斑翅肩花蝽对铁杉球蚜的捕食作用

室内用铁杉球Adelges tsugae Annand(Hemlock woolly adelgids)蚜卵、1～4龄若虫、成虫饲养斑翅肩花蝽Tetraphleps galchanoides Ghauri,研究斑翅肩花蝽对铁杉球蚜Adelges tsugae Annand(Hemlock woolly adelgids)的捕食效应。结果表明,斑翅肩花蝽对铁杉球蚜的捕食功能反应属于HollingⅡ型反应,对球蚜密度的捕食干扰反应可能存在种内的干扰作用。对于同一发育期同一密度猎物,斑翅肩花蝽成虫或若虫在高密度条件下的日均捕食量均显著高于低猎物密度下的日均捕食量;而对于不同发育期不同密度猎物,斑翅肩花蝽在低猎物密度时对测定的铁杉球蚜6个不同虫态无明显选择性;在中、高密度时斑翅肩花蝽对测定的铁杉球蚜的不同虫态表现出明显喜好性差异,若虫最喜好食铁杉球蚜卵和1龄若虫,成虫最喜好食铁杉球蚜4龄若虫和成虫。为评价和利用斑翅肩花蝽对铁杉球蚜防治作用进行了讨论。     

异色飘虫幼虫对桃大尾蚜的捕食作用

试验研究了异色飘虫二－四龄幼虫对桃大尾蚜低龄和高龄若蚜的捕食作用,对低龄若蚜的捕食作用,三龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为40头以上时显著高于二龄幼虫,四龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为70头以上时显著高于三龄幼虫。对高龄若蚜的捕食作用,三龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为20头以上时显著或极显著高于二龄幼虫,四龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为30头以上时显著高于三龄幼虫。异色飘虫二－四龄幼虫对桃大尾蚜低龄和高龄若蚜的捕食功能反应均为HollingⅡ型。用a/Th来评价天敌对害虫的控制能力,异色飘虫蚴虫龄期愈大,对桃大尾蚜控制作用愈强。     

胡萝卜微管蚜孤雌蚜虫龄特征及鉴别

【目的】明确胡萝卜微管蚜Semiaphis heraclei孤雌蚜虫龄的鉴别特征,实现快速和准确识别虫龄的目的。【方法】采用显微成像技术,测量胡萝卜微管蚜孤雌世代无翅型与有翅型不同虫龄的体长、体宽、头壳宽、触角长、中胸宽、腹管长、尾片长和后足胫节长8项指标,采用LSD多重比较方法对8项指标的测量值进行虫龄间方差分析,并将测量值与虫龄数进行线性回归分析。【结果】胡萝卜微管蚜的8个形态特征指标在虫龄间均存在显著差异（P <0.01）,触角长和后足胫节长在无翅型和有翅型的各龄间均无重叠,可作为该种虫龄识别的主要指标;尾片长在无翅型3龄与4龄若蚜间、有翅型4龄若蚜与成蚜间有部分重叠,可作为识别虫龄的的次要指标。根据触角节数可以区分1龄和其它虫龄,尾片发达程度可以区分若蚜和成蚜,中胸膨大具翅芽是有翅型3-4龄若蚜的典型特征。【结论】利用外部形态可以对胡萝卜微管蚜进行龄期鉴别,以触角长和后足胫节长为主要指标,结合尾片长、触角节数、翅芽有无及尾片发达程度等指标可实现对胡萝卜微管蚜孤雌蚜不同翅型虫龄的快速识别。     

