降钙素基因相关肽对大鼠分离的心肌细胞内游离Ca~（2＋）含量的影响

用荧光染色法观察了合成的大鼠降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）对大鼠心肌细胞内游离Ｃａ￣（２＋）含量的影响。结果证明,ＣＧＲＰ能明显增加心肌细胞内Ｃａ￣（２＋）含量,小、中和大剂量（１０￣（－９）、１０￣（－８）、１０￣（－７）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的ＣＧＲＰ使Ｃａ￣（２＋）含量分别增加至２７６．８８±６．３１、３６４．９９７±１２．７０、５７６．３９７±１５ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ与对照组（１３６．２８±７．２４ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）相比差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）,且随着ＣＧＲＰ剂量的增加而作用明显加强,呈现剂量—效应关系。３０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的维拉帕米对ＣＧＲＰ所致的细胞内Ｃａ￣（２＋）增加有抑制作用,对小、中、大剂量ＣＧＲＰ作用的抑制率分别为４８％、４４％和１８％。我们推测,ＣＧＲＰ可能直接作用于心肌细胞。低浓度ＣＧＲＰ的正性肌力作用主要是促进Ｃａ￣（２＋）经Ｃａ￣（２＋）通道内流,使心肌细胞内Ｃａ￣（２＋）含量增加的结果。在大剂量ＣＧＲＰ的正性肌力作用中Ｃａ￣（２＋）内流也起到一定作用。     

雌二醇对家兔窦房结自律细胞的电生理学效应

本文旨在探讨雌二醇（17β-estradiol）对家兔窦房结自律细胞的电生理学效应及其作用机制。应用经典的细胞内玻璃微电极技术观察不同浓度雌二醇（1,10,100μmol／L）对家兔窦房结自律细胞动作电位的影响。结果显示：（1）雌二醇浓度依赖性地延长窦房结自律细胞动作电位复极化50％时间（APD50）和动作电位复极化90％时间（APD50）,降低窦房结自律细胞动作电位0期最大除极速率（Vmax）、动作电位幅值（amplitude of action potential,APA）,降低窦房结自律细胞放电频率（rate of pacemaker firing,RPF）、舒张期（4相）自动去极化速率[velocity of diastolic（phase4）depolarization,VDD]：而雌二醇对窦房结自律细胞的最大舒张电位（maximal diastolic potential,MDP）无明显影响。（2）雌激素受体阻断剂他莫昔芬（10μmol／L）不能阻断雌二醇（10μmol／L）对窦房结自律细胞动作电位的抑制效应。（3）一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L—NAME（100μmol／L）可完全阻断雌二醇（10μmol／L）对窦房结自律细胞动作电位的抑制效应。结果提示,雌二醇对家兔窦房结自律细胞的电生理活动具有明显的抑制作用,此作用可能是通过非基因组机制发挥,与一氧化氮作用有关。     

降钙素基因相关肽在豚鼠冠脉血流量和心脏传导系统作用的比较

本文目的在于深入研究降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）对豚鼠冠状血流量以及心脏传导系统各部分的作用。采用Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆｆ法灌流心脏,同步记录心脏表面电图和希氏束电活动。观察应用ＣＧＲＰ前后的冠脉流量、自主心率、在相同心房周期下的房室结（ＡＨ）及希浦系传导时间（ＨＶ）、心脏出现３：２文氏传导及２：１房室传导阻滞所需的最长起搏周期（ＰＣＬ３：２,ＰＣＬ２：１）。ＣＧＲＰ（３－３０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可显著增     

降钙素基因相关肽对缺氧时海马细胞内游离Ca^2＋的影响

本实验用Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光测定技术直接监测了缺氧时大鼠海马细胞内游离Ｃａ２＋浓度（［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ）的变化,并观察了降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）对这种变化的影响。结果发现,缺氧可使海马细胞［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ显著增高;４或８ｎｍｏｌ／ＬＣＧＲＰ能明显地降低缺氧引起的［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ增高,但在无胞外Ｃａ２＋的情况下,ＣＧＲＰ的作用消失。结果表明,ＣＧＲＰ的降钙作用是通过抑制缺氧时胞外Ｃａ２＋的内流来实现的。     

