异源表达CiRS基因通过生成白藜芦醇增强拟南芥的抗氧化能力

白藜芦醇是一种具有多种医疗保健作用的植物芪类次生代谢产物,在农业、医药、食品和化妆品等领域受到广泛的关注。白藜芦醇合酶是白藜芦醇生物合成中唯一必需的关键酶,决定植物体内白藜芦醇的合成。将中间锦鸡儿中克隆到的CiRS基因(Gen Bank登录号MF678590)转入野生型拟南芥,实验结果显示:野生型的总黄酮含量明显高于转基因株系。HPLC测得转基因拟南芥中有白藜芦醇的生成,并且含量最高达335μg/g FW。紫外照射处理后转基因植物中丙二醛的积累量明显少于野生型。转基因植物提取物DPPH自由基清除能力均高于野生型。这些结果表明,中间锦鸡儿CiRS基因异源表达后利用与黄酮类物质的共同底物合成了白藜芦醇,使得转基因植物的抗氧化性增强。     

CiCHI提高拟南芥总黄酮含量

查尔酮异构酶(CHI)是类黄酮合成途径中的第二个关键酶,对调控整个代谢途径起着重要作用,明确该基因功能,为进一步揭示中间锦鸡儿的抗逆机制提供理论依据。根据已知CHI基因的保守结构域设计简并引物,以中间锦鸡儿cDNA为模板,克隆得到CiCHI全长,并通过序列分析、系统进化分析进行确认。qRT-PCR检测分析发现,中间锦鸡儿CiCHI的表达受到紫外、NaCl、ABA等胁迫诱导。CiCHI在叶中表达量最高,茎中次之,根中最少。异源表达CiCHI使拟南芥的总黄酮含量明显增加。     

白藜芦醇合成酶基因在基因工程中的应用及功能研究进展

白藜芦醇合成酶(Resveratrol synthase,RS)是白藜芦醇(Resveratrol,Res)合成途径中的关键酶。以往研究报道,RS基因已在多种植物和微生物中进行了转化和表达,并在植物的代谢及调控等方面发挥生物学作用。文中主要围绕RS基因对植物的转化,及异源表达后植物体内代谢产物的变化,转RS基因对植物抗病原菌活性、抗自由基活性和生长发育的影响,以及利用RS基因在微生物中生产Res的相关进展进行了综述。并对RS基因在生物工程方面的应用前景进行展望。     

红花CHS基因的过表达提高了拟南芥黄酮含量

该研究旨在获得红花查尔酮合酶(chalcone synthase,CHS)基因全长片段,并在拟南芥中进行过表达,初步验证该基因的功能根据红花转录物测序结果中获得的中间序列,采用RT-PCR和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplifi cation of cDNA ends,RACE)方法从红花花瓣中克隆到1个CHS基因的全长cDNA,命名为Ct CHS1,全长序列1 360 bp。生物信息学分析表明,该基因具有完整的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),共1 113 bp,编码370个氨基酸。亚细胞定位预测结果显示,该基因编码的蛋白质定位于细胞质。结合其他物种的CHS基因构建系统树表明,Ct CHS1具有高度保守性,其与水母雪莲花的亲缘关系最近。荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)分析表明,Ct CHS1基因在吉红油姊妹系的衰落期和吉红一号的盛花期表达量最高。该研究成功构建了含有Ct CHS1基因的植物表达载体,并在拟南芥中进行过表达,获得了高黄酮含量的转基因拟南芥T2株系。结果表明,过表达红花CHS基因可以提高拟南芥中的黄酮含量,为后续该基因的功能验证奠定基础。     

中间锦鸡儿CiMYB15基因正调控拟南芥黄酮代谢

目的:R2R3-MYB类转录因子参与调控植物初生和次生代谢。方法:从中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)干旱转录组数据库中搜索并克隆了一个R2R3-MYB基因,命名为CiMYB15(GenBank登录号MH678649);将CiMYB15基因编码区转入野生型拟南芥中,利用分光光度法测定了野生型和转基因拟南芥中总黄酮含量,并用qRT-PCR检测了转基因植物中At CHS基因的表达情况。同时采用染色体步移法克隆了CiMYB15基因的启动子序列。结果表明:(1) CiMYB15基因g DNA长度为1 960 bp,包含三个外显子(134、131和521 bp)和两个内含子(281和893 bp);开放阅读框长度为786 bp,编码262个氨基酸。(2)克隆得到1 580 bp的启动子序列,序列中主要包含损伤诱导元件G-box和P-box、盐诱导作用元件GT1-motif、参与干旱诱导的反应元件MBS,以及真菌侵害应答元件BOX-W1、植物-病原菌互作元件EIER;此外,还包含调节黄酮合成基因的MYB转录因子的结合位点。(3) CiMYB15基因的表达受到紫外胁迫的诱导。(4) CiMYB15基因过表达株系的总黄酮含量高于野生型。(5)过表达植物中At CHS基因的表达量亦高于野生型。以上结果说明,CiMYB15基因正调控拟南芥黄酮代谢。     

