美国白蛾丝氨酸蛋白酶基因HcSP1的克隆、时空表达及对取食不同寄主植物的表达响应

【目的】为探究美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea在寄主转换过程中的消化生理机制奠定基础。【方法】通过筛选美国白蛾cDNA文库,克隆美国白蛾丝氨酸蛋白酶基因。荧光定量PCR检测该基因在美国白蛾不同发育阶段的表达特性;半定量RT-PCR和荧光定量PCR分别检测该基因在美国白蛾5龄幼虫体内不同组织中的分布及表达特性;荧光定量PCR检测取食不同寄主植物(美洲黑杨Populus deltoides,日本晚樱Cerasus serrulata var.lannesiana,山樱花Cerasus serrulata,喜树Camptotheca acuminata和法国梧桐Platanus orientalis)叶片后美国白蛾4龄幼虫中该基因的表达量。【结果】克隆获得美国白蛾丝氨酸蛋白酶基因HcSP1(GenBank登录号:MH663425),开放阅读框长882 bp,编码293个氨基酸,预测分子量为30.5 kD,理论等电点预测为9.86。编码蛋白N末端疏水区包含15个氨基酸组成的信号肽;具有丝氨酸蛋白酶的典型特征,即氨基酸序列中具有组氨酸(His)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)以及丝氨酸(Ser)残基组成的酶活性催化中心三元件;具有明显的胰蛋白酶前体的特征,即具有信号肽、激活肽以及胰蛋白酶N末端保守的起始氨基酸序列(IVGG)。NCBI BLAST比对结果表明美国白蛾HcSP1与其他鳞翅目昆虫丝氨酸蛋白酶的氨基酸序列一致性在50%～70%之间。荧光定量PCR结果显示,HcSP1在美国白蛾幼虫不同发育阶段的相对表达量呈现动态的变化,并随着幼虫虫龄的增长呈现上升趋势。半定量RT-PCR及荧光定量PCR结果显示,HcSP1在美国白蛾5龄幼虫头部、唾液腺、中肠、脂肪体、表皮、马氏管和血淋巴等组织中均有表达且在幼虫中肠中表达量极高。与取食其他寄主植物叶片相比,美国白蛾取食喜树叶片后HcSP1的相对表达量明显升高,并显著高于取食其他寄主植物。【结论】本研究克隆获得美国白蛾丝氨酸蛋白酶基因HcSP1,检测了其在美国白蛾不同发育阶段、不同组织以及取食不同寄主植物叶片后的表达量,为探究美国白蛾在寄主转换过程中消化生理的机制奠定基础,也为美国白蛾的防治提供新的思路。     

不同寄主植物对绿盲蝽成虫形态发育的影响

本文探讨了桃树、枣树、茶树及棉花4种不同寄主植物对绿盲蝽成虫形态发育的影响。通过田间采集4种寄主上绿盲蝽成虫,从体长、体宽、口针长、头宽和体重等指标比较不同寄主植物绿盲蝽的差异。结果表明,棉花绿盲蝽雌雄虫的体长、体宽、口针长、头宽均显著大于其他3种寄主植物。在体重上,雌虫和雄虫均表现出棉花＞茶树＞枣树＞桃树的规律,而且棉花绿盲蝽显著高于桃树绿盲蝽。试验表明,不同寄主植物对绿盲蝽成虫的形态发育有明显影响。在这4种寄主中,棉花极显著利于绿盲蝽成虫的形态发育。     

Relative preferences of Apolygus lucorum adults for six host species and their volatiles

针对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)6种主要寄主,分别于5～10叶期和花蕾期,采用室内“Y”型嗅觉仪和田间罩笼接虫方法,研究了绿盲蝽成虫对不同寄主及其挥发物的选择趋势.田间罩笼接虫试验结果表明:5～10叶期的茼蒿、国抗22及泗棉3号上绿盲蝽虫量居多,绿豆次之,大豆和豇豆上的较少;花蕾期的茼蒿、绿豆、国抗22及泗棉3号上绿盲蝽较多,而豇豆、大豆上较少.以5～10叶期和花蕾期的上述6种寄主为实验材料,以无寄主花盆为空白对照,每期各成对设置17个气源组合,采用室内“Y”型嗅觉仪测定绿盲蝽成虫对这6种寄主气源的选择趋性.不同气源组合测定结果表明,绿盲蝽对5～10叶期植物性气源的选择趋势为:国抗22＞茼蒿＞绿豆＞泗棉3号＞大豆＞豇豆;绿盲蝽对花蕾期植物性气源的选择趋势为:绿豆＞茼蒿＞国抗22＞泗棉3号＞豇豆＞大豆.上述不同选择性试验结果综合表明,绿盲蝽成虫对5～10叶期和花蕾期不同寄主的选择趋势基本一致.     