LHRH—A2及无机离子促进草鱼脑垂体离体分泌GH的初步研究

用培养瓶（皿）培养法研究ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ２、Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｋ＾＋对草鱼脑垂体器官分泌ＧＨ的影响。结果表明，１ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１００ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ和１０００ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＬＨＲＨ－Ａ２都能显著促进ＧＨ的分泌；随着Ｃａ＾２＋浓度（０．１、１、３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的增高ＧＨ的分泌增强，在１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ和３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｃａ＾２＋条件下的ＧＨ分泌水平显著高于在０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｃａ＾２＋条件下的ＧＨ分     

一氧化氮和前列腺素在内毒素引起降钙素基因相关肽释放中的作用

本实验在离体灌流大鼠肠系膜动脉床研究内毒素引起降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）释放的机制。内毒素（５０μｇ／ｍｌ）使ＣＧＲＰ释放增加１６倍,一氧化氮合成酶（ＮＯＳ）底物Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）能促进内毒素引起的ＣＧＲＰ释放（４１％）。ＮＯＳ抑制剂Ｎ￣Ｇ－硝基－Ｌ－精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ）及鸟苷酸环化酶抑制剂甲基蓝（ＭＢ）能使内毒素的上述作用分别降低３５％与３６％,Ｌ－精氨酸（ｔ－Ａｒｇ）能逆转Ｌ－ＮＮＡ的作用。提示内毒素的作用机制中部分是通过一氧化氮引起细胞内ｃＧＭＰ升高而介导的。用化学方法破坏血管内皮细胞,Ｌ－ＮＮＡ与Ｌ－Ａｒｇ的上述作用依然存在。提示内毒素主要是激活血管周围感觉神经末梢的神经源ＮＯＳ,而非内皮源ＮＯＳ。环氧化酶抑制剂消炎痛（Ｉｎｄｏ）与布洛芬（Ｉｂｕ）也能使内毒素引起ＣＧＲＰ释放的作用分别降低３４％与３９％,但与Ｌ－ＮＮＡ的作用不能迭加。提示内毒素可能通过激活神经源ＮＯＳ进而引起环氧化酶活化而起作用。     

降钙素基因相关肽的心肌电生理作用

应用浮置微电极技术,记录和观察降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）对家兔正常及缺血心肌电生理反应的影响。实验表明,ＣＧＲＰ能够显著增加心室肌细胞静息电位,提高动作电位幅度。心肌缺血后,ＣＧＲＰ除有上述作用外,尚能明显延长复极化至３０％和５０％（ＡＰＤ＿(３０),ＡＰＤ＿(５０)）的时程,而缩短复极化至１００％（ＡＰＤ＿(１００)）的时程,从而逆转了心肌缺血的ＡＰＤ异常变化。结果表明,ＣＧＲＰ对心肌电活动具有调节作用,对缺血心肌的电生理具有稳定和保护作用。     

川芎嗪加强豚鼠乳头状肌慢内向电流的作用

川芎嗪剂量依赖性地平加正常豚鼠乳头状肌收缩力（ＦＣ）,延长快反应动作电位时程（ＡＰＯ）。川芎嗪使氯化钡或组织胺诱发的慢反应电位（ＳＡＰ）的动作电位幅值（ＡＰＡ）,ＡＰＤ,最大除极速率（Ｖｍａｘ）及ＦＣ呈剂量依赖性增加。３．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的川芎嗪可直接诱发高钾除极化,钠通道失活的豚鼠乳头状肌的ＳＡＰ和收缩,加入１μｍｏｌ／Ｌ维拉帕米后１０ｍｉｎ内,ＳＡＰ及收缩逐步消失,但川芎嗪不能在儿茶酚胺耗竭或普     

T—2毒素对心肌细胞电生理特性的影响及硒的保护作用

本实验在培养的Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞上观察了Ｔ－２毒素对膜电位活动的影响及硒的保护作用。结果表明,Ｔ－２毒素（０．１,０．５,５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ）使心肌细胞动作电位幅值（ＡＰＡ）、超射（ＯＳ）、阈电位（ＴＰ）、最大舒张电位（ＭＤＰ）及最大除极速率（Ｖｍａｘ）显著降低。使复极化时程（ＡＰＤ１０、ＡＰＤ５０、ＡＰＫ９０）延长;动作电位发放频率（ＡＰＦ）受到明显抑制。提示Ｔ－２毒素能抑制Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｋ     

