求实、求新、求活——江苏版初中生物教材简介

为了适应江苏的经济发展和九年义务教育的需要 ,根据江苏省教委“整体规划 ,分布实施 ,逐步到位”建设义务教育教材的要求 ,从 1 994年开始 ,我省组织部分高校教授和中学教师编写了初中生物教材。这套教材以“求实、求新、求活”为编写原则 ,着眼于培养学生的科学素质 ,体现江苏特色。本文简介该教材特点。1　求实———教材内容具有扎实的基础性和有效的实用性1 .1　注重生物学扎实的基础知识和宽厚的知识面　教材按照小综合体系的要求 ,以生理为中心 ,结构为生理服务的原则组织教学内容。对大纲中规定“掌握”、“理解”层次的内容 ,教材…     

四川省九年制义务教育(六·三制学校)初中生物学试验教材简介

由四川省教委牵头,并与西南师范大学合作编写的义务教育“六·三”制教材,是国家教委教材建设规划的一个部分。这套教材主要供内地农村和城镇学校使用。初中生物学第一册、第二册已分别在1989年秋和1990年春在四川省大竹、江北、叙永、洪雅和广汉五县(市)的试验学校开始试用,第三册于1990年秋试用。在教材报送审查、审定之前,每年各册将分别进行一次修订,以求不断提高质量和突出特色。以下就本教材的一些重要方面作简要的介绍,目的在于请大家批评指正。教材的编写指导思想本教材根据义务教育的目标,按照九年制义务教育生物学教学大纲(初审稿)的基本要求及内地农村经济文化建设的实际进行编写。教材除了必须具备思想     

广东省地方课程教材《生命教育》简介

研究了开展生命教育的时代背景和基本要求,对编写广东省地方课程教材《生命教育》的主要依据及该教材的编写指导思想、主要特点、体系结构、体例设计等方面进行了初步的探索研究。     

《食用菌栽培技术》课程“理实一体化”教学实践与探索

"理实一体化"教学是将理论教学与实践教学有机的融合为一体的教学模式,从《食用菌栽培技术》"理实一体化"教材与教案的编写,"理实一体化"实践教学完整性的实施保证,"理实一体化"教学场地的创建,前沿性知识教学的充实,促进学生"零距离"上岗的措施等方面,对进一步完善高职《食用菌栽培技术》课程"理实一体化"教学进行了探索。     

美国《Focus on Life Science》教材“实验栏目”分析及借鉴

《Focus on Life Science》是美国加利福尼亚州初中阶段7年级的生物学教材。结合相应案例从实验类型、编写体例、内容选择、编写特点等角度出发论述其"实验栏目"编写的优异之处,为我国中学生物学教材中实验栏目的开发和设计提供借鉴和新的思路。     

编写《微生物学教程》有感

《微生物学教程》获"首届全国教材奖"(二等奖)的消息后,为响应学院领导提出的总结、交流等要求,特撰写了本文.作者以"愿终生能炼成一个称职的微生物学教师"为指导思想,历经半个多世纪的努力,在教书育人的同时,编写了较多的文章和书籍,其中的代表作当属《微生物学教程》.该书至今已出了 4版,被300余所高等院校选作教材,总印数...     

全国师专生物教材研讨会在安徽召开

全国师专生物教材建设研讨会于1987年9月在安徽屯溪市召开.开幕式上,由郝水教授作了“国内当前师专教材的现状和今后师专教材建设任务”的报告.代表们围绕着师专的教学特点和培养目标,师专教材应具备的特色,教材、实验指导和野外实习指导的配套,编写人员应具备的条件等问题进行了讨论.大家认为:     

人教社举办义务教育初中生物教材研讨班

人民教育出版社于今年6月10日至15日在四川省成都市举办了义务教育初中生物教材(实验本)研讨班,邀请全国各省、市、自治区的80多位教研员和教师参加了研讨。人民教育出版社安名勋副社长在研讨班上作了重要发言。认真总结了该套教材初中生物第一册的全面试教工作。主编叶佩珉编审在会上作了发言,对今后的教材试验提出了要求和建议。主要编写人员孙传贤副编审等对第二册教材作了全面介绍。人民教育出版社编写的全套义务教育生物教材,除西藏、上海和浙江省外,全国其他省、市、自治区都有试     

