生物柴油的现状与进展

生物柴油是清洁的可再生能源,它以大豆和油菜籽等油料作物、油棕和黄连木等油料林木果实、工程微藻等油料水生植物以及动物油脂、废餐饮油等为原料制成的液体燃料,是优质的石油柴油代用品。生物柴油是典型“绿色能源”,大力发展生物柴油对经济可持续发展,推进能源替代,减轻环境压力,控制城市大气污染具有重要的战略意义。     

一株耐NaHCO3高含油绿藻的筛选鉴定

正传统化石能源储量日益减少,化石能源燃烧后产生的二氧化碳是全球变暖的主要元凶,因此,能够替代传统化石燃料、可再生的新型能源受到广泛的关注,生物柴油便是较为理想的新型能源之一[1]。虽然油料作物、废弃油脂等为生物柴油生产提供了部分原料,但其成本、规模及可持续性受多种因素的制约[2]。目前,利用光合自养的微藻生产生物柴油的潜在价值已经得到广泛的认可,微藻生物柴油技术在减少CO_2排放、大规模培养、产油效率等方面的优势日益突显[3]。微藻生物柴油的生     

三角褐指藻产油突变株的筛选

能源短缺和原油价格上涨是全球关注的问题之一, 生物柴油作为一种优质的替代液体燃料越来越受到重视。以油料作物、废食用油和动物脂肪为原料生产生物柴油已远远不能满足需求。相比而言, 产油微藻具有光合效率高、生物量大、油含量高、生长速率快、不受季节的限制及不占用耕地等优势15, 被认为是制备生物柴油燃料的更有潜力的原料。由于目前微藻生物柴油生产成本过高, 尚未获得商业化生产。       

微生物在生物能源生产中的应用(英文)

生物可再生能源是最有前景的石油替代品之一.生物能源的生产原料包括:植物、有机废弃物和微生物.微生物在生物能源生产上有着广泛的应用,利用微生物制备的主要生物能源包括:生物柴油、生物乙醇、生物甲烷等.某些微生物如微藻和真菌可以生产大量油脂,这些油脂可以转化为生物柴油;有些微生物如酵母可以将糖类、淀粉以及纤维素转化为燃料乙醇,添加乙醇的汽油或柴油燃烧排放明显降低;还有些厌氧微生物可以将有机废弃物转化为甲烷,可用做家用燃气、车用燃气或发电.除此之外微生物还具有在生产能源的同时治理环境污染的优势.总之研究开发微生物在生物能源生产中的应用有利于世界可持续发展.     

我国优势油脂类生物柴油植物蓖麻的种质资源发掘和生物柴油利用

发展可再生生物质能源是解决人类能源危机和环境污染的重要途径。利用边际土地发展油脂类生物质能是生物质能的重要组成部分。蓖麻因为适应性强和油脂成份独特被誉为"理想的生物柴油植物"。蓖麻是我国优势油脂类能源植物,利用边际土地,发展蓖麻产业为我国生物柴油产业化提供原料,是我国现阶段生物柴油产业化发展的相对理想而又现实的选择,而且具有重要的发展前景和巨大的发掘潜力。立足我国现阶段生物柴油产业化的瓶颈问题,着重阐述了蓖麻种质资源发掘的现状、优良品种培育的途径和发展前景,以及利用蓖麻种子油生产商业化生物柴油的现状,以期推动我国利用边际土地发展蓖麻产业以及生物柴油商业化生产。     

种子的贮油细胞器——油体及其蛋白

生物柴油作为一种可再生的替代能源, 因其良好的环境效应而倍受关注。植物油是生产生物柴油的主要原料。植物油作为最经济、最有利于种子传播和萌发生长的能量和碳源物质, 贮存和积累于植物种子的贮油细胞器——油体之中。本文综述了植物种子油体的亚细胞结构、化学组成及其功能、生物合成与降解等的研究进展。     