河南新乡小麦区荻草谷网蚜的冬季耐寒性研究

为给荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi的准确预测预报提供理论依据,本研究利用过冷却点(Supercooling point,SCP)、低温暴露死亡率和冷识别温度(80％死亡率时的温度)等昆虫耐寒性指标评价低温条件下不同发育阶段该虫的耐寒能力.结果表明,荻草谷网蚜各发育阶段的SCP变化范围为-27.10～-12.23℃,SCP为1龄若蚜>2龄若蚜>有翅孤雌成蚜>无翅孤雌成蚜>4龄若蚜>3龄若蚜,其中1龄和2龄若蚜的SCP均显著高于3龄和4龄的SCP(P<0.01),3龄和4龄若蚜的SCP无显著性差异(P>0.05),无翅孤雌成蚜与其它发育阶段蚜虫的SCP均无显著性差异(P>0.05);两种虫态的低温存活率和冷识别温度分析表明,在-10～-8℃不同低温下,荻草谷网蚜1龄若蚜低温存活率均显著高于初羽化有翅成蚜的低温存活率(P<0.05),1龄若蚜和初羽化有翅成蚜的冷识别温度分别为-8.5℃和-7.9℃;两种虫态在0℃经过4 h冷驯化后,1龄若蚜和初羽化有翅成蚜在2 h的存活率提升最高,分别为62％和64％,均显著高于无冷驯化的对照组(P<0.05).本研究结果充分说明了荻草谷网蚜具有极强的耐低温适应能力,结合河南新乡近5年冬季极端低温数据,本文推测该虫能在冬季极端低温高于其冷识别温度的年份在当地越冬.     

有翅和无翅豌豆蚜中翅型分化信号通路相关微小RNA及其靶基因的表达差异

【目的】前期研究发现麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae孤雌蚜有翅和无翅个体中存在很多差异表达的微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA),本研究旨在进一步明确这些miRNA在豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum中发挥作用的发育阶段,探索miRNA调控孤雌蚜翅两型性分化的机制。【方法】选择在麦长管蚜有翅蚜和无翅蚜中显著差异表达,且靶基因为蜕皮激素、胰岛素信号通路及翅型发育关键基因的5个miRNA(Let-7,miR-92a, miR-92b, miR-92a-1-p5和miR-277),利用qPCR检测这些miRNA及其靶标基因在豌豆蚜3-4龄若蚜和成虫有翅和无翅个体中的表达谱;同时利用双荧光素酶活性检测法对上述miRNA的靶基因进行验证。【结果】表达谱分析发现,这5个miRNA在豌豆蚜成虫中表达量均高于其在若蚜中的表达量,而其预测的靶基因在4龄若蚜中的表达量均高于其在成虫中的表达量,表明miRNA对其靶基因的调控作用可能集中在成虫阶段。分析豌豆蚜有翅和无翅个体中5个miRNA的表达情况发现,在成虫有翅个体中5个miRNA的表达量均高于无翅个体中的,其中miR-277表达差异最显著,成虫有翅个体中的表达量是无翅个体中表达量的7.5倍;其次为Let-7,表达差异达3倍。而Let-7在3龄有翅若蚜和无翅若蚜中表达差异最显著,有翅个体中的表达量是无翅个体中的37.8倍;其次为miR-277,表达差异达7.6倍。比较5个miRNA与其靶基因在豌豆蚜3-4龄若蚜及成虫有翅和无翅个体中的表达发现,miRNA Let-7和miR-92b的表达趋势分别与其靶基因abrupt和Foxo的基本相反。荧光素酶活性检测结果显示,Let-7的真实靶标为abrupt,共转染Let-7模拟物后与对照相比,荧光素酶活性下降53%,达极显著水平。其他miRNA与靶标基因的互作不显著。【结论】首次发现miRNA对豌豆蚜孤雌蚜翅型分化相关基因的调控可能发生在成虫阶段。Let-7可能通过调控abrupt基因参与孤雌蚜翅型分化。该研究为进一步探索miRNA参与孤雌蚜翅两型性分化的机制奠定了基础。     

