转Bt基因抗虫棉棉盲蝽防治指标研究

2005-2006年,采用田间接虫试验的方法,分别研究了江苏沿海棉区棉盲蝽优势种绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽对Bt棉的为害与产量损失。结果表明,Bt棉田的被害株率和产量损失均随着接虫量的加大而增加,其对数相关均达极显著水平,直线相关也达显著至极显著水平;Bt棉田棉盲蝽的防治可以若虫数量与被害株率两项指标来把握,2种盲蝽混合种群第2、3、4代虫量推广防治指标分别为百株有2、3龄若虫5头、10头和20头上下;或被害株率依次为3%、8%和15%左右。     

棉田绿盲蝽的空间分布型及其抽样模型

2009—2010年于河北省廊坊市对棉田绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)的空间分布型及其抽样模型进行了研究。结果表明,绿盲蝽成虫空间分布型与其种群密度有关,当种群密度大于百株1.6头时呈随机分布,当小于百株1.6头时一般呈聚集分布;绿盲蝽若虫在不同种群密度下均呈聚集分布;绿盲蝽整个种群呈Possion分布。应用Iwao的抽样模型建立了棉田绿盲蝽的理论抽样数公式:N=(1.35/x珋)/D2。     

Spatial distribution of Apolygus lucorum in cotton fields

2009-2010年于河北省廊坊市对棉田绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)的空间分布型及其抽样模型进行了研究.结果表明,绿盲蝽成虫空间分布型与其种群密度有关,当种群密度大于百株1.6头时呈随机分布,当小于百株1.6头时一般呈聚集分布;绿盲蝽若虫在不同种群密度下均呈聚集分布;绿盲蝽整个种群呈Possion分布.应用Iwao的抽样模型建立了棉田绿盲蝽的理论抽样数公式:N=(1.35/-(x))/D2.     

新疆喀什地区牧草盲蝽为害棉花防治指标研究

【目的】害虫防治指标是害虫管理系统中进行优化决策的主要依据。本文研究了新疆棉区牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis(Linnaeus)不同时期对棉花为害与棉花产量损失的关系,制定棉田防治指标,以期为新疆棉田牧草盲蝽防治提供理论和基础。【方法】利用二次正交旋转组合设计,建立以蕾期、花期和铃期牧草盲蝽种群数量与棉花产量损失的回归方程,并结合棉花经济允许损失率,制定棉田蕾期、花期和铃期牧草盲蝽防治指标。【结果】牧草盲蝽种群数量与棉花产量损失的回归方程:Y=12.906+5.273X1+4.780X2+2.365X3+4.588X12+3.331X22+2.910X32。蕾期牧草盲蝽成虫为害对棉花产量损失的影响最大,其次是花期和铃期。牧草盲蝽防治指标,蕾期为12头/百株、花期为20头/百株、铃期为41头/百株。【结论】本研究在棉花不同生育期的基础上,分别制定各个生育期牧草盲蝽防治指标,既简捷实用,又便于农民掌握,能更好的指导防治工作,同时可为新疆棉田牧草盲蝽防治提供理论基础。     