中国如何突破生物柴油产业的原料瓶颈

因应我国日益严峻的能源资源、能源环境和能源安全形势,国家大力倡导发展可再生能源。生物柴油是最重要的液体可再生燃料之一,在能源性质方面可以完全替代化石柴油,而且还具有安全环保等其它优良特性。当前利用动植物油脂生产生物柴油,原料成本偏高,而且稳定、充足的油脂原料供应体系尚未形成。我国是油脂资源短缺国家,近年来植物油进口量逐年增加。同时,我国耕地资源匮乏,粮食供应形势不容乐观,扩大油料作物种植的潜力非常有限。但是,我国宜林地丰富,农林废弃生物质资源量巨大。综合以上因素,我国应重点发展木本油料植物规模化种植和推广,加快微生物油脂发酵技术创新和产业化进程;同时,利用植物遗传育种技术提高油料作物产量以及选择性发展不与粮争地的油料作物。依靠各方面的进步,发展创新的油脂生产技术,保障我国生物柴油产业和油脂化工行业健康发展。     

种子的贮油细胞器——油体及其蛋白

生物柴油作为一种可再生的替代能源,因其良好的环境效应而倍受关注.植物油是生产生物柴油的主要原料.植物油作为最经济、最有利于种子传播和萌发生长的能量和碳源物质,贮存和积累于植物种子的贮油细胞器-油体之中.本文综述了植物种子油体的亚细胞结构、化学组成及其功能、生物合成与降解等的研究进展.     

基于废物资源化的美极梅奇酵母产油研究现状及应用潜力分析

清洁可再生能源生物柴油的开发利用是对当今能源短缺环境下化石燃料替代物的有益探索。微生物油脂作为一种可能实现生物柴油廉价、高效生产的原料引起了广泛的关注,但由于封闭式培养模式操作复杂、成本高制约了其大规模应用。美极梅奇酵母Metschnikowia pulcherrmia是一种新型产油酵母,具有适应性强、底物利用范围广、可在开放体系培养等特点,很有潜力代替传统产油微生物,实现基于生物柴油的废水及固废能源化工程应用。文中对美极梅奇酵母相关研究开展了全面调研,在分析其产油研究及应用现状的基础上,总结了美极梅奇酵母在油脂生产方面所具有的独特优势和关键影响因素,突出强调了其在开放体系培养及利用有机废弃物生产微生物油脂的可行性。此外,文中还指出了美极梅奇酵母在油脂产量、产油机理等方面存在的问题与不足,为实现生物柴油高效生产提供了新的方向和思路,有利于进一步促进其工业化应用。     

小球藻生产生物柴油的研究

<正>生物柴油是一种以动植物油脂为原料制备、可替代化石柴油的绿色新能源。然而,以动植物油脂为原料的生物柴油其原料成本占总生产成本的75%左右,并且消耗大量可食用的植物油脂;以餐饮废弃油脂为原料虽然可有效降低生产成本,但原料来源有限,难以满足大规模生产的需要,且产品的质量难以保证。微藻是一类单细胞藻类,其在特定的条件下可大量积累油脂,而且藻油具有与一般植物油脂类似的脂肪酸结构,因此被认为是一种具有巨大潜力的新型生物柴油油脂原料[1]。     

Solution-mediated syntheses and characterizations of two new zincophosphites [C6H14N2]0.5[Zn(H2PO3)2] and [C4H12N2]0.5[(CH3)2NH2][Zn2(HPO3)3]

Two new zincophosphites [C₆H₁₄N₂]_0.5[Zn(H₂PO₃)₂] 1 and [C₄H₁₂N₂]_0.5[(CH₃)₂NH₂][Zn₂(HPO₃)₃] 2 have been solvothermally synthesized in mixed solvents of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and 1,4-dioxane (DOA), respectively. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that compound 1 exhibits a neutral inorganic chain formed by ZnO₄ and HPO₂(OH) units. Interestingly, the left- and right-handed hydrogen-bonded helical chains are alternately formed via the hydrogen-bonds between two adjacent chains. Compound 2 exhibits a layer structure with 4- and 12-MRs formed by ZnO₄ and HPO₃ units, in which two kinds of organic amine molecules both act as countercations to compensate the overall negative electrostatic charge of the anionic network.     