中间锦鸡儿CiABR17基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究采用blastn比对方法,从中间锦鸡儿干旱胁迫抑制消减杂交文库筛选出ABA响应蛋白17基因(ABR17)的EST序列。RACE扩增得到cDNA序列594bp,其中ORF为471bp,编码157个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量为16.44kD,等电点为4.93,平均疏水指数为-0.126,是一种亲水蛋白。实时荧光定量PCR检测发现,中间锦鸡儿CiABR17基因在脱水、NaCl和热胁迫下均有不同程度表达,说明CiABR17基因与中间锦鸡儿响应逆境胁迫有关;过表达CiABR17拟南芥株系的鲜重、干重和莲座直径均极显著高于野生型株系。     

三种锦鸡儿属植物过氧化氢酶基因的克隆及表达特性分析

为研究过氧化氢酶基因在锦鸡儿属植物抵御干旱胁迫中发挥的作用,采用兼并PCR (degenerate polymerase chain reaction, Deg-PCR)和末端克隆(rapid amplify cDNA ends, RACE)技术分离了柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskiikom)、小叶锦鸡儿(C. microphylla)和中间锦鸡儿(C. davazamcii)的过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)基因cDNA序列,并对它们在干旱胁迫条件下的表达特性进行了比较分析。这3种锦鸡儿属植物CAT cDNA均为1 755 bp,含有1个1 479 bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)、85个碱基的5'非编码区和201个碱基的3'非编码区,编码492个氨基酸的蛋白质。序列比较分析发现,该3条序列仅在322 bp处有一个碱基的差异(CkCAT为T碱基, CmCAT和CdCAT为C碱基),但它们编码相同的氨基酸。生物信息学分析显示,CkCAT、CmCAT和CiCAT的与其他植物的CAT蛋白具有较高的同源性,在进化上与豇豆和大豆的CAT亲缘关系较近。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,在干旱胁迫条件下CkCAT、CmCAT和CdCAT的表达量明显升高,显示CAT在锦鸡儿属植物抵御干旱逆境中发挥重要作用。     

3种锦鸡儿属植物过氧化物酶基因的克隆及表达分析

采用同源克隆技术分离了3种锦鸡儿属植物柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、小叶锦鸡儿(C.microphylla)和中间锦鸡儿(C.intermedia)的过氧化物酶(POD)基因(分别命名为CkPOD、CmPOD和CiPOD),并对它们在干旱胁迫条件下的表达特征进行了分析。CkPOD、CiPOD、CmPOD基因的cDNA序列均包含有1 074bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码的蛋白质由357个氨基酸构成,分子量为38.7kD。系统进化分析结果显示:3种锦鸡儿属植物的POD可以和鹰嘴豆等豆科植物的POD聚为一类,且CkPOD和CmPOD具有较近的亲缘关系,CiPOD与CkPOD和CmPOD的亲缘关系相对较远,这一结果与3种锦鸡儿属植物的进化地位一致,显示POD基因较为保守,可以为锦鸡儿属植物的系统分类提供参考。PEG模拟干旱胁迫能够强烈诱导CkPOD、CiPOD和CmPOD基因的表达,显示POD基因在锦鸡儿属植物抵御干旱胁迫过程中发挥着重要作用。研究结果可为解析锦鸡儿属植物的耐旱机理以及利用锦鸡儿属植物进行荒漠改良和生态修复提供理论和实验依据。     

蛇白蔹白藜芦醇合酶基因CNRS2的克隆与原核表达

白藜芦醇合酶(resveratrol synthetic enzyme,RS)是植物白藜芦醇合成途径中的关键酶,利用已知的葡萄RS基因(AF274281)序列设计并合成了一对引物,以蛇白蔹基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增得到包含RS完整基因在内的一段序列,测序与序列分析表明:该克隆片段全长1 536bp,其中包含一个内含子及两个外显子。采用悬挂延伸PCR法克隆了目的基因,命名为CNRS2。序列分析表明该基因的开放读码框1 170 bp,编码389个氨基酸残基。同源性比较发现,CNRS2与已知葡萄RS基因序列的同源性达93%～98%。CNRS2与pET-30a(+)构建原核表达载体,经IPTG诱导后可表达获得相对分子量约为46 kD的外源融合蛋白。以上结果证实CNRS2属葡萄RS基因家族成员,为今后进一步对该基因的研究利用打下基础。     

柠条锦鸡儿肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶基因克隆和分析

肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)是木质素特异合成途径中的关键酶。根据已报道的植物CCR基因序列设计简并引物,利用RACE技术,首次从柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinkii Kom.)中克隆得到CCR基因全长cDNA序列,命名为CkCCR,GenBank登录号为HQ829859。该序列长1 270bp,具备长度为1 014bp的完整开放阅读框(ORF)。推导该基因编码的蛋白质有434个氨基酸,预测等电点6.69,分子量36.76kDa。序列分析发现,柠条锦鸡儿CCR基因推导的氨基酸序列与其它植物来源的CCR序列高度相似,并且具有植物CCR共有的氨基酸序列"KNWYCYGKA"以及NADPH的结合序列。系统进化分析显示,柠条锦鸡儿CCR与拟南芥CCR2处于同一分支,与同属豆科的银合欢CCR亲缘关系最近。利用荧光定量PCR技术对柠条锦鸡儿一个月龄幼苗基因转录水平进行检测,结果显示CkCCR基因在根、茎、叶中广泛表达,并且干旱处理初期表达量有所下降,处理后期又恢复到未处理时的表达水平。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

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Aquila pennata undminuta

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Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.