绿盲蝽及其天敌在不同生态条件下的发生动态研究

2005年～2007年,在山东省德州市农科院良种场棉田内系统研究了不同生境对抗虫棉绿盲蝽及其天敌发生动态的影响。试验设5个试验10种处理：即远离果园棉、紧靠果园棉,亩株数3600株均行、亩株数3000株并大小行种植棉,合理化控棉、不化控棉,纯作棉田和插种葵花棉田,双基因抗虫棉和单基因抗虫棉。在棉花的整个生育期系统调查不同生境棉田主要害虫及其天敌的种群数量。结果表明,不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽天敌的种类基本相同,主要为龟纹瓢虫、七星瓢虫、中华草蛉、大草蛉、华姬蝽、小花蝽、T-纹豹蛛、三突花蛛、草间小黑蛛等。不同生境抗虫棉田内绿盲蝽及其天敌种群数量差异明显。远离果园棉、低密度亩株数3000株并大小行种植棉、合理化控棉能减轻绿盲蝽的发生,但不利于绿盲蝽天敌的发生;种植双基因抗虫棉能减轻绿盲蝽的发生且对绿盲蝽天敌影响不大;插种葵花的棉田即能增加绿盲蝽天敌的数量,又能减轻绿盲蝽的发生。研究还表明绿盲蝽及其天敌在远离果园棉、紧靠果园棉下发生趋势基本一致,仅是发生量存在明显差异,远离果园棉田的绿盲蝽及其天敌百株发生量显著低于紧靠果园棉田（P〈0.05）;合理化控棉田、亩株数3000株大小行棉田内的绿盲蝽及其天敌发生数量显著低于不化控棉田、亩株数3600株均行棉田内的发生数量（P〈0.05）;双基因抗虫棉田内的绿盲蝽百株发生量显著低于单基因抗虫棉田发生数量（P〈0.05）;插种葵花棉田内的绿盲蝽百株发生量极显著低于纯作棉田（P〈0.01）、插种葵花棉田内的绿盲蝽天敌百株发生量显著高于纯作棉田（P〈0.05）,葵花对绿盲蝽及其天敌的诱集效果非常显著,在转基因棉田插种葵花是保益灭害控制绿盲蝽的有效方法之一。     

Sampling techniques for estimating the population density of Apolygus lucorum in cotton fields

本文比较研究了棉田绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)种群的调查方法.全株调查法中,目测法调查到的绿盲蝽种群密度最高,显著高于扫网法和盆拍法.局部调查法发现,蕾上的绿盲蝽种群数量显著高于叶片和花上;蕾上种群数量与整株密度之间呈显著正相关关系(y=1.18x+3.69).间接调查法表明:在苗期和蕾期,叶片受害等级和绿盲蝽种群密度之间呈显著正相关关系(苗期:y=25.28x+8.20;蕾期:y=43.99x+27.58).     

棉田绿盲蝽种群密度的调查方法

本文比较研究了棉田绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)种群的调查方法。全株调查法中,目测法调查到的绿盲蝽种群密度最高,显著高于扫网法和盆拍法。局部调查法发现,蕾上的绿盲蝽种群数量显著高于叶片和花上;蕾上种群数量与整株密度之间呈显著正相关关系(y=1.18 x+3.69)。间接调查法表明:在苗期和蕾期,叶片受害等级和绿盲蝽种群密度之间呈显著正相关关系(苗期:y=25.28 x+8.20;蕾期:y=43.99 x+27.58)。     

转Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉对棉田害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响

002年在河北省南皮县对转Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉（SGK321）棉田害虫及其天敌种群动态的研究结果表明,SGK321棉田及其亲本对照棉（石远321）棉田的害虫和捕食性天敌的种类基本相同,但数量差异较大。但在5月23日至9月16日的24次调查中,SGK321棉田的5 种主要害虫棉铃虫、棉蚜、绿盲蝽、棉粉虱、小绿叶蝉的总数量分别较其亲本石远321棉田降低89.5%、64.5%、21.8%、15.6%和33.7%。SGK321棉田龟纹瓢虫和中华草蛉的种群总数量分别比石远321棉田增高34.0%和9.1%,但异色瓢虫、小花蝽、异须盲蝽、蚜茧蜂和蜘蛛类的种群数量分别降低28.6%、6.5%、43.1%、44.7%和14.0%。主要害虫和天敌种群动态的监测表明,棉蚜、小绿叶蝉和棉粉虱的发生高峰期分别为7月中下旬,8月下旬至9月中旬,8月下旬至9月上、中旬。在三者的高峰期内,SGK321棉田的种群数量基本上低于对照田。龟纹瓢虫的发生高峰期为7月上旬到8月上、中旬,且SGK321棉田的种群数量高于对照田。研究表明, SGK321在对棉铃虫具有很好抗性的同时,对棉蚜、棉粉虱、绿盲蝽、小绿叶蝉等非靶标害虫的发生也有一定的抑制作用;SGK321棉田龟纹瓢虫和中华草蛉的种群数量增加,其他主要天敌的数量则有所降低,表明SGK321对某些天敌种类的种群动态存在不利影响。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉田棉铃虫消长规律及危害特点

