蝎蛉科(长翅目)昆虫雌性生殖系统构造及其在分类学上的意义

蝎蛉科Panorpidae6种蝎蛉的雌性生殖系统间存在显著差异,尤其是卵巢管数目、受精囊包膜颜色、附腺大小、及各部分相互间位置。卵巢管为多滋式,每个卵巢所含卵巢管数目在长瓣蝎蛉Panorpa longihypovalva Hua et Cai和路氏新蝎蛉Neopanorpa lui Chou et Ran中为10根,在大蝎蛉P.magna Chou中为16根,在太白蝎蛉P.obtusa Cheng中为18根,在染翅蝎蛉P.tincta Navas中有28根,在长白山蝎蛉P.changbaishana nom.nov.中,一个卵巢一般由8根卵巢管组成,而另一个经常为10根,表明在同一个体中有不对称性。长白山蝎蛉的受精囊包膜为红色,而其它种类透明。大蝎蛉附腺在6种蝎蛉中最大,几乎与卵巢等粗。表明雌性生殖系统可用于蝎蛉科的种类鉴别,并简要讨论了长翅目Mecoptera的系统发育关系。此外,长白山蝎蛉Panorpa changbaishana Hua是为Panorpa choui Hua,1998所提订的新名。     

蝎蛉属Panorpa东北一新种（长翅目：蝎蛉科）

本文描述产自中国东北辽宁和黑龙江的蝎蛉１新种－刘氏蝎蛉Ｐａｎｏｒｐａ ｌｉｕｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存在西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

河南省伏牛山蝎蛉记述：长翅目：蝎蛉科

本文报道了１９９６年７月河南省伏牛山昆虫考察中采到的蝎蛉科６种昆虫,其中蝎蛉属Ｐａｍｏｒ ｐａ４种,即大蝎蛉Ｐａｎｏｒ ｐａ ｍａｇｎａ Ｃｈｏｕ,六刺蝎蛉Ｐ．ｓｅｘｓｐｉｎａ Ｃｈｅｎｇ,华山蝎蛉Ｐ．ｅｍａｒｇｉｎａｔａ Ｃｈｅｎｇ和伏牛山蝎蛉Ｐ．ｆｕｎｉｕｓｈａｎａ Ｈｕａ ｅｔ Ｃｈｏｕ,ｓｐ．ｎ。新蝎蛉属Ｎｅｏ ｐａｎｏｒ ｐａ２种,即河南新蝎蛉Ｎｅｏｐａｎｏｒ ｐａ ｌｏｎｇｉｐｒｏｃｅ     

染翅蝎蛉Panorpa tincta Navas, 1931一新异名

经过长期调查，在秦岭山区获得大量标本的基础上，发现静蝎蛉Panorpa statura Cheng，1949是染翅蝎蛉Panorpa tincta Navas，1931的新异名。     

拟蝎蛉科--中国长翅目新记录科

报道中国长翅目Mecopteral新记录科——拟蝎蛉科Panorpodidae。介绍了拟蝎蛉科的主要特征,编制了中国长翅目分科和拟蝎蛉科分属检索表：提出了1个新组合——短拟蝎蛉Panorpodes brevicaudata(Hua,1998),移自蝎蛉属Panorpa Linn．,分布于吉林省长白山。     

化石直脉蝎蛉科再分类(长翅目)

本文对化石直脉蝎蛉科(Orthophlebiidae)的分属做了再分类,仍保留该科内的 2个属:直脉蝎蛉属 Orthophlebia和原直脉蝎蛉属Protorthophlebia,解体中蝎蛉属Mesopanorpa。中蝎蛉属被解体后,其包含所有的种,如Rs1主干带3支或3支以上支脉,归入直脉蝎蛉属;如Rs1仅带2支支脉,归入原直脉蝎蛉属;原中蝎蛉属以Rs主干两倍长于MA主干作为属的分类根据,但这一属征常常导致分类上的混乱,故本文不作为属或亚属的分类根据。上述保留的2个属,再以Rs分支先于、后于或等于MA的特征,即Rs主干短于、长于或等于MA主干作为亚属的分类根据。以此,在直脉蝎蛉属Orthophlebia和原直脉蝎蛉属Protorthophlebia之下各自设立3个亚属(Hong et Zhang, 2004)。在已建立的6个亚属中,Orthophlebia(Brachyphlebia)Hong et Zhang, 2004和Protorthophlebia(Mecynophlebia)Hong et Zhang,2004分别修改为Orthophlebia(Orthophlebia)Westwood, 1845和Protorthophlebia(Protorthophlebia)Tillyard,1933的新异名。中生代直脉蝎蛉中脉的前支(MA)并非在古生代之后就完全消失。根据对中生代不同时期、不同层位、不同地区直脉蝎蛉和本目其他科在内化石标本的观察,中脉及其前、后支脉(MA、MP)仍然继续存在与发展。基于这种事实,本文认为直脉蝎蛉科脉序命名中沿用已久的Rs后支(Rs3 4)应为中脉的前支(MA),原来沿用的中脉(M)为中脉的后支(MP)。这样,有助于我们对长翅目中脉及其前、后(MA、MP)支脉的准确辨认,尤其是对MA脉在地史上变革、发展,以及与Rs脉的演化关系的认识可能有所裨益。     

