高密度脂蛋白受体(SR-BI)和胆固醇逆转运

近十几年来对小鼠的B类I型清道夫受体(SRBI)的研究,发现它是一种高亲和力的高密度脂蛋白受体,主要在肝脏和类固醇源性组织中表达。该受体能介导胆固醇酯的选择性吸收,在高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的代谢和胆固醇的“逆转运”中起重要作用。动物实验证明SRBI的表达可减少动脉粥样硬化的发生。如果SRBI对人有相似的作用,它将成为一个好的作用靶点用于临床心脑血管疾病的治疗 。     

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1研究的最新进展

就三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)的结构、功能及调控研究的最新进展作一综述.ABCA1是一种膜整合蛋白,它具有多种复杂的功能,能介导细胞内磷脂和胆固醇流出到贫脂载脂蛋白A-I,并且在高密度脂蛋白代谢过程中起重要作用.人类ABCA1变异将引起严重的高密度脂蛋白不足,其特征为载脂蛋白A-I和高密度脂蛋白缺陷以及动脉粥样硬化.ABCA1的表达受到多种物质高度调控.细胞核受体主要通过作用于ABCA1启动子DR4元件参与调节ABCA1表达.第二信使环磷酸腺苷通过作用于转录水平和翻译水平上调ABCA1表达.细胞因子对ABCA1转录具有多效性和矛盾效应.除此以外,各种蛋白质和酶类如蛋白激酶A,蛋白激酶CK2,组织蛋白酶D也参与ABCA1表达调控.     

胆汁酸受体FXR 的研究进展

法尼酯衍生物X受体(FXR)是一种胆汁酸受体,在胆汁酸代谢和胆固醇代谢中发挥重要作用,并有望成为降低胆固醇,治疗某些心血管病及肝脏疾病的治疗靶点。本文介绍了FXR的发现、FXR在调控胆汁酸和脂质代谢中的作用,以及FXR在心血管疾病治疗中的应用前景。     

LXR/RXR及ABCA1跨膜转运胆固醇体系与阿尔茨海默病

胆固醇代谢异常和Aβ沉积与阿尔茨海默病(AD)的发生发展密切相关。肝X受体(LXR)和类视黄醇X受体(RXR)介导的三磷酸腺苷结合盒A1(ABCA1)跨膜转运胆固醇体系在维持细胞内外胆固醇平衡中发挥重要作用,并参与Aβ的转运、沉积和老年斑的形成,其中的关键介导物质有望成为AD治疗的新靶点。     

肝X受体的研究进展

肝X受体（liver Xreceptors,LXRs）作为一种氧化型固醇激活的核受体,调控胆固醇代谢过程中一些关键基因的表达,是机体的胆固醇代谢感受器。另外,LXRs还参与调节机体其他生理活动,包括脂肪形成、糖代谢、巨噬细胞的天然免疫和炎症反应等。因此,LXRs有望作为治疗动脉粥样硬化、高胆固醇血症、2型糖尿病等的药物靶点。     

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G1的研究进展

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G1 ( ABCG1 ) 是近年来发现的一种介导胆固醇和磷脂流出的整合膜蛋白半转运体,是三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体超家族成员.ABCG1与三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)在介导胆固醇和磷脂流出至高密度脂蛋白 ( HDL ) 中起协同作用.ABCG1的表达主要受肝X受体/维甲酸X受体 ( LXR/RXR ) 系统调节.尽管ABCG1在平衡胆固醇和磷脂中有重要作用,但在动物实验中,ABCG1在动脉粥样硬化疾病中的作用具有争议.本文从ABCG1的结构、功能、调节及其在动脉粥样硬化疾病中的作用做一综述.     