通过对转 Bt基因抗虫棉田棉铃虫的系统调查研究表明 :(1)转 Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫蛾、卵无抗性表现 ,田间落卵量与常规棉田无明显差异 ,相反 ,二代棉铃虫百株累计卵量倒比常规棉处理区增加了 2 16～ 2 74粒 ,增长幅度为 30 %～ 38% ;(2 )转 Bt基因抗虫棉对二代棉铃虫幼虫的抗性及控制作用较强 ,基本不用进行药剂防治 ,但对三代棉虫幼虫的抗性控制效果明显下降 ,田间 3龄以上幼虫平均达2 0～ 4 0头 /百株 ,多者达 6 0头以上 ,仍需进行必要的药剂防治 ;(3)棉铃虫在转 Bt基因抗虫棉株上的危害特点与常规棉株有明显的差异 ,表现在幼虫和危害症状均较隐蔽 ,不易被发现。     

北京梨园绿盲蝽及其天敌的种群动态

【目的】调查研究梨园绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür)及其天敌的种群动态, 为梨园绿盲蝽的预测预报和科学防治提供理论依据。【方法】2012-2013年利用色板诱集法和目测法, 对北京市农林科学院林业果树研究所梨园的绿盲蝽及其天敌的种群动态进行了系统调查和分析。【结果】绿板调查结果显示, 绿盲蝽在梨园的发生有2个高峰期, 第1个峰值远高于第2个峰值, 主要发生高峰期为5月下旬至6月中旬。目测调查结果显示, 2012年, 绿盲蝽有两个发生高峰期, 5月中旬达到第1个峰值, 5月下旬达到第2个峰值; 2013年, 绿盲蝽仅有5月下旬一个发生高峰期。2012和2013年天敌主要发生高峰期均为6月上旬至下旬。梨园调查到的天敌主要为捕食类天敌, 包括蜘蛛和天敌昆虫, 其中天敌昆虫有7种隶属3目3科。天敌的优势种类为蜘蛛、 龟纹瓢虫、 异色瓢虫、 中华草蛉。【结论】天敌的发生与绿盲蝽有明显的时间和数量跟随关系。     

Feeding, oviposition and survival of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on Bt and non-Bt cottons

The effects of Bt transgenic cottons (Bt-I expressing cry1Ac and Bt-II expressing cry1Ab and cry2Ab or cry1Ab and cry1Fa) and non-Bt cottons on feeding, oviposition and longevity of adults, and development and survival of Liriomyza trifolii larvae were studied under laboratory conditions; and infestation on four Bt and two non-Bt cotton traits were investigated under field conditions. Laboratory choice and no-choice tests showed that L. trifolii adults were capable of distinguishing between Bt cottons and non-Bt cottons. In a choice test on younger plants (4-5 leaves), the adults were found more often and made more feeding punctures (FP) on non-Bt cottons than on Bt cottons. On older plants (8-9 leaves), adults made the most FP on non-Bt cotton followed by those on Bt-II cottons and the least on Bt-I cotton. The females oviposited more eggs (6.7 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt cotton than on Bt-I (1.7 eggs per leaf) and Bt-II (0.8 eggs per leaf) cottons on younger plants and oviposited similar numbers of eggs (0.7-1.3 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt and Bt cottons on older plants. In a no-choice test, the females also fed more FP on non-Bt cottons than on Bt cottons on both younger and older plants. The females oviposited more eggs (15.6 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt cotton than on Bt-I (8.2 eggs per leaf) and Bt-II (6.5 eggs per leaf) cottons on younger plants and similar numbers of eggs (2.5-3.3 eggs per leaf) on non-Bt and Bt cottons on older plants. Larval and puparial survivals were not different among Bt and non-Bt cottons. The occurrence and damage of leafminers on cottons in the field showed that L. trifolii infested more plants and leaves and had more mines on non-Bt cotton than on Bt cottons.     