p-Quinquephenyl diamine, C6H5-p-C6H4-p-C6H2(2,3-NH2)-p-C6H4-C6H5, and its corresponding diimine-Ru(II) complex: Crystal structure and electrochemical and optical properties

The molecular structure of an o-phenylenediamine unit-containing oligophenylene (1), Ph-Ph′-Ph′(2,3-NH₂)-Ph′-Ph (Ph = phenyl; Ph′ = p-phenylene; Ph′(2,3-NH₂) = 2,3-diamino-p-phenylene), was determined by X-ray crystallography. 1 has a twisted structure, and forms an intermolecular C-H?π interaction network. The -NH₂ group of 1 was air-oxidized to an imine, NH, group in the presence of [RuCl₂(bpy)₂] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridyl) and gave a ruthenium(II)-benzoquinone diimine complex [Ru(2)(bpy)₂](PF₆)₂ (2: Ph-Ph′-Ph′(2,3-imine)-Ph′-Ph). The molecular structure of [Ru(2)(bpy)₂](PF₆)₂ was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. [Ru(2)(bpy)₂](PF₆)₂ underwent two-step electrochemical reduction with E^1/2 = −0.889 V and −1.531 V versus Fc⁺/Fc. The E^1/2’s were located at higher potentials by 91 mV and 117 mV, respectively, than those of reported [Ru(bqdi)(bpy)₂](PF₆)₂ (bqdi = benzoquinone diimine). Electrochemical oxidation of [Ru(2)(bpy)₂](PF₆)₂ occurred at a lower potential by 180 mV than that of [Ru(bqdi)(bpy)₂](PF₆)₂. Occurrence of the easier reduction and oxidation of [Ru(2)(bpy)₂](PF₆)₂ than those of [Ru(bqdi)(bpy)₂](PF₆)₂ is ascribed to the presence of a large π-conjugation system in 2.     

New preparations and molecular structures of cis-MCl2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2, M = Ru,Os and trans-RuCl2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)2

The title compounds were made by reacting bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) with reduced solutions of OsCl₆^4? and Ru₂OCl₁₀^4?. The crystal and molecular structures of these compounds have been determined form three-dimensional X-ray study. The cis-isomers crystallize with one CHCl₃ per molecule of the complex. All three compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n with unit cell dimensions as follows: Cis-OsCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃: a = 13.415(4) Å, b = 22.859(4) Å, c = 16.693(3) Å, β = 105.77(3)°, V = 4926(3) ų, Z = 4. cis-RuCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃: a = 13.442(3) Å, b = 22.833(7) Å, c = 16.750(4) Å, β = 105.53(2)°, V = 4953(3) ų, Z = 4. trans-RuCl₂(dppm)₂: a = 11.368(7) Å, b = 10.656(6) Å, c = 18.832(12) Å; β = 103.90(6)°, V = 2213(7) ų; Z = 2. The structures were refined to R = 0.044 (R_w = 0.055) for cis-OsCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃; R = 0.065 (R_w = 0.079) for cis-RuCl₂(dppm)₂·CHCl₃ and R = 0.028 (R_w = 0.038) for trans-RuCl₂(dppm)₂. The complexes are six coordinate with stable four-membered chelate rings. The PMP angle in the chelate rings is ca. 71° in each case.     

Synthesis and crystal structure of the MgCl2(CH3COOC2H5)2· (CH3COOC2H5) adduct

The reaction of α-MgCl₂ with boiling ethyl acetate affords MgCI₂(CH₃COOC₂H₅)₂· (CH₃COOC₂H₅), which is obtained as crystals suitable for X-ray analysis only from the mother liquor. M=315.5, orthorhombic, space group P2₁22₁ (No. 18), a=25.077(3), b=8.616(1), c=7.345(1) Å, V=1587.0(3) ų, Z=4, D_x=1.32 g cm⁻³,λ A(Mo Kα)=0.71069 Å, μ=4.17 cm⁻¹, F(000)=664, T=298 K, observed reflections: 1667, R=0.059 and R_w=0.069. The structure is composed of polymeric chains of MgCl₂(CH₃COOC₂H₅₎₂ and the ethyl acetate molecules occupy a mutually trans position.     