NR4A1调控系统糖脂代谢的分子机制

系统性糖脂代谢紊乱是2型糖尿病、肥胖、非酒精性脂肪性肝病等代谢综合征的主要病理生理学改变。孤核受体家族成员NR4A1广泛表达于糖和脂质代谢旺盛的组织,例如:肝、脂肪和肌肉等组织,在不同组织或细胞中,NR4A1通过不同靶点,例如:AMPK、PPARγ、SREBP1c等参与机体糖脂代谢的调控。然而,NR4A1介导的系统糖脂代谢的调控机理目前仍存在很大争议,大部分研究认为NR4A1的表达具有降糖、降脂的作用,亦有研究认为NR4A1的表达促进脂肪生成。基于目前NR4A1参与机体糖脂代谢的研究,现对NR4A1在肝脏、脂肪和肌肉中参与葡萄糖和脂质代谢调控的分子机制进行总结。     

人高密度脂蛋白受体胞外片段在甲醇酵母中的表达

高密度脂蛋白受体在胆固醇逆向运输中起重要作用,并且其可以做为动脉粥样硬化的新型治疗靶点。为了构建以竞争性受体-配体相互作用为基础的体外高通量药物筛选模型,在甲醇酵母中表达了高密度脂蛋白受体胞外结构域。应用RT-PCR方法从人肝癌Bel-7402总RNA中扩增了编码高密度脂蛋白受体胞外结构域的基因片段,此基因片段测序证实后亚克隆至甲醇酵母分泌表达质粒pPIC9K中。经测序验证读码框正确后将重组质粒电转至Pichia pastorisGS115中。应用PCR方法确定目的基因的整合和Mut^ 表型。重组菌株用1％甲醇诱导5天后取发酵上清进行SDS-PAGE和Western blot分析。结果表明,在分子量约64.5kDa处有sHDLR表达。随后应用Dil-AcLDL为配体证明了表达的sHDLR具有结合其配体AcLDL的生物学活性。     

动脉粥样硬化中胆固醇外流的研究进展

三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G1(ABCG1)和B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体(SR-BⅠ)介导的胆固醇外流是巨噬细胞内3条主要的胆固醇外流途径,对维持细胞内胆固醇动态平衡至关重要,其中转运体的功能及其表达的调节、胞外接受体的数量和活性等对细胞内胆固醇外流效率有重要的决定作用．最新研究发现,动脉粥样硬化(As)病变中出现的脂类蓄积、炎症、氧化应激、缺氧和胰岛素抵抗等病理情况,显著影响胆固醇转运体的表达,进而影响胆固醇外流及As的发生发展．本文主要针对As病变细胞内各胆固醇外流途径的作用及常伴随的脂类蓄积、炎症、氧化应激、缺氧和胰岛素抵抗现象,对胆固醇转运体表达调节的最新进展做一综述,以期为As治疗提供新理论依据和药物靶点,推动As治疗方法的发展．     

肝X受体的研究进展

肝X受体(liver X receptors, LXRs)作为一种氧化型固醇激活的核受体,调控胆固醇代谢过程中一些关键基因的表达,是机体的胆固醇代谢感受器.另外,LXRs还参与调节机体其他生理活动,包括脂肪形成、糖代谢、巨噬细胞的天然免疫和炎症反应等.因此,LXRs有望作为治疗动脉粥样硬化、高胆固醇血症、2型糖尿病等的药物靶点.     

Influence of the HDL receptor SR-BI on atherosclerosis

The scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) is an HDL receptor that mediates selective cholesterol uptake from HDL to cells. In rodents, SR-BI has a critical influence on plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration and structure, the delivery of cholesterol to steroidogenic tissues, female fertility, and biliary cholesterol concentration. SR-BI can also serve as a receptor for non-HDL lipoproteins and appears to play an important role in reverse cholesterol transport. Recent studies involving the manipulation of SR-BI expression in mice, either using adenovirus-mediated or transgenic hepatic overexpression or using homologous recombination for complete functional ablation, indicate that the expression of SR-BI protects against atherosclerosis. If SR-BI has a similar activity in humans, it may become an attractive target for therapeutic intervention.     