棉花主要害虫绿盲蝽转录组动态变化特征及其与棉铃虫和棉蚜的比较分析

绿盲蝽(Apolygus lucorum)危害多种植物,是主要的农业害虫之一.本文对绿盲蝽3个不同发育期,包括二龄若虫、四龄若虫和成虫的转录组测序和分析,获得了98236条绿盲蝽单基因簇(unigenes),平均长度1335 nt,其中50640条获得了功能注释,包括大量消化酶和细胞色素P450基因.将其与棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)和棉蚜(Aphis gossypii)的转录组做比较分析,发现绿盲蝽消化酶基因的丰富性介于棉铃虫和棉蚜之间,揭示了绿盲蝽作为细胞取食者的特征.同时,本研究分析了绿盲蝽从幼年到成年的过程中基因表达的动态变化.高质量的转录组数据和基因表达谱为深入研究盲蝽类害虫的生理和发育、寻找防治新策略提供了宝贵的数据.     

两种防治措施下转Bt基因棉田绿盲蝽的发生与为害

2002年在河北省南皮县对2种防治措施下转Bt基因田绿盲蝽LyguslucorumMayre的发生与为害进行的系统调查表明,采用生物农药和低毒化学农药防治4次,Bt棉田绿盲蝽的发生为害较为严重,9月上旬发生高峰期种群密度为7.2头10株,显著高于防治指标,第2代绿盲蝽为害高峰期,叶片被害率为19.4%;采用当地棉农化学防治方法施用农药7次,Bt棉田绿盲蝽发生为害较轻,发生高峰期(8月中旬)种群密度为2.0头10株,第2代绿盲蝽为害高峰期,叶片被害率为4.8%。讨论指出绿盲蝽已成为转Bt基因棉生产中的重要问题,应加快绿盲蝽在转Bt基因棉田的生态调控研究。     

绿盲蝽成虫对六种寄主及其挥发物的选择趋势

针对绿盲蝽Apolyguslucorum（Meyer-Dttr）6种主要寄主,分别于5～10叶期和花蕾期,采用室内“Y”型嗅觉仪和田间罩笼接虫方法,研究了绿盲蝽成虫对不同寄主及其挥发物的选择趋势。田间罩笼接虫试验结果表明：5—10叶期的茼蒿、国抗22及泗棉3号上绿盲蝽虫量居多,绿豆次之,大豆和豇豆上的较少;花蕾期的茼蒿、绿豆、国抗22及泗棉3号上绿盲蝽较多,而豇豆、大豆上较少。以5～10叶期和花蕾期的上述6种寄主为实验材料,以无寄主花盆为空白对照,每期各成对设置17个气源组合,采用室内“Y”型嗅觉仪测定绿盲蝽成虫对这6种寄主气源的选择趋性。不同气源组合测定结果表明,绿盲蝽对5—10叶期植物性气源的选择趋势为：国抗22〉茼蒿〉绿豆〉泗棉3号〉大豆〉豇豆;绿盲蝽对花蕾期植物性气源的选择趋势为：绿豆〉茼蒿〉国抗22〉泗棉3号〉豇豆〉大豆。上述不同选择性试验结果综合表明,绿盲蝽成虫对5—10叶期和花蕾期不同寄主的选择趋势基本一致。     

绿盲蝽取食诱导后棉花叶片内防御酶活力与基因表达量的变化

本研究以抗性棉皖棉小黄花为材料,室内条件下测定绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Mayer-Dür)取食、机械损伤、外源水杨酸和外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导处理后棉叶中苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(pal)、过氧化物酶基因(pod)和过氧化氢酶基因(cat)的相对表达量,并以健康植株为对照。结果表明:绿盲蝽取食诱导与外源信号物质诱导相似,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低;PAL、POD和CAT活力变化与本文中选取的pal、pod和cat基因表达量变化趋势存在差异。本研究说明,绿盲蝽取食既激活了水杨酸介导的防御信号转导途径,也激活了茉莉酸介导的信号转导途径;PAL、POD和CAT 3种酶活力不完全由本文中选取的pal、pod和cat 3个基因所调控。     