Selective synthesis of triangular cluster oxido-sulfidocomplexes of Mo and W: High yield preparations of [Mo3O2S2(H2O)9], [W3O2S2(H2O)9], [W2MoO2S2(H2O)9] and their derivatization

Reaction of [Mo₂O₂(μ-S)₂(H₂O)₆]²⁺ with Mo(CO)₆ or metallic Mo under hydrothermal conditions (140 °C, 4 M HCl) gives oxido-sulfido cluster aqua complex [Mo₃(μ₃-S)(μ-O)₂(μ-S)(H₂O)₉]⁴⁺ (1). Similarly, [W₃(μ₃-S)(μ-O)₂(μ-S)(H₂O)₉]⁴⁺ (2) is obtained from [W₂O₂(μ-S)₂(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and W(CO)₆. While reaction of [Mo₂O₂(μ-S)₂(H₂O)₆]²⁺ with W(CO)₆ mainly proceeds as simple reduction to give 1, [W₂O₂(μ-S)₂(H₂O)₆]²⁺ with Mo(CO)₆ produces new mixed-metal cluster [W₂Mo(μ₃-S)(μ-O)₂(μ-S)(H₂O)₉]⁴⁺ (3) as main product. From solutions of 1 in HCl supramolecular adduct with cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) {[Mo₃O₂S₂(H₂O)₆Cl₃]₂CB[6]}Cl₂⋅18H₂O (4) was isolated and structurally characterized. The aqua complexes were converted into acetylacetonates [M₃O₂S₂(acac)₃(py)₃]PF₆ (M₃ = Mo₃, W₃, W₂Mo; 5a-c), which were characterized by X-ray single crystal analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Crystal structure of (H₅O₂)(Me₄N)₄[W₃(μ₃-S)(μ₂-S)(μ₂-O)₂(NCS)₉] (6), obtained from 2, is also reported.     

Synthesis of tantalum and niobium complexes that contain the diamidoamine ligand, [(3,4,5-F3C6H2NCH2CH2)2NMe], and the triamidoamine ligand, [(3,5-Cl2C6H3NCH2CH2)3N]

Several niobium and tantalum compounds were prepared that contain either the diamidoamine ligand, [(3,4,5-F₃C₆H₂NCH₂CH₂)₂NMe]²⁻ ([F₃N₂NMe]²⁻), or the triamidoamine ligand, [(3,5-Cl₂C₆H₃NCH₂CH₂)₃N]³⁻ ([Cl₂N₂NMe]³⁻). The former include [F₃N₂NMe]TaCl₃, [F₃N₂NMe]NbCl₃, [F₃N₂NMe]TaMe₃, [F₃N₂NMe]NbMe₃, [(F₃N₂NMe)TaMe₂][MeB(C₆F₅)₃], [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(CHSiMe₃)(CH₂SiMe₃), [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(CH₂-t-Bu)Cl₂, [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(CH-t-Bu)(CH₃), and [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(η²-C₂H₄)(CH₂CH₃). The latter include [Cl₂N₂NMe]TaCl₂, [Cl₂N₂NMe]TaMe₂, [Cl₂N₂NMe]Ta(η²-C₂H₄), and [Cl₂N₂NMe]Ta(η²-C₂H₂).X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(CHSiMe₃)(CH₂SiMe₃), [F₃N₂NMe]Ta(η²-C₂H₄)(CH₂CH₃), and [Cl₂N₂NMe]TaMe_2..     

