渗透压冲击下中度嗜盐菌Halomonas sp. Y四氢嘧啶类相容性溶质的合成与释放

【背景】四氢嘧啶类物质在高温、冷冻和干燥等逆境条件下,对酶、蛋白质、核酸及整个细胞具有良好的保护作用,已经应用于酶制剂、生物医药及护肤品等相关领域。目前此类物质只能依赖中度嗜盐菌采用细菌泌乳工艺进行商业化生产,因此四氢嘧啶类高产菌株及其发酵技术的研究日益受到国内外研究者关注。【目的】分离获得高产合成四氢嘧啶类相容性溶质的中度嗜盐细菌,研究渗透压冲击对其胞内四氢嘧啶合成与释放的影响,探索细菌泌乳法制备四氢嘧啶的可行性。【方法】采用涂布平板法分离中度嗜盐菌,对分离菌株进行形态、生理生化和16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定其种属;采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和质谱法(MS)分析四氢嘧啶类物质,细菌泌乳法制备四氢嘧啶类物质。【结果】从盐池土样中分离到一株以四氢嘧啶类物质为主要相容性溶质的中度嗜盐菌Y,鉴定为盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.)Y。盐单胞菌Y能在NaCl质量浓度为10-250 g/L的培养基中生长,最适生长的NaCl浓度为100 g/L;HPLC-MS测试结果证明盐单胞菌Y可同时合成四氢嘧啶和羟基四氢嘧啶2种相容性溶质,在最适生长的盐浓度下其合成量分别达175.5 mg/g和47.9 mg/g;在NaCl质量浓度为0-30 g/L的低渗溶液中胞内四氢嘧啶类物质经5 min即可达到最大释放率,而细菌泌乳工艺中最适合诱导四氢嘧啶释放的低渗溶液为质量浓度为10 g/L的NaCl溶液;采用细菌泌乳工艺制备四氢嘧啶,经连续11轮的高渗/低渗冲击,四氢嘧啶总合成量为6.0 g/L,总释放量为5.7 g/L,平均释放率为64.5%,底物转化率为128.9 mg/g。【结论】盐单胞菌Y是一株较高产合成四氢嘧啶类的中度嗜盐菌,能够耐受反复的渗透压冲击,采用细菌泌乳工艺显著提高了四氢嘧啶的制备效率。     

Cobetia marina CICC10367渗透压冲击下羟基四氢嘧啶的合成及释放

摘要:【目的】筛选获得耐受渗透压冲击的羟基四氢嘧啶合成菌株,利用“细菌挤奶”工艺提高羟基四氢嘧啶的产率。【方法】从盐池中分离羟基四氢嘧啶合成菌株,并对其进行形态、生理生化及16S rDNA鉴定。考察了培养基及其NaCl浓度对羟基四氢嘧啶合成的影响,在优化的条件下利用“细菌挤奶”工艺制备羟基四氢嘧啶。【结果】筛选获得的一株羟基四氢嘧啶合成菌株,鉴定为Cobetia marina CICC10367（C. marina CICC10367）。NaCl浓度为90 g/L的、谷氨酸单钠为唯一碳氮源的培养基有利于羟     

嗜盐细菌中四氢嘧啶和羟基四氢嘧啶的生物合成及其生物学功能

在嗜盐细菌盐适应中,四氢嘧啶(1,4,5,6-四氢-2-甲基-4-嘧啶羧酸)和羟基四氢嘧啶(1,4,5,6-四氢-2-甲基-5-羟基-4-嘧啶羧酸)发挥着十分重要的作用。四氢嘧啶的生物合成以L-天冬氨酸-β-半醛(ASA)为底物,依次由2,4-二氨基丁酸转氨酶(EctB),2,4-二氨基丁酸乙酰基转移酶(EctA)和四氢嘧啶合成酶(EctC)催化反应,分别生成L-2,4-二氨基丁酸(DABA),N-乙酰-L-2,4-二氨基丁酸(ADABA)和四氢嘧啶。羟基四氢嘧啶则由四氢嘧啶羟化酶(EctD)将四氢嘧啶羟基化产生。通常,四氢嘧啶合成基因以ectABC基因簇的形式存在,而羟基四氢嘧啶合成基因ectD单独存在。四氢嘧啶生物合成基因在微生物菌株和转基因经济作物中的表达可以提高其耐盐碱旱等抗逆能力,羟基四氢嘧啶合成基因的表达可以增强宿主耐热和耐干燥的能力。四氢嘧啶类相容性溶质的生物学功能及其潜在应用已成为前沿性研究热点。     