中国蚊蝎蛉属四新种记述(长翅目,蚊蝎蛉科)

记述了中国蚊蝎蛉属Bittacus Latreille 4新种,即暗蚊蝎蛉Bittacus obscurus sp.nov.,浅黄蚊蝎蛉Bittacusflavidus sp nov,长突蚊蝎蛉Bittacus longiprocessus sp.nov.和四边蚊蝎蛉Bittacus trapezoideus sp.nov..模式标本保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆.     

浙江蚊蝎蛉属一新种(长翅目,蚊蝎蛉科)

记述了产于中国浙江的蚊蝎蛉属Bittacus Latreille,1805 1新种,浙江蚊蝎蛉Bittacus zhejiangicus sp.nov.,提供了雄性正模成虫的整体照片,绘制了雄性和雌性外生殖器特征图。新种与中华蚊蝎蛉Bittacus sinensis Walker和天目山蚊蝎蛉B.tienmushana Cheng相似,但根据羽状触角,翅Av脉存在,前足腿节明显黑褐色,雄性上生殖瓣基部下缘大的耳状突起,载肛突末端有1小突起,突起上有1束长毛,生殖肢端节不具突起等特征容易区分。正模♂,采于浙江凤阳山七星潭;副模: 1♀,采于浙江泰顺乌岩岭; 1 ♂,采于浙江庆元百山祖。模式标本分存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆[NWAU]和上海昆虫博物馆[SHEM]。     

刘氏蝎蛉卵巢管结构和卵子发生（英文）

卵巢管结构及卵子发生过程在探讨昆虫系统发育关系中有重要意义, 深入研究长翅目昆虫卵巢管结构及卵子发生可为确定其在全变态类昆虫中的系统发育地位提供依据。本文利用光学显微镜和扫描、透射电子显微镜技术研究了刘氏蝎蛉Panorpa liui Hua卵巢管超微结构及卵子发生过程。结果表明：蝎蛉卵巢由12根多滋式卵巢小管组成, 每个卵巢小管分为端丝、生殖区和生长区。根据滋养细胞、卵母细胞及滤泡细胞的变化, 卵子发生过程可分为5个阶段：卵黄发生前早期、卵黄发生前中期、卵黄发生前后期、卵黄发生期及卵壳形成期。在卵黄发生期, 滋养细胞为卵母细胞提供养分后逐渐消亡, 而此时的卵母细胞可通过滤泡之间的细胞间隙从血淋巴中获取营养。在卵壳形成期间, 3种不同类型的滤泡细胞参与形成不同区域的卵壳, 从而形成不同花饰的卵壳表面。据此推测, 与其他目的滋养细胞数目相比, 每个卵室中2次有丝分裂形成3个滋养细胞可能是比较原始的特征, 表明长翅目昆虫可能是全变态类群中近基部的分支。     

蝎蛉属Panorpa一新种记述(长翅目:蝎蛉科)

记述采自河南省王屋山的蝎蛉属Panorpa Linn．1新种：王屋山蝎蛉Panorpa wangwushana,sp．nov．。模式标本分别保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆和郑州大学生物系。     

迁粉蝶雌性生殖系统结构研究

解剖和描述了迁粉蝶Catopsilia pomona(Fabricius)的雌性生殖系统结构。结果表明:迁粉蝶外生殖器包括交配囊及其附属结构、导精管、后表皮突和肛突;内生殖器包括1对卵巢、2根侧输卵管、1根中输卵管、受精囊、附腺、外生殖腔及产卵孔。卵巢左右对称,每个卵巢由4根多滋式卵巢管组成。同时提出卵巢发育分级指标,为害虫预测和防治提供指导性意见。     

Ultrastructural organization of the genital tracts in amphigonic females of Euceraphis betulae Koch (Aphididae: Calaphidinae)

The ultrastructure of the genital tracts in amphigonic females of Aphidoidea is described for the first time, using Euceraphis betulae Koch (Aphididae: Calaphidinae) as a representative. The female reproductive apparatus consists of two ovaries, each one with three/four meroistic telotrophic ovarioles; two sac‐like accessory glands lie laterally to a sac‐like seminal receptacle, opening into the dorso‐medial part of the common oviduct by means of a spermathecal duct. A marked secretory activity takes place in the epithelial cells of all the investigated tracts as shown by ultrastructural observation of many organelles involved in this process. No evident golgian area was observed in the cytoplasm of these cells. Extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum, whose probable role is here discussed, was observed in epithelial cells of the wall of the accessory gland. Spermathecal duct and seminal receptacle had peculiar features that could be related to different secretory activities carried out by these two parts of the spermatheca.     