Changes in defensive enzyme activity and defensive enzyme gene expression in cotton leaves after feeding by Apolygus lucorum

本研究以抗性棉皖棉小黄花为材料,室内条件下测定绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Mayer-Dür)取食、机械损伤、外源水杨酸和外源茉莉酸甲酯诱导处理后棉叶中苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因(pal)、过氧化物酶基因(pod)和过氧化氢酶基因(cat)的相对表达量,并以健康植株为对照.结果表明:绿盲蝽取食诱导与外源信号物质诱导相似,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低;PAL、POD和CAT活力变化与本文中选取的pal、pod和cat基因表达量变化趋势存在差异.本研究说明,绿盲蝽取食既激活了水杨酸介导的防御信号转导途径,也激活了茉莉酸介导的信号转导途径;PAL、POD和CAT 3种酶活力不完全由本文中选取的pal、pod和cat 3个基因所调控.     

绿盲蝽气味受体基因AlucOR40的克隆及功能研究

【目的】从绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum触角中克隆气味受体基因Aluc OR40,研究该气味受体基因在绿盲蝽不同组织中的表达水平,然后对该基因的功能进行研究,为理解绿盲蝽的嗅觉识别机制提供理论基础。【方法】在绿盲蝽成虫触角转录组测序与分析的基础上,通过PCR技术克隆得到气味受体基因Aluc OR40的全长序列。用半定量RT-PCR研究该基因在雌雄虫不同组织中的表达水平。然后通过爪蟾卵母细胞体外表达该基因,并结合双电极电压钳检测了该气味受体对60种气味分子包括绿盲蝽性信息素组分和植物挥发物的反应。然后,利用触角电位技术测定羽化后3 d的绿盲蝽成虫对Aluc OR40的气味配体的触角电位反应。【结果】克隆了Aluc OR40(Gen Bank登录号:KU886190)。Aluc OR40编码398个氨基酸,蛋白具有7个跨膜结构域,N末端位于胞内,C端位于细胞外,符合昆虫气味受体的典型特征。半定量RT-PCR的结果显示,Aluc OR40在触角中特异表达,且在雄虫触角中的表达水平高于雌虫。双电极电压钳记录结果显示,Aluc OR40只对反-2-己烯醇一种气味分子具有特异反应。EAG实验结果表明,羽化后3 d的绿盲蝽雌雄虫都对反-2-己烯醇有反应,且雄虫触角的EAG反应显著高于雌虫。【结论】结果提示Aluc OR40参与了绿盲蝽对反-2-己烯醇的识别过程,推测其在绿盲蝽交配过程中雄虫对雌虫的识别中发挥作用。     

绿盲蝽毒死蜱抗性和敏感品系乙酰胆碱酯酶-2基因的克隆、序列分析及表达水平

【目的】为了明确绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum乙酰胆碱酯酶-2(acetylcholinesterase-2,ACh E2)与毒死蜱抗性的关系。【方法】本研究利用RACE技术获得了绿盲蝽ACh E2基因(Al-ace2)的全长序列,并检测了Al-ace2在绿盲蝽毒死蜱抗性品系(BZ-R)及敏感品系(SLF和BZ)中的氨基酸序列多态性及mRNA相对表达量。【结果】Al-ace2开放阅读框长1 935 bp,编码644个氨基酸残基;推导的氨基酸序列含有ACh E的典型结构,如催化三联体、氧阴离子洞、胆碱结合位点及围绕活性位点丝氨酸的保守结构域FGESAG。与两个敏感品系(SLF和BZ)相比,绿盲蝽毒死蜱抗性品系BZ-R Al-ace2基因中存在T552M氨基酸替换,发生频率为5%,但此位点氨基酸并不保守,也不靠近活性位点,推测其与抗性无关。在绿盲蝽SLF,BZ和BZ-R品系中,Al-ace1表达量均约为Al-ace2的3倍,且Al-ace2转录水平在3个品系间无显著差异。【结论】结果说明,在绿盲蝽体内ACh E2是次要表达的乙酰胆碱酯酶,该ACh E2可能与绿盲蝽BZ-R品系对毒死蜱的抗性无关。     