The role of the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI in cholesterol metabolism

The HDL receptor scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), which mediates selective HDL cholesterol uptake, plays a role in murine HDL metabolism, reverse cholesterol transport and whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. SR-BI is found in the liver, where its expression is regulated by estrogen, dietary cholesterol and fat, and controls murine plasma HDL cholesterol levels and bile cholesterol secretion. SR-BI is also highly expressed in rodent steroidogenic cells, where it facilitates cholesterol uptake for storage or steroid hormone synthesis and where its expression is regulated by trophic hormones. The detailed mechanism(s) underlying SR-BI-mediated selective cholesterol uptake have not yet been elucidated. Further analysis of the molecular and cellular bases of SR-BI regulation and function should provide new insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of cholesterol metabolism.     

Pregnane X receptor-agonists down-regulate hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and scavenger receptor class B type I

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is the molecular target for a wide variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. It regulates the expression of genes central to the detoxification (cytochrome P-450 enzymes) and excretion (xenobiotic transporters) of potentially harmful compounds. The aim of the present investigation was to determine the role of PXR in regulation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol metabolism by studying its impact on ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) expression in hepatocytes. ABCA1 and SR-BI are major factors in the exchange of cholesterol between cells and HDL. Expression analyses were performed using Western blotting and quantitative real time RT-PCR. Luciferase reporter gene assays were used to measure promoter activities. Total cholesterol was measured enzymatically after lipid extraction (Folch's method). The expression of ABCA1 and SR-BI was inhibited by the PXR activators rifampicin and lithocholic acid (LCA) in HepG2 cells and pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) in primary rat hepatocytes. Thus, PXR appears to be a regulator of hepatic cholesterol transport by inhibiting genes central to cholesterol uptake (SR-BI) and efflux (ABCA1).     

Hepatic SR-BI, not endothelial lipase, expression determines biliary cholesterol secretion in mice

High density lipoprotein cholesterol is thought to represent a preferred source of sterols secreted into bile following hepatic uptake by scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). The present study aimed to determine the metabolic effects of an endothelial lipase (EL)–mediated stimulation of HDL cholesterol uptake on liver lipid metabolism and biliary cholesterol secretion in wild-type, SR-BI knockout, and SR-BI overexpressing mice. In each model, injection of an EL expressing adenovirus decreased plasma HDL cholesterol (P < 0.001) whereas hepatic cholesterol content increased (P < 0.05), translating into decreased expression of sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP2) and its target genes HMG-CoA reductase and LDL receptor (each P < 0.01). Biliary cholesterol secretion was dependent on hepatic SR-BI expression, being decreased in SR-BI knockouts (P < 0.001) and increased following hepatic SR-BI overexpression (P < 0.001). However, in each model, biliary secretion of cholesterol, bile acids, and phospholipids as well as fecal bile acid and neutral sterol content, remained unchanged in response to EL overexpression. Importantly, hepatic ABCG5/G8 expression did not correlate with biliary cholesterol secretion rates under these conditions. These results demonstrate that an acute decrease of plasma HDL cholesterol levels by overexpressing EL increases hepatic cholesterol content but leaves biliary sterol secretion unaltered. Instead, biliary cholesterol secretion rates are related to the hepatic expression level of SR-BI. These data stress the importance of SR-BI for biliary cholesterol secretion and might have relevance for concepts of reverse cholesterol transport.     

High density lipoprotein (HDL) particle uptake mediated by scavenger receptor class B type 1 results in selective sorting of HDL cholesterol from protein and polarized cholesterol secretion

High density lipoprotein (HDL) mediates reverse transport of cholesterol from atheroma foam cells to the liver, but the mechanisms of hepatic uptake and trafficking of HDL particles are poorly understood. In contrast to its accepted role as a cell surface receptor, scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-BI) is shown to be an endocytic receptor that mediates HDL particle uptake and recycling, but not degradation, in both transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells and hepatocytes. Confocal microscopy of polarized primary hepatocytes shows that HDL particles enter both the endocytic recycling compartment and the apical canalicular region paralleling the movement of SR-BI. In polarized epithelial cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney) expressing SR-BI, HDL protein and cholesterol undergo selective sorting with recycling of HDL protein from the basolateral membrane and secretion of HDL-derived cholesterol through the apical membrane. Thus, HDL particles, internalized via SR-BI, undergo a novel process of selective transcytosis, leading to polarized cholesterol transport. A distinct process not mediated by SR-BI is involved in uptake and degradation of apoE-free HDL in hepatocytes.     

