棉铃虫蛾复眼的微细结构及其区域性差异

用电子显微镜观察棉铃虫蛾复眼的微细结构及其区域性差异。此复眼具有小网膜细胞柱的透明带。每个小眼包括一个外凸内平的角膜,一个晶锥,四个形成晶锥、晶束的晶锥细胞和两个围绕着晶锥的主虹膜细胞,六至八个小网膜细胞和一个基细胞。晶锥末端有一短小固定的晶束。小网膜细胞柱远侧中央有似微绒毛结构的视杆束。每个小眼被六个附色素细胞围绕。 微细结构的区域性差异:1.背方小眼视杆中段横切面近似矩形,主要由六个微绒毛平行排列的三角形视小杯组成,整个视杆包含两个互相垂直的微绒毛轴;腹方、前方、后方和侧方区域的小眼视杆中段横切面为风扇形,“V”字形视小杆内微绒毛排列不平行;2.前方区域小眼视杆中段的横切面要比后方大;3.前方、腹方区域内,有的相邻小眼的小网膜细胞柱互相连结,背方、后方区域未观察到这一现象。     

粘虫蛾复眼背、腹区视杆结构的差异

根据光学和电子显微镜的观察,粘虫蛾复眼背、腹区域的视杆结构具有以下主要差异:1)背方小眼视杆的长度短于腹方小眼视杆的长度。2)在横切面上,背方小眼视杆的中段近似方形。该段间细胞的视小杆为三角形,每个具有平行排列的微绒毛。整个视杆包含两个互相垂直的微绒毛轴。腹方小眼视杆的中段为风扇形。间细胞的视小杆为“V”字形,微绒毛排列不平行。3)背方小眼基细胞的视小杆几乎位于气管反光层远侧,而腹方小眼甚至延伸到气管反光层内。 在背方和腹方小眼视杆的内段,每个间细胞的微绒毛均平行,且排列在基细胞的大形视小杆周围。更深层,在其它细胞的轴突均已相继出现的水平上,基细胞的大形视小杆仍然可见。 最后,对形态上的特点,在功能上可能具有的一些意义也进行了初步讨论。     

夜行昆虫复眼光感受器的显微和亚显微结构的研究

粘虫蛾的复眼由许多小眼组成。每个小眼有8个小网膜细胞。根据它们形态学上的特征和视小杆的位置,可区分为1个顶细胞、6个主细胞和1个基细胞。 1.顶细胞视小杆在视杆顶端,组织切片上被橘黄-G染色,胞核在暗适应时不发生位移,胞质内有大量核糖体。 2.主细胞视小杆集合成束,均匀排列,占据视杆中段,切片上被光绿染色,胞核在暗适应时向晶锥方向移动,胞质内见不到核糖体。 3.基细胞视小杆在视杆下段轴心内,胞核紧靠基底膜,核与视小杆中间的胞体变细成丝状,内有许多色素小体,胞质内有核糖体。顶细胞与主细胞的胞体横切面上,可见到相邻的细胞膜有微孔相通,微孔附近有胞桥小体。对这三类感光细胞的功能及其在夜间视觉中的作用进行了探讨。     

黑翅土白蚁有翅成虫复眼的形态结构

采用组织切片法光镜下观察黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)有翅成虫的复眼形态结构及光、暗适应条件下色素颗粒移动的规律。结果如下:(1)头正前方观,复眼外部形态略呈圆形。(2)有翅成虫复眼类型属于并列像眼,每只复眼约由360个小眼组成。(3)每个小眼是由1套屈光器(1个角膜和1个晶锥)、小网膜色素细胞、视杆和基细胞等几部分组成。小网膜色素细胞内均含有丰富的色素颗粒。(4)在光适应条件状态下,屈光器及视杆周围的色素颗粒主要分布在视杆部位的上侧,暗度适应条件状态时则较均匀地分布于视杆两侧上下;性别对色素颗粒分布无明显影响。     