Treatment thresholds for stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in cotton

The green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say), the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L), and the brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say), were predominant phytophagous Pentatomidae detected during 1995-1997 in cotton in South Carolina. These species occurred in similar numbers in conventional and transgenic cotton 'NuCOTN33B', containing the gene for expression of CryIA(c) delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner variety kurstaki. Adult stink bugs moved into cotton from wild and cultivated alternate hosts during July, and reproducing populations usually were detected in cotton from late July into September. Applications of either methyl parathion (0.56 kg [AI]/ha) directed for stink bugs or lambda-cyhalothrin (0.037 kg [AI]/ha) or cyfluthrin (0.056 kg [AI]/ha) for control of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), provided effective control of pentatomids in NuCOTN33B or conventional 'DP5415' and increased yields compared with untreated plots. Fiber quality did not differ among treated or untreated plots of NuCOTN33B. The ground-cloth technique was used to estimate populations of stink bugs, and data indicated that treatment at one bug per 2 m of row adequately protected cotton from yield loss due to stink bug damage. Observations on boll damage indicated that treatment might be necessary if >20-25% reveal internal symptoms of feeding injury during mid- to late season. More detailed damage thresholds should be developed to complement an approach based on population monitoring. This study validated current recommendations for management of pentatomids in cotton, demonstrated the necessity of threshold use for stink bugs in transgenic cultivars expressing endotoxin from B. thuringiensis, and provided insight into further development of management options for pentatomids in the crop.     

Oviposition and development of the tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera: Miridae) on field maize

Reduced insecticide use in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., as a consequence of the Boll Weevil Eradication Program and the broad adoption of Bt cotton, have helped make the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), a consistent pest of cotton each year in the mid-south. Maize, Zea mays L., has been implicated as having a role in the season-long dynamics of tarnished plant bug infestations in cotton. To date, no published information exists describing the quality of maize as a host for tarnished plant bug. No-choice field studies indicated that adult tarnished plant bug females oviposited into maize leaves, tassels, and ears. Laboratory studies showed that first-instar tarnished plant bugs could successfully develop to the adult stage when fed maize silks at the R1 growth stage, tassels before (VT) and during (R1) pollen shed, and milk stage (R3) kernels from the tip and base of the ear. The proportion of nymphs surviving to the adult stage on these tissues was often similar to that of broccoli, Brassica oleracea L. Nymphs did not develop to adults when fed V5 or R1 maize leaves. However, survival of first instars to the adult stage was improved when nymphs fed on tassels with pollen for 6 d and then moved to silks or leaves. Another field study showed that tarnished plant bugs reproduced in maize mainly during the tassel (VE and VT) and the R1-R3 ear growth stages, and a single new generation was produced in maize during these stages. The highest population recorded during the study (24 June 2005) consisted mostly of nymphs and was estimated to be 29,600/ha (12,000/acre). These studies showed that maize is a suitable host for tarnished plant bug reproduction and development, and its production plays a significant role in the population dynamics of the tarnished plant bug in the mid-south.     

Evaluation of the impacts of herbivory by lace bugs on Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense) survival and physiology

Biological control of Chinese privet, Ligustrum sinense, is the best long-term option for control of this widespread invasive plant in the southeastern USA. A pre-release efficacy assessment was conducted by testing the effects of damage caused by a lace bug, Leptoypha hospita, on potted privet plants in the laboratory. Inoculating 15 pairs of lace bug adults on plants resulted in a significantly higher defoliation rate and reduced leaf biomass by more than 59% compared to 0 and 3 lace bug pairs. Leaf biomass of plants inoculated with 3 and 9 pairs of lace bug did not differ significantly from control plants. The percentage of the total leaf area affected by lace bug feeding was positively correlated with the density of lace bugs inoculated. This was also evident by the reduced chlorophyll content of leaves exposed to 9 and 15 pairs of lace bugs and their offspring. Our tests showed that one generation of feeding by the lace bug caused significant defoliation as well as reduced photosynthetic activity of remaining leaves. Continuous long term feeding by the lace bug or other potential defoliating insects could result in suppression of Chinese privet populations and possibly reduction to desirable levels.     