麦长管蚜虫龄鉴别特征

【目的】为明确麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)虫龄鉴别特征, 达到快速鉴别的目的。【方法】在成像观察的基础上, 测定无翅型和有翅型个体不同虫龄的体长、 体宽、 头壳宽、 触角长、 腹管长和后足胫节长6项指标。【结果】麦长管蚜不同翅型个体的体长、 体宽、 头壳宽、 触角长、 腹管长和后足胫节长在虫龄间均存在显著差异, 其中体长、 体宽、 头壳宽和触角长在相邻虫龄之间重叠程度大, 后足胫节长的重叠百分比极小或无重叠; 除有翅型个体4龄若蚜和成蚜之间存在13.93%的重叠外, 腹管长在不同翅型的其他相邻虫龄之间重叠百分比均极小或无重叠, 说明后足胫节长和腹管长可作为虫龄鉴定的主要特征。翅、 触角和尾片的其他外部形态特征在虫龄间也存在一定差异： 3-4龄有翅型若蚜和成蚜虫个体前胸的膨大程度及其翅的长度明显大于同一龄期的无翅型个体, 可用于蚜虫翅型的分辨以及3-4龄有翅若蚜和成蚜的鉴别; 麦长管蚜1和2龄若蚜触角均为5节, 3-4龄若蚜和成蚜的触角均为6节; 同时, 除了成蚜具有完整的尾片外, 1-4龄若蚜尾片均不发达, 说明触角的节数和尾片的发达程度可作为麦长管蚜不同龄期形态鉴别的辅助特征。【结论】以腹管和后足胫节作为麦长管蚜虫龄鉴别的主要特征, 配合其他辅助特征, 如翅的大小、 触角的节数以及尾片的发达程度等, 可达到快速鉴别不同翅型不同龄期蚜虫的目的。     

灰茶尺蠖对不同茶树品种取食选择与适应性及与茶树叶片营养成分的关系

【目的】明确灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens Warren对不同茶树Camellia sinensis品种叶片的取食选择性,以及不同茶树品种叶片对灰茶尺蠖生长发育的影响,以探讨灰茶尺蠖对茶树品种的适应机制。【方法】首先测定灰茶尺蠖幼虫对11个茶树品种叶片的取食选择性,并从中选择5个茶树品种测定其叶片生化成分(水分、可溶性糖、茶多酚和游离氨基酸)含量,以分析灰茶尺蠖取食选择性与茶树生化成分的关系;用筛选出来的5个茶树品种叶片饲喂灰茶尺蠖,测定不同茶树品种对灰茶尺蠖生长发育的影响。【结果】灰茶尺蠖幼虫对11个茶树品种叶片的取食选择性从大到小依次为:平阳特早舒茶早中黄2号越香早中黄1号岚里香漕溪1号玉露1号福鼎大白陕茶1号苏玉黄。线性回归分析表明,灰茶尺蠖取食选择性与茶树叶片含水量和可溶性糖含量呈正相关,与茶多酚和游离氨基酸含量呈负相关,说明灰茶尺蠖幼虫偏好取食含水量和可溶性糖含量高的茶树叶片,不喜食茶多酚和游离氨基酸含量高的叶片。不同茶树品种叶片可显著影响灰茶尺蠖低龄幼虫、预蛹和蛹的发育历期,对成虫寿命、末龄幼虫体重、蛹重、幼虫存活率、成虫羽化率、单雌产卵量、取食量和食物利用率均无显著影响。【结论】茶树的生化成分影响着灰茶尺蠖的取食选择,而灰茶尺蠖可通过改变取食策略等方式来适应寄主植物。     

日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂与其寄主豆蚜的相互作用：寄主龄期选择及其对发育的影响

在25℃下研究了日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus japonicus Ashmead对寄主豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch龄期的选择和被寄生豆蚜的龄期对蚜茧蜂发育的影响。结果表明：在混合虫态寄主中,日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂通常选择较小龄期的若蚜寄生,其中2龄若蚜的相对被寄生率最高,为26.4%;其次是1龄若蚜,为20.6%;无翅成蚜与3、4龄有翅若蚜和成蚜的相对被寄生率较低。日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂的寄生延长了豆蚜若蚜的发育,其中1龄若蚜被寄生后,１～３龄历期显著延长;有翅3龄若蚜被寄生后,３、４龄历期明显延长;但无翅和有翅4龄若蚜被寄生后的发育历期均不受影响。各龄若蚜被寄生后羽化的成蚜寿命明显缩短,其中,被寄生的1龄若蚜不能发育至成蚜,其它较早龄期被寄生的若蚜羽化的成蚜繁殖力均显著降低。寄生时寄主的发育期也影响寄生蜂的发育,2龄豆蚜被寄生时的日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂个体发育最快,为194.10 h;1龄寄主被寄生时蚜茧蜂的发育最慢,需215.80 h。并对不同发育期蚜虫总蛋白质和总糖原含量进行了测定。     

不同小麦品种对有翅与无翅型禾谷缢管蚜生长发育与繁殖的影响

室内采用水培小麦法饲养禾谷缢管蚜Rhopolosiphum padi(L.),比较了有翅与无翅型禾谷缢管蚜若虫发育历期、成虫寿命、繁殖力和日均体重增长量.结果表明,不同小麦品种上有翅型和无翅型若虫发育历期均存在显著差异;同时产若蚜数量、每代产若蚜数和腹中胚胎数均存在显著差异,而成蚜寿命、产若蚜历期和产若蚜代数差异不显著...     