八肽胆囊收缩素对吗啡抑制大鼠离体空肠电与收缩活动的对抗作用

本研究探讨了八肽胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ－８）对抗吗啡对大鼠离体空肠电与收缩活动的作用。结果表明,吗啡能抑制ＡＣｈ对空肠峰波发放和收缩的加强作用;ＣＣＫ－８可对抗吗啡的作用;在此基础上,ＣＣＫ－Ａ受体拮抗剂ｄｅｖａｚｅｐｉｄｅ（１０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能完全翻转ＣＣＫ－８的抗吗啡作用,但是ＣＣＫ－Ｂ受体拮抗剂Ｌ－３６５,２６０在１０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ时可部分翻转、在３０ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ时能完全翻转ＣＣＫ－８的作用。上述     

在生理温度下降钙素基因相关肽对豚鼠心房肌复极过程的影响

实验应用常规微电极方法研究了在生理温度下 (36 5± 0 5℃ )降钙素基因相关肽 (calcitoningene relatedpeptide ,CGRP)对豚鼠心房肌细胞复极过程的影响及其与钾电流的关系。结果表明 :(1)CGRP(16nmol/L)可拮抗由钾通道阻断剂BaCl2 、4 AP引起的动作电位时间延长。 (2 )CGRP(16nmol/L)能够增加细胞外高钾 (18 5mmol/L)条件下心房肌慢反应动作电位的APA和Vmax,并缩短传导时间。 (3)CGRP(16nmol/L)能减弱甚至消除因并用CsCl (5mmol/L)和无钾灌流液诱发的触发活动。 (4)CGRP对动作电位复极过程的作用因温度条件而异。在生理温度下 ,CGRP(5、16和 5 0nmol/L)能够使动作电位平台抬高 ,缩短动作电位复极化 2 0 %、5 0 %和 90 %时程。其中 ,对动作电位复极化 2 0 %、5 0 %时程的作用呈剂量依赖性。而在室温下 (2 5 5± 2 1℃ ) ,CGRP使动作电位复极化 2 0 %、5 0 %和90 %时程延长。上述结果提示 ,CGRP对心房肌细胞具有多重电生理效应 ,其中生理温度下CGRP对钾电流的促进作用在动作电位的改变中占重要地位 ,今后有必要进一步研究CGRP对各种钾通道的作用     

降钙素基因相关肽对大鼠肺泡上皮Ⅱ型细胞间质转分化的作用及机制

目的：观察降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）对大鼠肺泡上皮细胞间质转分化（EMT）的作用并探讨其机制。方法：实验设Control组、TGF-β1（5 ng/ml）、CGRP （1、10、100 nmol/L）组、CGRP8-37（1 μmol/L）+CGRP （100 nmol/L）组。每组设9个复孔。细胞分别用CGRP或加CGRP8-37预处理1 h,再用转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）处理48 h。MTT法检测大鼠肺泡上皮Ⅱ型细胞（RLE-6TN细胞）活性。分别采用Real-time PCR和Western blot检测细胞E-cadherin、α-SMA、eIF3a、Notch1和collagen Ⅲ mRNA及蛋白表达。结果：与TGF-β1（5 ng/ml）相比,不同剂量CGRP （1、10、100 nmol/L）均可明显提高RLE-6TN细胞活性,显著抑制eIF3a、Notch1、α-SMA及collagen Ⅲ胶原的表达,上调E-cadherin的表达,而CGRP的这些作用可以被CGRP阻断剂CGRP8-37所取消。结论：CGRP对EMT具有一定的抑制作用,其机制可能与其抑制Notch1、eIF3a表达有关。     

Calcitonin gene-related peptide-evoked sustained tachycardia in calcitonin receptor-like receptor transgenic mice is mediated by sympathetic activity