龟纹瓢虫成虫的复眼形态及其显微结构

利用光镜、组织切片法观察了龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg)成虫的复眼形态及其显微结构。结果如下:(1)头正前方观,复眼外形似半球,且后方稍向内合拢。每个复眼约包括630个小眼。(2)每个小眼是由1套屈光器(1个角膜和1个晶锥)、6至8个小网膜细胞及其特化产生的视杆和基细胞等几部分组成。晶体周围及小网膜色素细胞内均含有丰富的色素颗粒。(3)小眼整体纵切显示,其上、下段色素颗粒分布相对较多,中段分布较少。(4)明、暗适应状态对小眼的色素颗粒分布有影响,性别对其分布无明显影响。明适应状态下,其色素颗粒较均匀地分布于视杆两侧上下,暗适应状态时色素颗粒则主要分布在视杆部位的上侧,显示其具有一定的重叠眼性质;而在相同的明、暗适应状态下其雌、雄成虫复眼的色素颗粒分布间无明显差异。     

异色瓢虫显现变种复眼的形态、显微结构及其光暗条件下的适应性变化

复眼是昆虫的主要视觉器官,对于其寻找食物、配偶、栖息场所以及学习记忆等活动具有重要作用。本研究采用扫描电镜和石蜡切片技术对异色瓢虫显现变种Harmonia axyridis ab. conspicua复眼的外部形态和内部显微结构进行了观察。结果发现：(1)复眼近椭圆形,位于头部两侧,触角窝处有缺刻,小眼表面光滑平坦,无角膜乳突结构。其雌、雄成虫复眼的小眼数分别约为705和691;(2)复眼中心区域小眼呈六边形,排列紧密,边缘区域的小眼为不规则的四边形或五边形; (3)每个小眼由角膜、晶锥、8个小网膜细胞、视杆、基膜以及色素细胞组成。晶锥由4个晶锥细胞构成,8个小网膜细胞中6个位于边缘、2个位于中央;(4)暗条件下复眼显微结构存在明显差异：光适应条件下,色素颗粒主要分布在晶锥和视杆交界处的周围,周围视杆呈环形,内、外两侧均被色素颗粒包围;暗适应条件下,色素颗粒发生纵向移动,均匀地分布在晶锥和视杆的周围,周围视杆发生扭曲呈不规则的多角形,仅外侧有色素颗粒分布。结果表明,异色瓢虫显现变种的复眼属于并列复眼,可通过色素颗粒的纵向移动以及周围视杆扭曲变形等机制来适应外界明暗环境的变化。     

黑带食蚜蝇Episyrphus balteatus De Geer的复眼结构及其调光机制

【目的】观察研究黑带食蚜蝇Episyrphus balteatus De Geer成虫复眼形态、小眼结构和不同光暗条件对小眼结构的影响,以明确其光视觉的结构基础和调光机制。【方法】利用组织切片法和扫描电镜等技术。【结果】1.复眼位于头部两侧,正面观呈半球形,占据除额颜外大部分头部。雄虫与雌虫单个复眼分别有约7 180个、7 230个小眼。各小眼面呈整齐排列的规则六边形。2.小眼由角膜及伪晶锥组成的屈光器、不同水平面分布的8个小网膜细胞及其特化形成的离散型视杆、屏蔽色素细胞和基膜等组成。小眼自远端至近端由主色素细胞和12个附属色素细胞围绕。3.随光暗条件的改变小眼内的附属色素细胞色素和基细胞细胞核沿小眼纵轴移动。光适应时,附属色素细胞色素颗粒沿小眼纵轴均匀分布,基细胞细胞核位于基膜上方。暗适应时,附属色素细胞色素颗粒向伪晶锥近端压缩,基细胞细胞核亦向远端移动,到达视杆中段。【结论】黑带食蚜蝇复眼精密的小眼排列形式和内部结构均显示了其强大的生理功能;屏蔽色素颗粒的移动是其复眼适应外界光环境变化的重要机制。本试验为进一步探究黑带食蚜蝇视觉结构和光调节机制,以及与其飞行行为间的关系提供了一定的理论基础。     