Bt棉田边缘杂草带对棉田内叶螨发生的影响

2003～2004年,在冀南棉区系统研究了棉田边缘杂草带对棉田内叶螨发生的影响。试验设3个处理：转Bt基因棉化防田(使用杀螨剂控制棉叶螨且保留棉田边缘杂草)、转Bt基因棉对照田(保留棉田边缘杂草)和转Bt基因棉除草田(去除棉田边缘杂草)。结果表明,2003年6月28日～8月7日,处理间的叶螨发生量和有螨株率差异明显。2003年叶螨发生高峰期(7月28日),对照田的百株平均螨量达834头,分别是化防田、除草田的9.4倍和11.5倍;对照田的有螨株率的峰值为34.7%,分别高于化防田和除草田6.4%和12%;棉叶螨的总计值,对照田分别是化防田和除草田的5.8倍和5.5倍。2004年7月10日～8月29日,对照田的百株螨量和有螨株率明显高于除草田和化防田。2004年叶螨发生高峰期（8月10日）,对照田的百株平均螨量达1 222头,分别是化防田、除草田的4.3倍和23.4倍;对照田的有螨株率的峰值达100%,分别比除草田和化防田多75%和87%;棉叶螨的总计值,对照田分别是化防田和除草田的4.9和9.7倍。两年中,除草田和化防田的百株螨量和有螨株率峰值出现日期有所不同。对照田内,棉田边缘杂草至所调查的棉株距离同螨害指数呈显著(P＜0.05)或极显著(P＜0.01)的负相关。本研究表明,去除棉田边缘杂草的棉田,叶螨发生始期较晚且发生量较少;棉田边缘杂草到取样点的距离与棉叶螨的为害程度呈直线负相关,距离越近,叶螨的发生为害越重。     

湖北棉区转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫的控制作用

2000-2001年通过田间系统调查,表明转Bt基因棉（品种为GK19）在湖北江汉平原棉区对棉铃虫抗性稳定。试验设3个处理：转Bt基因棉化防田（使用化学农药控制害虫）、转Bt基因棉自控田（依靠天敌控制害虫）及常规棉对照田（利用综合防治措施控制害虫）。从棉铃虫的第2代到第5代整个发生期内,即使在不进行化学防治的情况下,棉铃虫在Bt棉田的发生量也保持在极低的水平(最高百株虫量为12头)。室内饲养结果表明,转Bt基因棉对棉铃虫的生长发育（幼虫体重、蛹重）有较为明显的影响,使6龄幼虫体重减少25.6%,蛹重减少18.2%。棉铃虫幼虫取食转Bt基因棉组织后,发育迟缓,相对于常规棉喂养的整个发育历期延长17 d,使棉铃虫在田间的危害减少至少一个世代。另外,接虫试验表明,棉铃虫幼虫在常规棉上的取食时间是转Bt基因棉株上的6.1倍,极大地减轻了棉铃虫的危害程度。     

Ecology of the fruit spotting bug, Amblypelta lutescens lutescens Distant (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in cashew plantations, with particular reference to the potential for its biological control

Abstract  The fruit spotting bug, Amblypelta lutescens lutescens, is one of the principal insect pests of cashews in Australia. Its population dynamics were studied using field observations and long-term monitoring to find suitable management methods. Observations of bugs reared in netting bags showed a sequence of change in bug-damage symptoms after 12 h and up to 3 d. Field observations revealed that adults preferred to feed and rest on the shady side of the tree. The number of bugs observed accounted for only 17–35% of the total variability in the number of damaged shoots, suggesting that the number of flushing shoots (leaf, flower or young nuts) with fresh damage symptoms was a more reliable parameter for determining the presence and level of activity of bugs than was a direct estimate of the number of bugs. The green tree ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (F), was the most important factor regulating bug populations. When predation was excluded as a factor, the number of flushing shoots and maximum temperature accounted for 80% of the total variability in the bug damage. Green tree ants should be considered as an important biological control agent for fruit spotting bug, and monitoring should be commenced when cashew trees start to flush (using damaged shoots as indicator).     