蕾铃期棉蚜种群动态及年龄结构变化和受寄生的关系

本文描述了1983年棉花蕾铃期棉蚜发生情况。从7月上旬到9月上旬发生量超过往年同期的10倍。绘出了蚜虫数量的对数值和生理时间关系图,描述了棉蚜种群下降过程中年龄结构变化及其与寄生率变化的关系。在棉蚜种群下降过程中Ⅰ龄若蚜占百分比下降表明成蚜生殖力下降。高密度组Ⅱ龄若蚜百分比下降,表明Ⅰ龄若蚜死亡率增大。高密度组成虫比例下降是因为有翅若蚜比例高。上述年龄结构变化和寄生率关系密切,表明蚜群下降到低水平时寄生率上升不完全由于寄生蜂增殖,而Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄若蚜比例下降、有翅若蚜增加和高龄若蚜比例上升中是重要原因。棉株不同位置棉蚜寄生率没有差异。寄生率和单位面积内的蚜虫密度有关。     

无翅茶蚜对茶树挥发物的触角电生理和行为反应

分别使用昆虫触角电位仪(EAG)和四臂嗅觉仪,测定了无翅茶蚜Toxopteraaurantii Boyer对14种茶树挥发性化合物、14种挥发物中"绿叶气味"组成的混合物(GLV)、14种挥发物的混合物(ACB)、以及新鲜嫩叶、芽、嫩茎、成叶和茶蚜为害嫩叶(ADYL)的EAG反应和行为反应。ACB引出最大的EAG反应值,茶树挥发物主要组分Z-3-己烯-1-醇、E-2-己烯醛、n-己醇、水杨酸甲酯和苯甲醇也引起较大的EAG反应值。4种正常茶梢的器官也引出较大的EAG反应,以嫩叶最强、依次为芽、嫩茎和成叶。有趣的是ADYL引出弱的负的EAG值。用嗅觉仪进行的生物测定表明,嫩叶以及主要的茶梢挥发性成分乙酸-Z-3-己烯酯、水杨酸甲酯、E-2-己烯-1-醇和Z-3-己烯-1-醇等也具有较强引诱活性。研究显示无翅茶蚜可能利用茶梢挥发物作为利它素而寻觅适宜的取食场所,如茶树嫩梢。     

Host selection, development, survival, and reproduction of turnip aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on green and red cabbage varieties

Host selection, development, survival, and reproduction of the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), on selected green and red cabbage varieties, Brassicae oleracea L. variety capitata, were studied in the laboratory. Although numbers of alate L. erysimi on different varieties varied generally, more alate adults and nymphs were observed on green than on red varieties on day 3; whereas, these differences were not so significant on day 15. There were no significant differences in alate adults on all six varieties on day 15. Numbers of nymphs and apterous adults of L. erysimi varied among the varieties. When mean numbers of those aphids on green varieties were compared with those on red varieties, the green varieties had more nymphs and apterous adults than those on the red varieties. Developmental durations of L. erysimi nymphs also varied among all varieties, and the nymphs fed on green varieties developed longer than those fed on red varieties. Adult longevities on these cabbage varieties were not significantly different; whereas, the adult fecundities were. Survival rates of L. erysimi varied greatly among all varieties, but there are no significant differences between the green and red varieties. Factors that might affect aphid host selection, growth, longevity, fecundity, and survivorship were discussed.     