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM) are potent vasodilators and exert positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the heart. Receptors for CGRP and AM are calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR)/receptor-activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 and CLR/RAMP2 heterodimers, respectively. The present study was designed to delineate distinct cardiovascular effects of CGRP and AM. Thus a V5-tagged rat CLR was expressed in transgenic mice in the vascular musculature, a recognized target of CGRP. Interestingly, basal arterial pressure and heart rate were indistinguishable in transgenic mice and in control littermates. Moreover, intravenous injection of 2 nmol/kg CGRP, unlike 2 nmol/kg AM, decreased arterial pressure equally by 18 +/- 5 mmHg in transgenic and control animals. But the concomitant increase in heart rate evoked by CGRP was 3.7 times higher in transgenic mice than in control animals. The effects of CGRP in transgenic and control mice, different from a decrease in arterial pressure in response to 20 nmol/kg AM, were suppressed by 2 micromol/kg of the CGRP antagonist CGRP(8-37). Propranolol, in contrast to hexamethonium, blocked the CGRP-evoked increase in heart rate in both transgenic and control animals. This was consistent with the immunohistochemical localization of the V5-tagged CLR in the superior cervical ganglion of transgenic mice. In conclusion, hypotension evoked by CGRP in transgenic and control mice was comparable and CGRP was more potent than AM. Unexpectedly, the CLR/RAMP CGRP receptor overexpressed in postganglionic sympathetic neurons of transgenic mice enhanced the positive chronotropic action of systemic CGRP.     

颈动脉注射肾上腺髓质素对去缓冲神经大鼠最后区神经元自发放电的影响

在63只切断两侧缓冲神经的麻醉sprague-Dawley大鼠,应用细胞外记录的电生理学方法,观察颈内动脉注射肾上腺髓质素(adrenomedullin,AM)对最后区(area postrema,AP)神经元自发电活动的影响。实验结果如下:(1)在记录到的78个自发放电单位中,颈内动脉内注射AM(0.3 nmol/kg),引起其中47个单位的自发放电频率由2.99±0.24增加到4.79±0.29 spikes/s(P<0.001),20个单位自发放电频率由3.24±0.46下降至1.97±0.37 spikes/s(P<0.001),另外11个单位自发放电频率无明显改变;平均动脉压和心率无明显变化。(2)颈内动脉注射降钙素基因相关肽受体阻断剂CGRP_(8-37)(3 nmol/kg)不能改变AM对自发放电的兴奋效应;(3)颈内动脉注射L-精氨酸(30 mg/kg)可减弱AM对自发放电的兴奋效应。以上结果提示,AM对最后区神经元有兴奋作用,此作用不是由降钙素基因相关肽受体介导,但可被NO前体L-精氨酸所减弱。     

降钙素基因相关肽对肺纤维化大鼠肺组织eIF3a、p27表达的影响

目的：观察降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）对肺纤维化大鼠肺组织真核翻译起始因子3a （eIF3a）、p27表达的影响,探讨CGRP在肺纤维化中的作用及机制。方法：雄性SD大鼠,体重180~220 g,随机分为3组（n=8）：对照组、博莱霉素组、博莱霉素+辣椒素组。采用气管内注射博莱霉素（5 mg/kg）诱导肺纤维化大鼠模型。造模前4 d大鼠皮下注射辣椒素（Capsaicin）（50 mg/kg·d）,造模后第28天处死动物,颈动脉采血ELISA法测定血浆CGRP含量。细胞实验分6组（n=9）：Control组,转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）组,CGRP （1、10、100 nmol/L）组,CGRP8-37 1 μmol/L和CGRP 100 nmol/L组。细胞用CGRP和（或） CGRP8-37预处理1 h,再用TGF-β1（5 ng/ml）处理48 h。5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷（BrdU）法检测细胞增殖。免疫组化、real-time PCR和（或） Western blot检测eIF3a、p27、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）、collagen Ⅰ mRNA及蛋白表达。结果：博莱霉素诱发肺纤维化动物肺组织eIF3a、α-SMA及Ⅰ胶原表达增高,CGRP及p27的表达明显降低。外源性CGRP可剂量依赖性的抑制TGF-β1诱导的肺成纤维细胞增殖,明显抑制eIF3a、α-SMA、Ⅰ胶原的表达,上调p27的表达,这些作用可以被CGRP阻断剂CGRP8-37所取消。结论：CGRP在博莱霉素诱导的肺纤维化中起着重要作用,可能通过抑制eIF3a、上调p27的表达而抑制肺成纤维细胞的增殖,进而抑制肺纤维化的形成与发展。     