Crystal structures of MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPMePh2)2 and mixtures of MoCl2(O2)(OPPh3)2 and MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPPh3)2: allylic alcohol isomerization studies using MoCl2(O)(O2)(OPMePh2)2

Adding one equivalent of H₂O₂ to compounds of stoichiometry MoCl₂(O)₂(OPR₃)₂, OPR₃ = OPMePh₂ or OPPh₃, leads to the formation of oxo-peroxo compounds MoCl₂(O)(O₂)(OPR₃)₂. The compound MoCl₂(O)(O₂)(OPMePh₂)₂ crystallized with an unequal disorder, 63%:37%, between the oxo and peroxo ligands, as verified by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, and can be isolated in reasonable yields. MoCl₂(O)(O₂)(OPPh₃)₂, was not isolated in pure form, co-crystallized with MoCl₂(O)₂(OPPh₃)₂ in two ratios, 18%:82% and 12%:88%, respectively, and did not contain any disorder in the arrangement of the oxo and peroxo groups. These complexes accomplish the isomerization of various allylic alcohols. A mechanism of this reaction has been constructed based on ¹⁸O isotopic studies and involves exchange between the alcohol and metal bonded O atoms.     

Synthesis and structure of a lead(II)-citrate: {Na(H2O)3}[Pb5(C6H5O7)3(C6H6O7)(H2O)3]·9.5H2O

The reaction of lead(II) nitrate with trisodium citrate Na₃(C₆H₅O₇) in a 1:22.5 ratio at pH 4.8 provides crystals of {Na(H₂O)₃}[Pb₅(H₂O)₃(C₆H₅O₇)₃(C₆H₆O₇)]·9.5H₂O (1). The structure of 1 is two-dimensional and exhibits five distinct Pb(II) sites and four different modes of citrate bonding. The five lead sites all display hemidirected coordination geometries, that is, irregular distribution of neighboring oxygen atoms resulting in obvious gaps in the coordination spheres. Consequently, the lead coordination geometries exhibit proximal bonding to a number of oxygen donors, as well as distal interactions with nearest neighbors. The coordination numbers vary from 8 to 10, with ‘5+3’, ‘5+4’, ‘6+4’ and ‘7+3’ coordination modes where the first number refers to the proximal ligands and the second to the distal set. The four crystallographically distinct citrate groups include three with deprotonated carboxylate groups (C₆H₅O₇)³⁻ and one with a single protonated carboxyl group (C₆H₆O₇)². The citrate ligands bridge 3, 5, 7 and 7 lead sites. Three of the citrate groups exhibit tridentate chelation coordination to a lead site through two carboxylate oxygen donors and the hydroxyl groups. One citrate group projects an uncoordinated -OH group and a pendant protonated carboxyl group into the interlamellar domain. This latter carboxyl group coordinates to a sodium cation, which exhibits five coordinate geometry defined by three aqua ligands and the carbonyl oxygen of the -CO₂H groups in the basal plane and a citrate -OH donor in the apical position.     

Metal-organophosphonates: hydrothermal synthesis and structures of [Cu(O3PC10H6CO2H)] and [Cu(bpy)(HO3PC10H6CO2)] (H2O3PC10H6CO2H = 2,6-carboxynaphthalene phosphonic acid)

Hydrothermal methods were used to prepare [Cu(O₃PC₁₀H₆CO₂H)] (1) and [Cu(bpy)(HO₃PC₁₀H₆CO₂)]·2H₂O (2·2H₂O), where H₂O₃PC₁₀H₆CO₂H is 2,6-carboxynaphthalene phosphonic acid (H₃cnp). The two-dimensional structure of 1 consists of layers of edge-sharing {CuO₆} octahedra, producing an AlCl₃- type structure of fused hexagonal rings of copper octahedra, enclosing voids of hexagonal profile. The layer composition is CuO₃ or CuO₆/₂ as each oxygen bridges two copper sites. The Hcnp ligands project from either face of the copper “oxide” layer. Adjacent layers interact through hydrogen bonding interactions between the pendant -CO₂H groups of the ligand. Coordination of the bipyridine ligand in [Cu(HO₃PC₁₀H₆CO₂)] (2) obstructs expansion in two-dimensions, and the material exhibits a chain structure. The chain is constructed of binuclear units of edge-sharing ‘4+1’ {CuO₃N₂} square pyramids linked through the dipodal {HO₃PC₁₀H₆CO₂}²⁻ ligands.