两种室内生物测定方法评价杀虫剂对绿盲蝽的相对毒力

随着Bt棉在我国的广泛种植, 绿盲蝽Lygocoris lucorum Meyer-Dür的危害日益加重。化学防治作为棉田盲蝽综合治理的重要策略, 仍是其主要的防治手段。本研究主要用闪烁管药膜法和点滴法两种测定方法评价了传统杀虫剂、新型杀虫剂等30种杀虫剂对绿盲蝽成虫的急性触杀毒力, 其中多种杀虫剂是首次使用两种生测方法同时进行毒力测定。结果表明：有机氯类、有机磷类、氨基甲酸酯类和拟除虫菊酯类等传统杀虫剂对绿盲蝽成虫具有较高的触杀活性。8种对绿盲蝽成虫具有较高毒力的药剂, 其中5种为传统杀虫剂, 分别为马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、联苯菊酯、灭多威和硫丹。新型吡咯类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽表现出较高毒力, 以氟虫腈的毒力最高, 两种生测方法测定的LC₅₀分别为0.13 μg·mL^-1 和 0.15 μg·mL^-1。而昆虫生长调节剂、抗生素类及植物源杀虫剂对绿盲蝽成虫没有明显的触杀活性。     

Crop-specific mortality of southern green stink bug eggs in Bt- and non-Bt cotton,soybean and peanut

Increasing insecticide use against stink bugs erodes benefits accrued to cotton production in the southeastern USA by eradication of the boll weevil and widespread use of Bt-transgenic cotton. Biological control programs designed to mitigate the impact of these pests would be beneficial; therefore, we sought to identify and assess naturally occurring biological control agents of stink bug eggs in cotton, peanut and soybeans, three important crops and stink bug hosts in the region. Two studies were conducted utilising digital imaging of sentinel egg masses to capture enemies present and sequential imaging over time to characterise the type and amount of damage inflicted on the egg masses. The first study utilised plots of soybean, Bt cotton, non-Bt cotton and peanut. The second study focused on ant predation in cotton by excluding fire ants from half of the plots. Sentinel egg masses of the southern green stink bug were placed in all plots at weekly intervals and were photographed at placement and at intervals over 72 h. Surviving egg masses were collected and held in the laboratory to assess parasitism in the first study. Predation of eggs was high in peanut (74–86%) and soybean (39–65%), and lower in Bt (26–34%) and non-Bt (4–21%) cotton over the two years. Parasitism was low overall (0.17–19.0%). Most egg predation in cotton and peanut was attributable to fire ants, whereas long-horned grasshoppers dominated in soybean. Exclusion of fire ants in cotton significantly reduced egg mortality, indicating their predominance as mortality agents in cotton.     

FEEDING BIOLOGY OF CAMPYLOMMA LIVIDA REUTER (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON COTTON, AND SOME HOST PLANT RECORDS

Campylomma livida , according to tests with cotton, is both predacious and phytophagous. Bugs fed prey ( Heliothis eggs) and parts of cotton plants (tips or squares) developed faster than bugs fed cotton alone and faster than bugs provided only with prey. Survival and fecundity was also higher on the mixed diet. Bugs exposed to cotton seedlings or squares did cause damage (which is described), but the amount of damage per bug was low. C. livida therefore has the potential to damage early-season cotton in eastern Australia, but its potential for damaging cotton crops requires further investigation. Interpretation of C. livida ecology on cotton will require a better understanding of the species status of the taxon C. livida , and a better understanding of its host plant relationships.