Ovariole number and fecundity for the two emigrating generations of the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) in Sweden

Abstract. 1. The number of ovarioles and the potential fecundity in first (fundatrigenia) and second generation emigrants of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) was investigated.
2. The relationships between weight and host quality on ovariole number were investigated.
3. The first generation of emigrants had a greater number of ovarioles and a higher fecundity than the second.
4. There was a positive relationship between ovariole number and weight.
5. The number of ovarioles and weight decreased with decreasing host quality.
6. The results do not agree with a recently proposed reproductive strategy of aphids where the number of ovarioles are supposed to be independent of weight and host quality.
7. In years with a high initial population on bird cherry, the migration to grasses, e.g. cereals, will be earlier, probably larger and, to a greater extent, consists of aphids which have a higher reproductive rate than in years with a small initial number on bird cherry.     

Genesis of the reproductive system of mosquitoes. I. Female of Aedes stimulans (Walker)

The feminine dimorph has unique structures that produce eggs, select salubrious sites for the offspring, store sperm, and void the eggs. This paper provides a time table for development of these parts in Aedes stimulans based on preparations examined at 5-hour intervals when reared at 21°C. All growths of imaginal parts proceeds independent of activities in the larval tissues. Ovaries produce the eggs in terminal follicles of the ovarioles. Besides ovarioles each ovary contains sheaths for the ovarioles, pedicels attaching them to a central canal, the calyx, ovarian sheath and muscles. Ovaries are recognizable in newly hatched larvae as caps of cells on larger masses which become part of the delivery system for eggs. Each ovary grows forward from its attachment first as a column of cells that differentiates into the several tissues by the time the insect enters pupal life. Prior accounts have considered the ovary as the whole mass of cells on each side of the hemocoel of segment 6. Only the most anterior cells recognizably distinct at the end of embryogeny are generative. The delivery system for eggs is composed of the lateral oviducts and median or common oviduct. Primordia from which the former are derived are present from the end of embryogeny and throughout larval life as two distinct parts. Two ovoid masses occur in the hemocoel of segment 6. To each of these is attached a filament extending backward to an attachment ventrally and caudally in segment 7. They are rapidly changed into definitive lateral oviducts late in pupal life. The single primordium for generating the median genital tract appears during instar 3 as a caudal ventral plate of cells in segment 8 between a pair of bilateral buds and invaginates during instar 4 to form (1) the common oviduct from a midventral pouch, (2) three spermathecae from two lateral invaginations and (3) the elaborate vaginal area. The bilateral buds form no parts of the female. The post-vaginal area or atrium with its accessory organs is derived in part from the ventral plate of segment 8 and that of segment 9. The imaginal disc in segment 9 is present at the end of embryogeny as primordial buds and ventral plate and development is delayed until early pupal life when it projects inward to form part of the atrium and pouches once to form the common opening for the duct of the accessory gland and the canal to the bursa copulatrix. The buds of this disc produce no feminine parts. During the second larval instar lateral primordia appear as a pair of shields in the anal segment. They develop slowly until pupation when they extend caudally as two flaps called “cerci” in culicid literature and this paper.     

Reproductive investment and the inter-ovariole differences in embryo development and size in virginoparae of the vetch aphid, Megoura viciae

Apterous virginoparae of the vetch aphid, Megoura viciae Buckton, contain between 13 and 22 ovarioles, and show an interovariole gradation in embryonic development, which is a consequence of anterior ovarioles ovulating first. It persists throughout development and is a consequence of a delay in the onset of ovulation in the posterior ovarioles, rather than a loss of reproductive potential. Up to eight embryos are present in the ovarioles of adults, and there are interovariole differences in size of up to two times between the largest and smallest terminal embryos within individuals. Maternal weight and size of embryos were not significantly associated with the number of ovarioles. Embryos of a particular developmental stage were larger in big (heavy) than small aphids.

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Résumé Le nombre d'ovarioles des M. viciae Buckton virginipares aptères varie de 13 à 22, quel que soit le poids de l'adulte. La taille de l'embryon ne dépend pas du nombre d'ovarioles. Des différences de taille et de développement des embryons comparables existent entre les ovarioles depuis le début de l'activité du termarium jusqu'au début de la reproduction. Les petits pucerons ont de plus petits embryons que les gros pucerons et le nombre d'embryons par ovariole augmente avec la taille jusqu'à un poids maximal. Les ovarioles antérieurs contiennent plus d'embryons bien développés que les ovarioles les plus postérieurs, par suite de l'ovulation plus précoce du germarium le plus antérieur.