螺旋粉虱成虫的复眼形态及其内部结构

采用扫描电镜和组织切片法,观察了螺旋粉虱Aleurodicus dispersus Russell成虫复眼的形态及其显微结构。结果表明,螺旋粉虱复眼半球状,呈“∞”形分布于头部两侧,单个复眼约由253个小眼组成;各小眼面微凸,复眼中心区域小眼多为规则的六边形,密集排列似蜂窝状;近背区边缘小眼多为五边形或近圆形,小眼排列疏松,且少量相邻小眼的间距较大。雌、雄复眼小眼面积约为85μm2。单个小眼由角膜、晶体、网膜细胞及其特化产生的视杆和基细胞等几部分组成。晶体有四个晶锥细胞构成,晶体、视杆周围和色素细胞内均含有大量的色素颗粒。螺旋粉虱的复眼属于并置复眼。光、暗条件下,小眼的色素颗粒分布有所不同。光适应条件下,色素颗粒较均匀地分布于视杆上下两侧;暗适应状态下,色素颗粒则主要分布在视杆上侧和晶体下侧。而在相同的明、暗适应条件下,性别对色素颗粒的分布无显著影响。     

南五台蝎蛉成虫复眼的超微结构

采用扫描电镜和组织切片法,观察南五台蝎蛉Panorpa nanwutaina Chou成虫复眼的超微结构。南五台蝎蛉复眼近半椭球形,包括1500～1600个小眼。小眼表面光滑,由角膜、晶体、2个初级和12个次级色素细胞、视杆、以及基膜组成。角膜为多层片状纤维结构;晶体含有4个晶锥细胞;视杆由若干个视网膜细胞组成。晶体、视杆周围、和色素细胞内含有大量的色素颗粒,基膜两侧也有色素颗粒分布。南五台蝎蛉的复眼属于并列像眼。与普通蝎蛉P.communis L.小眼的次级色素细胞数目不同。讨论了南五台蝎蛉角膜的功能以及感觉毛和次级色素细胞在分类中的作用。     

家蝇复眼感杆中光通量的色素颗粒调节

利用逆向照明方法及角膜中和技术,观察了暗适应、明适应和强光适应状态下,家蝇(Musca domestica)复眼感杆中光通量的变化。在强光适应状态下,每个小眼主要呈现一个中心感杆远端的光点像,其外周六个感杆远端光点像模糊不清或消失。利用电子显微镜观察了家蝇复眼小网膜细胞内色素颗粒的移动与适应状态的关系。在强光适应状态下,每个小眼外周六个小网膜细胞No.1～6内绝大部分色素颗粒移动到感杆,而中心两个小网膜细胞No.7～8内色素颗粒并未向感杆移动。但在有些小眼中,小网膜细胞No.7～8内部分色素颗粒移动到感杆。     

The compound eye of Parnara guttata (Insecta,Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae): Fine structure of the ommatidium

Summary The fine structure of an ommatidium of a skipper butterfly, Parnara guttata, has been studied using the electron microscope. Each ommatidium has nine retinula cells, which were classified into three groups: two distal, six medial and one basal retinula cells. The rhabdomeres of the distal retinula cells are localized in the distal part of the rhabdom, while those of the six medial retinula cells appear throughout most of the rhabdom. The rhabdomere of the basal retinula cell occupies only the basal part of the rhabdom. The rhabdomeres of four medial cells are constructed of parallel microvilli, while fan-like microvilli form the rhabdomeres of other two medial retinula cells. The distal and basal retinula cells have rhabdomeres consisting of both parallel and fan-like microvilli. This is the first time the construction of the rhabdomeres of the distal and basal retinula cells has been described in such fine detail for a skipper butterfly. Nine retinula cell axons of each ommatidium extend to the first neuropile of the optic lobe, the lamina ganglionaris. No difference was found in the number of retinula cells of an ommatidium or the shape of the rhabdom between the dorsal and ventral regions of the compound eye.     