相容性溶质四氢嘧啶及其羟基化衍生物的研究进展

四氢嘧啶类化合物是嗜盐以及耐盐菌胞内合成的一类能够抵御外界高盐胁迫的相容性溶质,概述了四氢嘧啶及其衍生物的理化特征以及在嗜盐微生物中抵御外界高渗透压的作用机理,主要阐述了四氢嘧啶类相容性溶质的生物合成途径、膜运输机理、分泌释放机制、高密度发酵生产等方面在细胞、分子水平上的最新研究进展以及前景展望。并且综述了四氢嘧啶类在精细化工、生物医药及生物制造等行业的应用研究以及发展前景,探讨了未来的研究方向。     

中度嗜盐菌四氢嘧啶合成基因的克隆与功能分析

中度嗜盐菌Bacillus alcalophilus DTY1分离自晋西北黄土高原盐碱土壤, 能够产生耐盐相关的相容性溶质四氢嘧啶。为了研究四氢嘧啶的功能, 克隆了DTY1菌株四氢嘧啶合成基因簇ectABC。ectA、ectB和ectC分别编码169、428和132个氨基酸的肽链, 分别与B. halodurans C-125中的二氨基丁酸乙酰基转移酶(EctA)、二氨基丁酸氨基转移酶(EctB)、四氢嘧啶合成酶(EctC)同源性达59%、81%和81%。将携带该基因簇的4.0 kb片段转入蜡质芽孢杆菌B. cereus Z后, 芽孢杆菌的耐盐度显著提高。HPLC检测发现, 在1.0% NaCl浓度下, 转化菌B. cereus Z-E菌株生成70.1 mg/g四氢嘧啶, 而在5.0%的NaCl浓度下四氢嘧啶的产量高达118.6 mg/g, 显著高于B. alcalophilus DTY1的四氢嘧啶产量。而且随着盐浓度的提高, 四氢嘧啶的合成量也随之提高。由此证明四氢嘧啶参与中度嗜盐菌重要的渗透调节, ectABC的表达受盐诱导。     

中度嗜盐菌四氢嘧啶合成基因的克隆与功能分析

中度嗜盐菌Bacillus alcalophilus DTY1分离自晋西北黄土高原盐碱土壤, 能够产生耐盐相关的相容性溶质四氢嘧啶。为了研究四氢嘧啶的功能, 克隆了DTY1菌株四氢嘧啶合成基因簇ectABC。ectA、ectB和ectC分别编码169、428和132个氨基酸的肽链, 分别与B. halodurans C-125中的二氨基丁酸乙酰基转移酶(EctA)、二氨基丁酸氨基转移酶(EctB)、四氢嘧啶合成酶(EctC)同源性达59%、81%和81%。将携带该基因簇的4.0 kb片段转入蜡质芽孢杆菌B. cereus Z后, 芽孢杆菌的耐盐度显著提高。HPLC检测发现, 在1.0% NaCl浓度下, 转化菌B. cereus Z-E菌株生成70.1 mg/g四氢嘧啶, 而在5.0%的NaCl浓度下四氢嘧啶的产量高达118.6 mg/g, 显著高于B. alcalophilus DTY1的四氢嘧啶产量。而且随着盐浓度的提高, 四氢嘧啶的合成量也随之提高。由此证明四氢嘧啶参与中度嗜盐菌重要的渗透调节, ectABC的表达受盐诱导。     