坚持改革创新 努力提高生物教材质量——对义务教育全套生物教材的介绍

根据国家颁布的《中华人民共和国义务教育法》,国家教委颁布的《义务教育全日制小学、初级中学教学计划(试行草案)》和《九年制义务教育全日制初级中学生物学教学大纲(初审稿)》的基本精神和要求,我们编写了义务教育三年制初中生物教材试用本。这套生物教材从1990年秋季开始试用,1993年秋季正式使用。为了使新编的义务教育生物教材确实做到改革创新,生物室自1988年3月以来,采取“请进来、走出去”等多种方式,进行了大量的调查研究,广泛征求各方面的意见和建议。同时,这套新教材的编写工作贯彻了专家、教材研究和编写的专业人员、有丰富实践经验的教师和教学研究人员“三结合”的原则,力求做到集思广益、集体创新。根据义务教育教学计划规定的生物课开设的年级     

中西文化交融之下的清末中学生物学教材

教材的编写水平在一定程度上反映了一个国家的教育观和教育发展水平。清末新政时期,是我国近代中学教材编撰和发展的起点。对当时中学生物学教材出版的总体情况、编写特点和教材的教育价值进行了评析,为当今生物学教育工作者了解我国生物学课程发展历史提供依据。     

食物、捕食和种间竞争对东方田鼠种群动态的作用

采用2×2×2析因实验设计,在野外围栏条件下,测定食物、捕食和竞争物种黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)对东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)种群动态作用的格局.食物可利用性、捕食及种间竞争的独立作用对种群最小存活数均具有极显著的效应,除捕食与种间竞争的交互作用接近显著水平外,食物与种间竞争、食物与捕食者以及三者间的交互作用均不显著;三类外部因子对种群补充量的独立作用效应均达到极显著水平,且对种群补充量的作用具有累加效应;食物可利用性、捕食及种间竞争对种群繁殖成体的比例具有极显著的作用;三类外部因子对种群幼体与成体的比例具有极显著的作用.对种群年龄结构而言,与捕食者及种间竞争比较,食物可利用性是相对较弱的影响因子,在任何捕食与种间竞争交互作用条件下,食物的作用均不显著;三类外部因子均能显著地影响东方田鼠的体重增长率,但三者的交互作用对其影响不显著;MANOVA结果表明,捕食对成体存活率的作用最强烈,其次,为食物可利用性,种间竞争的作用最弱,但三者的交互作用效应不显著.对幼体的存活时间,除捕食的作用接近显著水平外,食物可利用性及种间竞争的作用均不显著.结果提供了食物可利用性、捕食和种间竞争对东方田鼠种群动态作用的充分证据,验证了食物、捕食和种间竞争对田鼠类种群动态具有独立或累加效应的总假设.     

叶子花表皮特征的研究及意义

对叶子花（Bougainvillea spectabilis）正常叶和变态叶上气孔密度、气孔指数和保卫细胞大小进行了研究。结果表明：正常叶上表皮的表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直;下表皮的表皮细胞为不规则型,垂周壁浅波状;气孔类型为不规则型。变态叶上表皮没有发现气孔,变态叶下表皮的表皮细胞垂周壁则由浅波形逐渐变为深波形,气孔类型为不规则型和轮列型。随着变态叶的发育,变态叶下表皮的气孔密度降低,气孔指数升高;变态叶保卫细胞的长增大,宽减小。变态叶的平均气孔密度和平均气孔指数明显低于正常叶。正常叶和变态叶的保卫细胞均呈肾形。     

Conditioning as a factor in parasitoid host plant preference

The relative effects of larval and adult conditioning on Diglyphus isaea host plant preference and subsequent parasitism were investigated. Parasitoid larvae were reared on Chromatomyia syngenesiae on lettuce, chrysanthemum or in isolation, and female parasitoids were exposed to hosts on either lettuce or chrysanthemum. Hosts on lettuce and chrysanthemum were then presented to assess parasitoid preference. Larval and adult D. isaea conditioning only slightly affected the females selection of host plant type on which the host larvae were located. The major effect of conditioning was a reduction in the number of eggs laid after larvae and adults were conditioned on chrysanthemum and particularly when both stages were conditioned on this host plant.     