The fine structure of the compound eye of a damsel-fly

Summary The compound eyes of two species of damsel-flies, Ishunura senegalensis and Cersion calamorum, were examined by electron microscopy. Each ommatidium is composed of eight retinula cells which are semistratified in the receptor layer. The retinula cells are divided into four types from the difference of levels in the rhabdom formation; one distal large cell having the rhabdomere only in the distal layer, four middle cells forming the rhabdom in the middle layer, two proximal cells making up the rhabdom in the proximal layer and one distal small cell having no rhabdomere in any layers. In addition, the lamina ganglionaris was partly observed. Some retinula axons terminate at an different level from the other axons. The functional differentiation among these different types of cells is discussed with relation to the analysis of the polarized light and the discrimination of the diffraction images.This work is supported by a grant from the U.S. Army Research and Development Group (Far East), Department of the Army (DA-CRD-AG-S29-544-67-G61).The authors wish to express their gratitude to Drs. H. Morita and H. Tateda for their helpful discussions throughout this study.     

Photoreceptor structures. III. Drosophila melanogaster

The eyes of three eye mutants of Drosophila melanogaster were fixed and thin sections studied for its structural detail in the electron microscope. Each ommatidium was found to have seven retinula cells with an equal number of rhabdomeres (visual units). The rhabdomeres average 1.2 micro in diameter and 60 micro in length. Each rhabdomere consists of osmium-fixed dense bands averaging 120 A in thickness, and with less dense interspaces 200 to 400 A. There is an average of 23 dense bands or 46 interfaces per micron within the rhabdomere. The rhabdomere as we have presented it is a single structure of packed rods or tubes. The "fine structure" within the rhabdomere is similar to that observed by electron microscopy for the retinula of the house fly, and to the retinal rods of the vertebrate eye, and to the chloroplasts of plant cells in a variety of animal and plant photoreceptor structures. In addition, the radial arrangements within the ommatidium of radially unsymmetrical units, the rhabdomeres, is probably related to the analysis of polarized light in the insect eye.     

PHOTORECEPTOR STRUCTURES : III. DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

The eyes of three eye mutants of Drosophila melanogaster were fixed and thin sections studied for its structural detail in the electron microscope. Each ommatidium was found to have seven retinula cells with an equal number of rhabdomeres (visual units). The rhabdomeres average 1.2 µ in diameter and 60 µ in length. Each rhabdomere consists of osmium-fixed dense bands averaging 120 A in thickness, and with less dense interspaces 200 to 400 A. There is an average of 23 dense bands or 46 interfaces per micron within the rhabdomere. The rhabdomere as we have presented it is a single structure of packed rods or tubes. The "fine structure" within the rhabdomere is similar to that observed by electron microscopy for the retinula of the house fly, and to the retinal rods of the vertebrate eye, and to the chloroplasts of plant cells in a variety of animal and plant photoreceptor structures. In addition, the radial arrangements within the ommatidium of radially unsymmetrical units, the rhabdomeres, is probably related to the analysis of polarized light in the insect eye.     

An apposition‐like compound eye with a layered rhabdom in the small diving beetle Agabus japonicus (Coleoptera,Dytiscidae)

The fine structure of the compound eyes of the adult diving beetle Agabus japonicus is described with light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The eye of A. japonicus is mango‐shaped and consists of about 985 ommatidia. Each ommatidium is composed of a corneal facet lens, an eucone type of crystalline cone, a fused layered rhabdom with a basal rhabdomere, seven retinula cells (including six distal cells and one basal cell), two primary pigment cells and an undetermined number of secondary pigment cells that are restricted to the distalmost region of the eye. A clear‐zone, separating dioptric apparatus from photoreceptive structures, is not developed and the eye thus resembles an apposition eye. The cross‐sectional areas of the rhabdoms are relatively large indicative of enhanced light‐sensitivity. The distal and central region of the rhabdom is layered with interdigitating microvilli suggesting polarization sensitivity. According to the features mentioned above, we suggest that 1) the eye, seemingly of the apposition type, occurs in a taxon for which the clear‐zone (superposition) eye is characteristic; 2) the eye possesses adaptations to function in a dim‐light environment; 3) the eye may be sensitive to underwater polarized light or linearly water‐reflected polarized light. J. Morphol. 275:1273–1283, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

