 t/(hm2·a).     

元谋干热河谷20年生人工恢复植被生物量分配与空间结构特征

采用分层收获法,对元谋干热河谷20年生赤桉、新银合欢纯林及其混交林的生物量分配与空间结构进行对比研究.结果表明:混交林林分生物量(82.99t·hm-2)介于赤桉纯林(60.64t·hm-2)与新银合欢纯林(127.79t·hm-2)之间;混交林内赤桉单株平均生物量(44.32kg)较其纯林(29.58kg)提高了49.8%.新银合欢纯林的枝叶生物量分配比例(25.4%)显著高于赤桉纯林(8.9%),且地上部生物量分配比例(78.0%)显著高于赤桉纯林(73.4%).新银合欢纯林及混交林中新银合欢的根系主要分布于0～40cm土层,赤桉纯林及混交林中赤桉的根系则主要分布于0～80cm和0～60cm土层.混交林中新银合欢的侧根(中根、小根和细根)分配比例均高于其纯林,而赤桉则相反.新银合欢的引入在一定程度上可促进赤桉生长,尤其是增加其地上部生物量及表层土壤(0～20cm)中的侧根生物量,对该地区的水土保持具有重要意义.     

近自然化改造对马尾松和杉木人工林生物量及其分配的影响

近自然化改造作为森林新增碳汇的最有希望的选择之一,将如何通过改变林分结构影响林分生物量和生产力进而影响林分固碳能力和潜力目前尚不清楚,因此,了解近自然化改造对人工林生物量及其分配的影响,对人工林生态系统碳管理具有重要意义。以马尾松近自然化改造林(P(CN))、马尾松未改造纯林(P(CK))、杉木近自然改造林(C(CN))和杉木未改造纯林(C(CK))4种人工林为研究对象,采用样方调查和生物量实测的方法,分析4种林分生物量差异,旨在揭示近自然化改造对马尾松和杉木人工林生物量及其分配的影响。结果表明:马尾松杉木人工林近自然化改造通过调整林分结构显著提升马尾松和杉木人工林生物量和生产力,8a后马尾松和杉木林分生物量分别增加46.71%和37.24%。乔木层生物量在林分生物量总量中占主导地位(95.48%-98.82%),并对林分生态系统总生物量变化起决定性作用。林分生物量和生产力的增加主要因为近自然化改造改变了林分群落结构,进而提高了乔木层生产力。研究结果表明,合理的经营措施不仅可以改善林分结构,提升林分生产力,并可为增强植被固碳能力创造有利条件。     

树种相互作用、林分密度和树木大小对华北落叶松生产力的影响

本研究以塞罕坝地区华北落叶松纯林、白桦纯林和华北落叶松与白桦混交林为对象,每种林分类型设置2个林分密度(200～340和880～1100株·hm^-2)。基于树木大小分层取样,采集树芯样本668条。运用线性混合模型,分析了树种相互作用、林分密度和树木大小对华北落叶松生产力的影响。结果表明: 华北落叶松断面积生长量不同程度地受竞争、胸径、年龄和邻体密度的影响;在林分密度较高的混交林中,由于白桦对华北落叶松生长的促进作用,落叶松生产力发生明显的增益效应;在林分密度较低的混交林中,落叶松和白桦之间不发生相互作用,2个树种的生产力均低于相应的纯林;种内竞争是影响华北落叶松生产力的主要因素;树木大小对华北落叶松生产力产生积极的影响,但影响程度因林分密度和树种组成而异。适当增加林分密度和选择白桦作为混交树种可以提高华北落叶松生产力。     

马尾松人工林生物量与生产力研究进展

森林生物量与生产力是研究森林生态系统结构与功能的基本数据。马尾松(Pinus massoniana)作为我国南方重要的用材树种, 其生物量与生产力问题研究历来受到广泛关注。在回顾马尾松人工林生物量与生产力问题研究背景、历史、现状及其进展的基础上, 重点阐述以下几个方面的问题: 1)个体以及林分尺度上马尾松人工林生物量与生产力动态及其分配特征; 2)不同经营措施(立地条件、初植密度、混交措施、抚育间伐及施肥等)对马尾松生物量与生产力的影响; 3)围绕马尾松人工林生产力形成的气候机制问题, 以近年来广泛运用于该方面问题研究的树木年轮学方法为切入,对影响马尾松人工林生产力过程的气候因子进行梳理、整合, 以期全面阐述马尾松人工林生物量与生产力问题研究的相关进展, 在我国森林质量精准提升背景下为马尾松人工林的生产经营提供理论参考。     