Cellular and physiological roles of SR-BI, a lipoprotein receptor which mediates selective lipid uptake

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) play an important role in protection against atherosclerosis by mediating reverse cholesterol transport - the transport of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for disposal. SR-BI is a cell surface receptor for HDL and other lipoproteins (LDL and VLDL) and mediates the selective uptake of lipoprotein cholesterol by cells. Overexpression or genetic ablation of SR-BI in mice revealed that it plays an important role in HDL metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport and protects against atherosclerosis in mouse models of the disease. If it plays a similar role in humans then it may be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. We will review some of the recent advances in the understanding of SR-BI's physiological role and cellular function in lipoprotein metabolism.     

Scavenger receptor BI and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 in reverse cholesterol transport and atherosclerosis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The appearance of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) in macrophages and liver implicates these transporters in different stages of reverse cholesterol transport. This review focuses on the role of SR-BI and ABCA1 in reverse cholesterol transport in the context of atherosclerotic lesion development. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies indicate that hepatic expression of ABCA1 and SR-BI is important for the generation of nascent HDL and the delivery of HDL cholesteryl esters to the liver, respectively. Although macrophage SR-BI and ABCA1 do not contribute significantly to circulating HDL levels, the perpetual cycle of HDL lipidation and delipidation by the liver ensures the availability of acceptors for cholesterol efflux that maintain cholesterol homeostasis in arterial macrophages, thereby reducing atherogenesis. In addition to its established role in the selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl esters, there is now evidence that hepatic SR-BI facilitates postprandial lipid metabolism, and that hepatic secretion of VLDL is dependent on ABCA1-mediated nascent HDL formation. Thus, remnant and HDL metabolism are more intimately intertwined in hepatic lipid metabolism than has previously been appreciated. SUMMARY: Recent advances in the understanding of the role of ABCA1 and SR-BI in HDL metabolism and their atheroprotective properties indicate the significant potential of modulating ABCA1 and SR-BI expression in both arterial wall macrophages and the liver for the treatment of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease.     

Susceptibility to murine cholesterol gallstone formation is not affected by partial disruption of the HDL receptor SR-BI

High density lipoprotein (HDL) promotes reverse cholesterol transport from peripheral tissues to the liver where its cholesterol is secreted preferentially into bile. The scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is believed to play a pivotal role in unloading HDL cholesterol and its ester to hepatocytes. Here, using male SR-BI "att" mice with a dysfunctional mutation in the Sr-b1 promoter, we studied whether approximately 50% of normal SR-BI expression influences gallstone susceptibility in these mice fed a lithogenic diet containing 1% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid and 15% butterfat. Our results showed that the disruption of SR-BI expression reduced cholesterol secretion by 37% in the chow-fed state and 10% on the lithogenic diet, and while delaying incidence slightly, did not influence cumulative susceptibility to cholesterol gallstones. The lithogenic diet induced marked increases in biliary cholesterol and phospholipid secretion rates but not of bile salts. Basal expression of hepatic SR-BI protein was dissimilar in both wild-type and SR-BI mice, and remained unaltered in response to the lithogenic diet. By two independent dual isotope methods, intestinal cholesterol absorption was unimpaired by attenuation of the SR-BI which also displays low-density expression on small intestinal enterocytes. We conclude that although HDL cholesterol is a principal source of biliary cholesterol in the basal state, uptake of cholesterol from chylomicron remnants appears to be the major contributor to biliary cholesterol hypersecretion during diet-induced cholelithogenesis in the mouse.