Cloning and characterization of chymotrypsin- and trypsin-like cDNAs from the gut of the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)

Fifteen unique cDNA clones encoding trypsin- or chymotrypsin-like proteins were cloned and characterized from a gut cDNA library derived from Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] larvae. Based on sequence similarities, the cDNAs were sorted into five gene groups, which were named MDP1 to MDP5. Two of the gene groups, MDP1 and MDP2, encoded chymotrypsin-like proteins; the other three encoded putative trypsins. All deduced proteins have conserved His(87), Asp(136), and Ser(241) residues for the catalytic triad and three pairs of cysteine residues for disulfide bridge configurations. The substrate specificity determination residue at position 235 was also conserved in the putative trypsins and chymotrypsins. In addition, all the deduced protein precursors had a typical secretion signal peptide and activation peptide. Northern blot analysis revealed that all these gene groups were exclusively expressed in the larval stage. The expression profiles for each gene group differed significantly in different ages of the larva, as well as in different tissues. Protease activity analysis of gut extract, using specific inhibitors, demonstrated that serine proteases were the major digestive enzymes in the gut of M. destructor larvae. Serine protease inhibitors inhibited as much as 90% proteolytic activities of gut extract, whereas inhibitors specific to other proteases, including cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases, and metallo-proteases, inhibited only 10-24% of gut protease activity.     

cDNA cloning and phylogenetic analysis of pancreatic serine proteases from Japanese flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

To better understand the digestive physiology and phylogeny of the pancreatic serine proteases of teleosts, we cloned trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase from flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Fifty phage plaques randomly chosen from a flounder pancreatic cDNA library were found to contain three species of trypsin, two species of chymotrypsin and four species of elastase. cDNAs of two species of carboxypeptidase A, one carboxypeptidase B and lipase were also obtained. In total, 23 out of 24 digestive enzyme cDNAs were those of proteolytic enzymes. Such a high ratio of proteolytic enzyme cDNA in the pancreas may reflect the carnivorous feeding habits of flounder. A phylogenetic comparison of the peptide sequences of flounder enzymes with those of other teleosts and mammals suggested that duplication of trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase occurred before the divergence of the ray finned fish. It is also hypothesized that functional descendants of both duplicated genes of elastase exist in the teleosts and mammals, whereas only one of the genes of trypsin and chymotrypsin gave rise to the functional descendants in the teleosts but not in the mammals.     

Characterization of proteases from a stored product mite, Tyrophagus putrescentiae

Extracts of Tyrophagus putrescentiae feces exhibited higher (>50-fold) specific protease activity rates than those measured using mite body extracts for the substrates azocasein, BApNa, SA(2)PPpNa, HA, and HPA. This suggests that trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases A and B are involved in mite digestion. Hydrolysis of the substrates ZAA(2)MNA and LpNa was only 3 times higher in fecal extracts, suggesting that levels of cathepsin B and aminopeptidases in the lumen of the digestive tract are low compared to the other enzymes. The hydrolysis of hemoglobin was only detected in body extracts indicating that cathepsin D is not a digestive protease in this species. Protease inhibitors of different specificity were tested invivo to establish their potential as control agents. We found that development from larvae to adult was significantly retarded in larvae fed on brewers' yeast containing inhibitors of serine proteases, whereas no such effect was found with inhibitors of cysteine and aspartyl proteases. Interestingly, when dietary mixtures of serine protease, aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase inhibitors were fed to T.putrescentiae, a synergistic effect was observed that retarded development. Several plant lectins were also tested, but none affected development.     

Partial characterization of trypsin-like protease and molecular cloning of a trypsin-like precursor cDNA in salivary glands of Lygus lineolaris