Distinct Patterns of Constitutive Phosphodiesterase Activity in Mouse Sinoatrial Node and Atrial Myocardium

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are critical regulators of cyclic nucleotides in the heart. In ventricular myocytes, the L-type Ca²⁺ current (I_Ca,L) is a major target of regulation by PDEs, particularly members of the PDE2, PDE3 and PDE4 families. Conversely, much less is known about the roles of PDE2, PDE3 and PDE4 in the regulation of action potential (AP) properties and I_Ca,L in the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the atrial myocardium, especially in mice. Thus, the purpose of our study was to measure the effects of global PDE inhibition with Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) and selective inhibitors of PDE2, PDE3 and PDE4 on AP properties in isolated mouse SAN and right atrial myocytes. We also measured the effects of these inhibitors on I_Ca,L in SAN and atrial myocytes in comparison to ventricular myocytes. Our data demonstrate that IBMX markedly increases spontaneous AP frequency in SAN myocytes and AP duration in atrial myocytes. Spontaneous AP firing in SAN myocytes was also increased by the PDE2 inhibitor erythro-9-[2-hydroxy-3-nonyl] adenine (EHNA), the PDE3 inhibitor milrinone (Mil) and the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram (Rol). In contrast, atrial AP duration was increased by EHNA and Rol, but not by Mil. IBMX also potently, and similarly, increased I_Ca,L in SAN, atrial and ventricular myocytes; however, important differences emerged in terms of which inhibitors could modulate I_Ca,L in each myocyte type. Consistent with our AP measurements, EHNA, Mil and Rol each increased I_Ca,L in SAN myocytes. Also, EHNA and Rol, but not Mil, increased atrial I_Ca,L. In complete contrast, no selective PDE inhibitors increased I_Ca,L in ventricular myocytes when given alone. Thus, our data show that the effects of selective PDE2, PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors are distinct in the different regions of the myocardium indicating important differences in how each PDE family constitutively regulates ion channel function in the SAN, atrial and ventricular myocardium.     

Abnormal nociception and opiate sensitivity of STOP null mice exhibiting elevated levels of the endogenous alkaloid morphine

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays an important role in peripheral and central sensitization. CGRP also is a key molecule in the spino-parabrachial-amygdaloid pain pathway. Blockade of CGRP1 receptors in the spinal cord or in the amygdala has antinociceptive effects in different pain models. Here we studied the electrophysiological mechanisms of behavioral effects of CGRP in the amygdala in normal animals without tissue injury. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of neurons in the latero-capsular division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeLC) in rat brain slices showed that CGRP (100 nM) increased excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) at the parabrachio-amygdaloid (PB-CeLC) synapse, the exclusive source of CGRP in the amygdala. Consistent with a postsynaptic mechanism of action, CGRP increased amplitude, but not frequency, of miniature EPSCs and did not affect paired-pulse facilitation. CGRP also increased neuronal excitability. CGRP-induced synaptic facilitation was reversed by an NMDA receptor antagonist (AP5, 50 μM) or a PKA inhibitor (KT5720, 1 μM), but not by a PKC inhibitor (GF109203X, 1 μM). Stereotaxic administration of CGRP (10 μM, concentration in microdialysis probe) into the CeLC by microdialysis in awake rats increased audible and ultrasonic vocalizations and decreased hindlimb withdrawal thresholds. Behavioral effects of CGRP were largely blocked by KT5720 (100 μM) but not by GF109203X (100 μM). The results show that CGRP in the amygdala exacerbates nocifensive and affective behavioral responses in normal animals through PKA- and NMDA receptor-dependent postsynaptic facilitation. Thus, increased CGRP levels in the amygdala might trigger pain in the absence of tissue injury.