灰茶尺蠖成虫复眼的超微结构及其明暗适应中的变化

【目的】明确灰茶尺蠖Ectropis grisescens成虫复眼的超微结构及其明暗适应中的变化,探究其调光机制。【方法】采用超景深显微镜测定了灰茶尺蠖成虫复眼的小眼数量、间角、直径和曲率半径等外部参数,并通过组织切片、光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜等技术观察了复眼的内部超微结构;通过光学显微镜观察了灰茶尺蠖成虫复眼在明暗环境中分别适应2 h后晶锥结构及色素颗粒的位置变化。【结果】灰茶尺蠖成虫复眼呈半球形,雌、雄虫单个复眼分别有2 502±105和3 123±78个小眼。小眼自远端至近端由角膜、晶锥、透明区构成的屈光层和由15个视网膜细胞构成的感光层组成。2个初级色素细胞包裹着晶锥,自角膜近端延伸至视网膜细胞核区的远端;每个小眼外围由6个次级色素细胞围绕,自角膜近端延伸至基膜;在透明区内14个视网膜细胞聚集成束(非感杆束),远端与晶锥束末端连接,在感光层内形成闭合型感杆束,延伸至第15个视网膜细胞(基部视网膜细胞)。在明暗适应时,灰茶尺蠖复眼的晶锥细胞间出现开闭,色素颗粒进行纵向位移,以适应外界的光强度的变化。【结论】灰茶尺蠖成虫复眼属于重叠像眼,感杆束为“14+1”模式;屏蔽色素颗粒的移动是其复眼适应外界光强度变化的重要机制。     

Larval and adult eye of the Western Rock Lobster (Panulirus longipes)

A number of differences exists between the compound eyes of larval and adult rock lobsters, Panulirus longipes. The larval eye more closely resembles the apposition type of compound eye, in which retinula cells and rhabdom lie immediately below the cone cells. The adult eye, on the other hand, is a typical clear-zone photoreceptor in which cones and retinula cell layers are separated by a wide transparent region. The rhabdom of the larval eye, if cut longitudinally, exhibits a "banded" structure over its entire length; in the adult the banded part is confined to the distal end, and the rhabdom is tiered. Both eyes have in common an eighth, distally-located retinula cell, which possesses orthogonally-oriented microvilli, and a peculiar lens-shaped "crystal", which appears to focus light onto the narrow column of the distal rhabdom. Migration of screening pigment on dark-light adaptation is accompanied by changes in sensitivity and resolution of the eye. Retinula cells belonging to one ommatidium do not arrange into one single bundle of axons, but interweave with axons of four neighbouring facets in an extraordinarily regular fashion.     

亲土苔蛾成虫复眼超微结构

【目的】重叠型眼在昆虫复眼演化中起着重要作用。本研究旨在阐明夜出型亲土苔蛾Manulea affineola复眼类型及结构特征,以期填补灯蛾亚科昆虫复眼研究的空白,扩充夜出型昆虫复眼的特征数据,为探讨重叠型眼的变异趋势及复眼演化提供依据。【方法】运用光学和透射电子显微技术观察亲土苔蛾成虫复眼的超微结构。【结果】亲土苔蛾成虫复眼具有一个透明区,由6个次级色素细胞的透明胞质构成。小眼具8个视网膜细胞,其中1个视网膜细胞较短,仅位于小眼基部。在透明区内,7个视网膜细胞聚集成一束,其远端与晶体束末端相接,但并不形成视杆。在透明区下方,这7个视网膜细胞形成一个中心融合的视杆。在复眼背缘区的小眼的视杆具有近似矩形的横截面,而其余小眼的视杆具多分支状截面。【结论】亲土苔蛾成虫复眼属于重叠型眼;复眼背缘区的矩形视杆很可能与昆虫的偏振敏感性有关。