     

Behavioral property of unusual large workers in the ant,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Pristomyrmex pungens</Emphasis>

We surveyed the behavioral properties of unusual large workers in the parthenogenetic queenless ant, Pristomyrmex pungens. The majority of colonies mostly consist of monomorphic workers, which have two ovarioles (small workers). Large workers with four ovarioles are occasionally found in some colonies. We compared the behavior of small and large workers. Large workers performed brood care less frequently than small workers and almost never foraged. We set out three hypotheses of the adaptive significance of large workers: they are (1) reproductive castes, that is, functionally defined queens, (2) major workers, such as soldiers, and (3) of a socially parasitic lineage. Electronic Publication     

Differences in body sizes and physiological conditions among castes in the ponerine ant Cryptopone sauteri (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

In several poneroid ant species, mated workers alone undertake reproduction. The reproductive systems of such species have been examined extensively. However, few studies have investigated species with alate queens, which reproduce after shedding their wings. We compared body sizes and the numbers of ovarioles between queens and workers in the ant Cryptopone sauteri with alate queens. We also compared ovariole development between the castes to evaluate their reproductive systems. Approximately 60% of the nests collected were queenless. We often detected unmated queens in the nests throughout the year, but did not obtain strong evidence for their reproduction. Although significant differences were observed in the number of ovarioles and body characteristics between the queens and workers, the differences were not as prominent as those observed in Formicinae and Myrmicinae. We propose two alternative hypotheses, failure of nuptial flight or postponement of reproduction, to explain the presence of unmated queens in the nests.     

Genesis of the reproductive system of mosquitoes II. Male of Aedes stimulans (walker)

The imaginal male of mosquitoes bears a combination of organs and appendages that make it morphologically distinctive. Its reproductive organs produce sperm cells, convey and extrude them, provide accessory fluids, and insure copulation and insemination. In Aedes stimulans (Walker) these organs are derived from one of the two sets of primordia provided by the embryo. The second set of primordia is capable of producing the feminine reproductive system under unusual circumstances. Testes are derived from two compact ovoid masses of cells suspended in the hemocoel of abdominal segment 6. Each enlarges slowly throughout larval instars 1–3 and elongates very rapidly late in instar 4. Specialization of the cellular mass into sperm cells proceeds forward from the caudal end early in pupal life. From the beginning, a sheath of nutritive cells or fatbody encases each gonad, and no tracheation of the mass is evident although one small trachea sends branches to the encasing fatbody late in larval life. The efferent canal from each testis is derived from a tenuous filament extending caudally from each gonad to the venter of segment 9 and a small cluster of cells in the wall of the hemocoel on the ental surface of imaginal disc 9. Early in pupal life the filaments become the tubular vasa efferentia. The caudal clusters are primordial terminal parts of the lateral tract that become vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles and associated accessory glands. The ejaculatory canal comes from a short pouch derived from the median genital plate of disc 9. All external parts except the paraprocts are products of disc 9. The bilateral buds begin to proliferate in larval instar 4 and become the basistyles, dististyles and claspettes of the gonapophyses during pupal life. The phallosome is derived from the median genital plate. Primordia of a possible feminine reproductive system and cerci remain undifferentiated and disappear early in pupal life in the normal course of events. Primordia that were recognizable include those of ovaries, parts of lateral oviducts, median genital tract and cerci.     

大猿叶虫滞育进程中成虫内生殖系统的形态特征

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly是十字花科蔬菜的一种重要害虫,以成虫在土壤中滞育越冬和越夏。本研究通过解剖大猿叶虫非滞育成虫,观察描述了雌雄成虫内生殖系统的结构特点,并绘制了雌雄成虫内生殖系统模式图。对滞育初期、滞育期间、滞育解除后未取食和滞育解除后取食成虫解剖显示,滞育初期,雌雄成虫内生殖系统几乎与羽化初期成虫一致。滞育期间雄成虫的附腺和射精管亦不发达,滞育解除后未取食雄成虫的附腺膨大且粗于输精管,射精管略膨大,取食雄成虫的射精管呈不透明淡桔黄色。滞育期间雌成虫的卵巢小,略大于滞育初期卵巢,少数卵巢小管的基部可见具卵黄原沉淀的卵粒。滞育解除后未供食雌成虫卵巢明显膨大可见大量成形卵粒,部分卵粒可见卵黄原沉淀;取食雌成虫的卵巢膨大,可见大量成熟卵粒,侧输卵管和总输卵管中可见待产的卵。作者认为,大猿叶虫成虫在滞育期间能够缓慢发育,部分滞育前积累的代谢物质被用于滞育后发育,但只有经过取食,成虫才能正常交配和产卵。