广西大青山南亚热带马尾松、杉木混交林生态系统碳素积累和分配特征

选取广西大青山3个13年生马尾松、杉木混交林样区,研究其生态系统的碳素积累和分配特征。结果表明,混交林中两个树种的碳素含量各异。马尾松干、根、枝的碳素含量较高,分别为58·6%、56·3%、51·2%,叶和皮含量较低,变化幅度为46·8%~56·3%。各器官中按碳素含量的高低排列顺序为:干>根>枝>皮>叶;杉木皮、叶、干的碳素含量较高,分别为52·2%、51·8%、50·2%,碳素含量从高到低依次为:皮>叶>干>根>枝。从两个树种各器官碳总含量来看,马尾松要高于杉木。灌木层、草本层及地表凋落物层碳素平均含量分别为44·1%、33·0%及48·3%。土壤3个层次(60cm深)碳素含量为1·45%~1·84%,各层次碳素含量分布不均,表层(0~20cm)土壤碳素含量较高。针叶混交林乔木层生物量(t·hm-2)为85·35~101·35,平均为93·83,且均以马尾松生物量居多(占75·7%~82·6%)。混交林生态系统碳库的空间分布序列为土壤层>植被层>凋落物层。植被层的碳贮量平均为51·91t·hm-2,占整个生态系统碳总贮量的29·03%;乔木层碳贮量占整个生态系统的23·90%,占植被层碳贮量的97·7%。乔木层碳贮量中,马尾松占的比例较大,为65·39%。碳贮量在两个树种各器官中的分配,基本与各自的生物量成正比例关系,树干的碳贮量均最高,马尾松、杉木的树干碳贮量分别占各自碳贮量的53·23%、55·57%,树干的碳总贮量占乔木层碳总贮量的54%。其次,两个树种根也占较大比例,树根碳总贮量占乔木层碳总贮量的19·22%。马尾松、杉木枝、皮在各自碳的贮量中分配不同,马尾松枝占的比例要大于皮,而杉木则相反;凋落物层碳贮量平均为3·25t·hm-2,仅占1·82%;林地土壤层(0~60cm)碳贮量是相当可观的,平均为123·43t·hm-2,占69·02%。马尾松、杉木混交林年净生产力为11·46t·hm-2·a-1,有机碳年净固定量为5·96t·hm-2·a-1,折合成CO2的量为21·88t·hm-2·a-1。     

重庆酸雨区马尾松香樟混交林的土壤化学性质和林木生长特征

为给遭受酸化危害的重庆马尾松(Pinus massoniana)纯林的恢复与管理提供科学依据,在属于酸雨区的重庆市江北区铁山坪林场,调查了马尾松香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)混交林的土壤化学性质和林木生长状况,并与毗邻的马尾松纯林和香樟纯林进行了比较。结果表明,与马尾松纯林相比,混交林腐殖质层和土壤酸度降低,交换性盐基离子Ca2+和Mg2+含量增加,酸性阳离子Al3+和H+含量明显减少(p0.05)。混交林马尾松树冠下腐殖质层和0–60cm土层马尾松细根的干重、长度、表面积、体积和根尖数的总密度都显著低于马尾松纯林(p0.05),比值分别为0.44、0.71、0.59、0.46和0.71,马尾松树高显著低于马尾松纯林(p0.05),其针叶变色率为15%,显著高于马尾松纯林(p0.05),香樟的生长特征与香樟纯林相似。结果说明,尽管混交林的土壤化学性质优于马尾松纯林,但林中马尾松的生长状况表现出了明显的恶化迹象,而香樟依然比较健康,这可能与香樟具有明显的竞争优势有关。因此,在利用香樟营造与马尾松的混交林来改善遭受酸化危害的马尾松纯林的生长状况时,应注意调控香樟的竞争优势。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes

Among tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), Na⁺/K⁺/Cl^? cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.