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶衰老及粒重的影响

在防雨池栽培条件下,研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶衰老和粒重的影响.结果表明：各氮肥处理下,小麦旗叶SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和光合速率（P_n）均表现为：花后土壤含水量60%～70%处理>80%～90%处理>40%～50%处理,小麦旗叶丙二醛（MDA）含量表现为：花后土壤含水量40%～50%处理>80%～90%处理>60%～70%处理,表明花后土壤含水量过高或过低均可导致小麦旗叶早衰,影响籽粒灌浆,降低粒重.在花后相同土壤含水量条件下,旗叶SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD活性、CAT活性和P_n均随施氮量的增加而升高,MDA含量随施氮量的增加而降低,表明增施氮肥可以延缓小麦旗叶衰老,但过量施用氮肥则不利于小麦粒重的提高,尤其是在花后土壤缺水的情况下,施用过多氮肥可导致小麦粒重下降.在小麦生产中可以将施用氮肥和控制花后土壤水分含量相结合,延缓小麦植株衰老,提高粒重.     

Feeding and oviposition preference of Helopeltis theivora （Hemiptera： Miridae） on tea in Northeast India

Feeding and oviposition preference studies of Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse, on leaves and stems of tea, Camellia sinensis L.（O）Kuntze, revealed that the insect mostly preferred the second leaf for feeding in comparison to the first, and the third leaf and stems; while the fifth instar nymphs were the most voracious feeders among the life stages, producing themost and largest feeding lesions. The insect preferred to oviposit mainly on stems and very few eggs are found on leaves.     

Several changes of Indocalamus leaf active ingredients contents

In this paper, the leaves of Indocalamus herklotsii, Indocalamus decorus, and Indocalamus latifolius were collected from Nanjing in different seasons to study the seasonal changes of the total flavonoids, tea polyphenols, and soluble sugar contents in the leaves. There existed significant differences in the test active ingredients contents among the leaves of the three Indocalamus species. The leaf total flavonoids content of the three Indocalamus species in different seasons ranged in 1.7%-2.7%, being the highest for I. herklotsii and I. decorus in spring and for I. latifolius in winter. The leaf tea polyphenols content varied from 5.5% to 7.6%; and the leaf soluble sugar content was 1.0%-8.5%, with the maximum in spring. Within the three months after leaf unfolding, the active ingredients contents in I. herklotsii and I. decorus leaves increased with leaf age. The optimal period for harvesting Indocalamus leaves was from December to next March. Among the three Indocalamus species, I. latifolius had the highest contents of the three active ingredients in leaves, suggesting that I. latifolius had greater potential value in the utilization of its leaf active ingredients than the other two species.     

不同施氮量对乌龙茶生长和生理的影响

以武夷肉桂为研究对象,研究不同施氮量对乌龙茶幼龄茶树生长和生理的影响。结果表明,幼龄茶树对氮肥的需求不强烈,其新梢生物量、根生物量和总生物量以及茶叶产量随施氮量的增加而下降。茶树新梢全氮、叶绿素、游离氨基酸、茶多酚和咖啡碱的含量随施氮量的增加而增加,而茶树碳氮比随着施氮量增加而下降;但施氮并没有影响茶树总碳含量。老叶叶绿素含量、根全氮和硝态氮含量、新梢总糖含量与施氮量呈二次曲线回归关系,适度施氮促进根对氮的吸收、老叶叶绿素合成和新梢总糖代谢,过度施氮则相反。新梢生物量与其硝态氮含量和游离氨基酸总量显著负相关;根生物量与根碳氮比和新梢咖啡碱含量显著负相关;茎叶生物量和总生物量与根含氮量显著正相关,但与新梢硝态氮和氨基酸含量显著负相关。过度施氮造成茶树生产力下降的主要原因是因为过度施氮极显著提高了茶树氨基酸代谢水平,使用于茶树生长的碳代谢产物（如总糖）减少,进而影响茶树的生长。     

甘南高寒草甸植物元素含量与土壤因子对坡向梯度的响应

通过测定甘南高寒草甸不同坡向条件下25科86种植物叶片氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)含量、有机碳(C)含量、叶片含水量和相对叶绿素(SPAD)值,以及不同坡向的土壤含水量、有机碳、全氮、全磷含量等土壤指标,分析了不同坡向植物叶片元素含量与土壤环境因子之间的关系。研究结果表明,在南坡-北坡梯度上,随着土壤含水量的增加,植物叶片P含量、叶K含量和叶片含水量显著增加,而相对叶绿素显著降低。土壤养分含量与植物叶片P、叶K含量和叶含水量显著正相关,与叶片相对叶绿素显著负相关。说明不同坡向条件下叶片养分含量受土壤因子的影响显著,土壤的水分及养分状况对植物叶片元素含量的贡献不同。土壤含水量是坡向梯度上影响植物叶片特征的最主要因子。坡向梯度上土壤含水量对植物叶片各种元素含量的影响和植物叶片含水量对不同土壤因子的响应模式支持了生长在南坡的植物能以提高水分和养分利用效率而适应南坡较为干旱和贫瘠的生境。     