Based on substrate specificity, an alkaline pH optimum, sensitivity to selected proteinase inhibitors, and molecular analysis, we provide evidence for the presence of a trypsin-like serine proteinase in the salivary gland complex (SGC) of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Miridae). The predominant activity in extracts of the SGC against N(2)-benzoyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide (L-BApNA) was at pH 10, but a minor peak of activity also occurred at pH 5. The major BApNAase activity focused at 10.4 during preparative isoelectric focusing and was eluted with an apparent molecular weight of 23,000 from a calibrated gel filtration column. The BApNAase fraction gave a single major band when analyzed on a casein zymogram. The activity was completely suppressed by the serine protease inhibitors, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and lima bean trypsin inhibitor. A cDNA coding for a trypsin-like protein in the salivary glands of L. lineolaris was cloned and sequenced. The 971bp cDNA contained an 873-nucleotide open reading frame encoding a 291-amino acid trypsin precursor. The encoded protein included amino acid sequence motifs that are conserved with four homologous serine proteases from other insects. Typical features of the putative trypsin-like protein from L. lineolaris included the serine protease active site (His(89), Asp(139), Ser(229)), conserved cysteine residues for disulfide bridges, the residues (Asp(223), Gly(252), Gly(262)) that determine trypsin specificity, and both zymogen signal and activation peptides. Cloning and sequencing of a trypsin-like precursor cDNA provided additional direct evidence for trypsin like enzymes in the salivary glands of L. lineolaris.     

利用色板诱集棉盲蝽的效果研究

随着转基因棉花在中国的大面积推广,棉盲蝽逐渐成为我国棉花生产中重要的害虫之一。为了对棉盲蝽的生活习性、发生规律、行为特点进行深入研究,本实验在棉田中使用不同颜色色板在不同的时间和不同的高度对田间主要种群绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum和三点盲蝽Adelphocoris fasciaticollis进行诱集,得到的主要实验结果如下:绿色色板对绿盲蝽有着比较稳定的诱集效果;绿盲蝽和三点盲蝽多活动于18:00—次日6:00;绿盲蝽和三点盲蝽多活动于距地面130cm的高度;每日清理色板上捕获的三点盲蝽和绿盲蝽,可以保持色板的有效性。     

Isolation and characterization of a cDNA encoding a serine proteinase from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

This report describes the first serine proteinase gene isolated from the sedentary nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Using degenerate primers, a 1372bp cDNA encoding a chymotrypsin-like serine proteinase (Mi-ser1) was amplified from total RNA of adult females by RT-PCR and 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The deduced amino acid sequence of Mi-ser1 encoded a putative signal peptide and a prodomain of 22 and 33 amino acids, respectively, and a mature proteinase of 341 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 37,680Da. Sequence identity with the top serine proteinases matches from the databases ranged from 23 to 27%, including sequences from insects, mammals, and other nematodes. Southern blot analysis suggested that Mi-ser1 is encoded by a single or few gene copies. The pattern of developmental expression analyzed by Northern blot and RT-PCR indicated that Mi-ser1 was transcribed mainly in females. The domain architecture composed of a single chymotrypsin-like catalytic domain and the detection of a putative signal peptide suggested a digestive role for Mi-ser1.     

Characterization of the Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval midgut protease complement and adaptation to feeding on artificial diet,Brassica species,and protease inhibitor

The midgut protease profiles from 5th instar Mamestra configurata larvae fed various diets (standard artificial diet, low protein diet, low protein diet with soybean trypsin inhibitor [SBTI], or Brassica napus) were characterized by one‐dimensional enzymography in gelatin gels. The gut protease profile of larvae fed B. napus possessed protease activities of molecular masses of approximately 33 and 55 kDa, which were not present in the guts of larvae fed artificial diet. Similarly, larvae fed artificial diet had protease activities of molecular masses of approximately 21, 30, and 100 kDa that were absent in larvae fed B. napus. Protease profiles changed within 12 to 24 h after switching larvae from artificial diet to plant diet and vice versa. The gut protease profiles from larvae fed various other brassicaceous species and lines having different secondary metabolite profiles did not differ despite significant differences in larval growth rates on the different host plants. Genes encoding putative digestive proteolytic enzymes, including four carboxypeptidases, five aminopeptidases, and 48 serine proteases, were identified in cDNA libraries from 4th instar M. configurata midgut tissue. Many of the protease‐encoding genes were expressed at similar levels on all diets; however, three chymoptrypsin‐like genes (McSP23, McSP27, and McSP37) were expressed at much higher levels on standard artificial diet and diet containing SBTI as was the trypsin‐like gene McSP34. The expression of the trypsin‐like gene McSP50 was highest on B. napus. The adaptation of M. configurata digestive biochemistry to different diets is discussed in the context of the flexibility of polyphagous insects to changing diet sources. Published 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.