Halomonas venusta DSM4743渗透压冲击下四氢嘧啶合成与释放

选择耐受较高NaCl浓度,而且四氢嘧啶胞内浓度阈值较高的菌株,研究其四氢嘧啶发酵条件和工艺,对于提高四氢嘧啶的制备效率具有实际意义。考察了碳源、NaCl浓度、酵母膏添加量对Halomonas venustaDSM4743四氢嘧啶合成的影响,考察了优化条件下的四氢嘧啶分批发酵进程,并利用"细菌挤奶"工艺制备四氢嘧啶。结果表明:谷氨酸单钠为唯一碳氮源、NaCl浓度为1.5mol/L、酵母膏添加量为0.5%的条件有利于四氢嘧啶合成。在优化条件下10L发酵罐分批发酵,四氢嘧啶最大合成量为3.2g/L,合成效率为2.7g/(L.d)。通过"细菌挤奶"工艺制备四氢嘧啶,6个渗透压冲击循环后,四氢嘧啶总合成量为14.7g/L,总释放量为14.3g/L,平均释放率为97%,合成效率2.1g/(L.d)。中度嗜盐菌Halomonas venusta DSM4743耐受较高浓度的NaCl,而且四氢嘧啶胞内浓度阈值较高,优化的发酵条件及"细菌挤奶"工艺,获得了较高的四氢嘧啶制备效率。     

古盐井中嗜盐菌的分离及四氢嘧啶的制备

[目的]分离鉴定古盐井中的嗜盐菌,确定相容性溶质,增加相容性溶质的合成。[方法]从盐井卤水中分离嗜盐菌,对菌株进行形态、生理生化和16S rRNA分析,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)和质谱法(MS)确定相容性溶质,以谷氨酸钠为唯一碳氮源来制备四氢嘧啶。[结果]菌株S2为色盐杆菌属;相容性溶质为四氢嘧啶; 1. 5 mol/L Na Cl时四氢嘧啶达到最适合成浓度,为0. 168 3 mg/mL,单位质量合成量为238. 201 mg/g;以谷氨酸钠为唯一碳氮源时,相同体积发酵液中四氢嘧啶的总合成量与单位质量合成量均增加,四氢嘧啶合成量为0. 184 8 mg/mL,单位质量合成量为390. 389 mg/g。[结论]成功分离出了产四氢嘧啶的嗜盐菌,并且以谷氨酸钠为唯一碳氮源时四氢嘧啶合成量大大增加。     

以四氢嘧啶为主要相容性溶质的中度嗜盐菌I15的分离和特性研究

从草地土壤中分离到一株中度嗜盐菌I15,经过16S rDNA(GenBank登录号为DQ010162)序列分析、形态学和生理生化特征分析,该菌株初步鉴定为Virgibacillus marismortui。I15能在0%～25%NaCl的培养基中生长,最适生长NaCl浓度为10%,最适生长温度为30℃,最适pH为7.5～8.0。在高盐条件下,I15细胞内主要的相容性溶质为四氢嘧啶,在15%NaCl培养基中其含量达到1.608mmol/(g\5cdw),占到相容性溶质总摩尔含量的89.6%。渗透冲击试验表明I15细胞内四氢嘧啶在低渗冲击时能够快速分泌到细胞外,在高渗冲击冲剂时能够较快地重新合成。     

四氢嘧啶吸收缺陷突变株高效制备四氢嘧啶

【目的】为进一步提高四氢嘧啶(1,4,5,6-四氢-2-甲基-4-嘧啶羧酸;1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid;ectoine)合成效率,【方法】利用步移PCR方法克隆了Halomonas salina DSM 5928T四氢嘧啶特异性转运蛋白(ectoine-specific transporter;TeaABC)编码基因teaABC,Red重组技术构建了四氢嘧啶吸收缺陷突变株H.salina DSM 5928T(teaABC-)。【结果】H.salina DSM 5928T(teaABC-)10 L发酵罐的四氢嘧啶发酵,四氢嘧啶总浓度9.10(±0.08)g/L,合成效率为9.93(±0.09)g/L.d。【结论】四氢嘧啶吸收缺陷突变株H.salina DSM 5928T(teaABC-),解除了四氢嘧啶吸收对其合成的负反馈调节,从而显著提高了四氢嘧啶合成效率。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes

Among tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), Na⁺/K⁺/Cl^? cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.