Correlation of Dispersibility of Proteins with that of Selenium in Teas

Selenium-enriched tea was suggested as a possible source of supplemental Se. The result of this study indicates that it is not practicable to make selenium-enriched tea as a beverage like traditional green tea or black tea for the supplementation of selenium in human diet. The selenium dispersibilities of fresh tea leaves, green tea, and black tea highly correlated with those of protein (r ² = 0.998). The high protein dispersibility (85.0%) of fresh tea leaves in water solution was accompanied by that of selenium (93.8%). Decreases in protein dispersibility of green tea and black tea to 2.5% and 4.2 % coincided with those of selenium to only 8.3% and 10.1%, respectively. The amount (14.90 μg) of selenium in saturated ammonium sulphate (a protein precipitating reagent) precipitate was 83.8% of that (17.79 μg) in fresh tea leaf extract, and after the saturated ammonium sulphate precipitate was dialyzed against distilled water overnight, the amount (14.37 μg) of selenium remaining in the dialyzed precipitate (protein) was still 80.8% of that in the fresh tea leaf extract. However, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the amount of selenium in the saturated ammonium sulphate precipitate and that in the saturated ammonium sulphate precipitate that was dialyzed.     

利用叶色特征监测小麦叶片的碳氮状况

研究了不同土壤水氮条件下小麦 (Triticumaestivum) 抽穗后叶片碳氮状况及其比例与叶片叶色 (SPAD值 ) 的关系。结果表明, 小麦中后期叶片氮含量和可溶性糖含量与顶部 3张叶片叶色 (SPAD值 ) 均呈显著的指数正相关, 其相关程度大小为L1>L2 >L3, 但与不同叶位叶色间的差值或比值相关并不显著 ;而叶片碳氮比与各叶位叶色相关不显著, 但与顶 1叶和顶 3叶的叶色差值呈极显著直线相关, 据此建立了基于叶色特征的叶片氮含量、可溶性糖含量和碳氮比监测模型, 检验结果显示, 顶 1叶叶色和顶 1叶与顶 3叶叶色的差值可用来有效地评估小麦叶片的碳、氮含量及碳氮比状况。     

Seasonal variation in stomatal conductance and physiological factors observed in a secondary warm-temperate forest

This study quantified stomatal conductance in a CO₂-fertilized warm-temperate forest. The study considered five items: (1) the characteristics of the diurnal and seasonal variation, (2) simultaneous measurements of canopy-scale fluxes of heat and CO₂ and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), (3) the stomatal conductance of sunlit and shaded leaves, (4) a stomatal conductance model, and (5) the effects of leaf age on stomatal conductance. Sampled plants included evergreen and deciduous species. Stomatal conductance, SPAD, and leaf nitrogen content were measured between March and December 2001. Sunlit leaves had the largest diurnal and seasonal variation in conductance in terms of both magnitude and variability. In contrast, shaded leaves had only low conductance and slight variation. Stomatal conductance increased sharply in new shooting leaves of Quercus serrata until reaching a maximum 2 months after full leaf expansion. The seasonal changes in the canopy-scale heat and CO₂ fluxes were similar to the change in the canopy-scale NDVI of the upper-canopy plants. These seasonal changes were correlated with the leaf-level H₂O/CO₂ exchanges of upper-canopy plants, although these did not represent the stomatal conductance in fall completely. Seasonal variations in the leaf nitrogen content and SPAD were similar, except leaf foliation, until day 130 of the year, when the behaviors were completely the opposite. A Jarvis-type model was used to estimate the stomatal conductance. We modified it to include SPAD as a measure of leaf age. The seasonal variation in stomatal conductance was not as sensitive to SPAD, although estimates for evergreen species showed improvements.