黄土高原不同干旱类型区苜蓿草地深层土壤干燥化效应

田间实地测了黄土高原不同干旱类型区不同生长年限苜蓿草地0～1000cm土层土壤湿度,分析和比较了各类苜蓿草地深层土壤干燥化效应特征。结果表明,在半湿润区、半干旱区和半干旱偏旱区,各类苜蓿草地土壤湿度平均值分别为10．84％、7．07％和5．45％,明显低于当地土壤稳定湿度值和荒草地土壤湿度值,土壤水分过耗量分别为540．2、641．1mm和455．0mm,平均土壤干燥化速度分别为61．2、101．9mm/a和99．0mm／a;3种类型区各类苜蓿草地年降水入渗深度分别为187．8、144cm和173cm,降水入渗深度以下深层土壤湿度保持稳定的干燥化状态;土壤干燥化强度随苜蓿草地生长年限延长而加剧,3年生苜蓿草地为中度干燥化强度,土壤干层厚度达到500～760cm,4年生以上苜蓿草地已达到严重干燥化和强烈干燥化强度,土壤干层厚度超过940～1000cm;通过粮草轮作使苜蓿草地土壤湿度恢复到当地土壤稳定湿度分别需要6、11a和18a以上。     

Seasonal changes in primary and secondary inoculum during epidemics of leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis) on winter barley

Seasonal changes in numbers of conidia of Rhynchosporium secalis on debris from previous barley crops infected with leaf blotch (primary inoculum) were monitored in 1985–86 and 1986–87. In 1986–87, changes in numbers of conidia on leaves of plants in the new winter barley crop (secondary inoculum) were also recorded. The greatest increases in production of primary inoculum were in early spring after rain, when temperatures were increasing after periods of sub-zero temperatures when there was little conidial production. Subsequently, more conidia were recovered from this debris after cycles of drying and rewetting than when it remained wet. After January 1987, amounts of secondary inoculum produced on the crop were much greater than amounts of primary inoculum on debris. Most spores were produced on the basal leaves and more spores were present on the September-sown than on the November-sown crop. Thus, while primary inoculum was a source of disease when plants were emerging, secondary inoculum on basal leaves was the main source of disease at stem extension, especially on early-sown crops.     

虫草成熟子囊壳、子囊与子囊孢子的电镜观察

虫草子囊壳壁为拟薄壁组织,基部与子座菌丝相联,顶端有一孔口,其内无缘丝,中心腔内无侧丝,基部着生的子囊垂直平行排列。子囊顶端中央是乳状突起,围以隆起的环状膜质边缘。成熟时,其顶端乳状突起膨大,膜质边缘也随之翻卷,中央有一小孔。同一子囊壳内子囊顶端发育阶段不同,说明子囊的形成不同步。子囊内含有两条平行的具横隔的子囊孢子。虫草子囊顶端形态结构即不象虫草属模式种蛹虫草,也不象头状虫草,说明子囊顶端的形态结构的种间差异。     

The food of young Puffins Fratercula arctica

Although Puffins fed their young on those species of small fish that were most abundant in mid water, there was some evidence of selectivity. Sandeels and Sprats were by far the most important prey species. Rockling and Whiting were also taken but they were less suitable because of their small size and low calorific value respectively. Many of the abundant gadoid and flatfish species were not preyed on to any extent. Some years Puffins on St Kilda fed their young on Whiting but in these years chicks fledged at lower weights than in years when young were fed on Sprats. It is suggested that Puffins on St Kilda were short of the best prey species compared to those on the Isle of May and were forced to feed their young on sub-optimal food.     

属模巨齿蛉成虫感器的超微形态

为了解属模巨齿蛉成虫多个部位感器的超微结构及其对生命活动的影响,本文对属模巨齿蛉成虫的触角、大颚、翅缘和生殖器4个部位进行了电镜扫描。研究发现,触角有7种感器,分别是毛形感器Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型、腔锥感器、锥形感器、柱形感器;大颚有3种感器,分别是腔锥感器、锥形感器、刺形感器;翅缘有4种感器,分别是毛形感器Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型、腔锥感器;雌性成虫生殖器有7种感器,分别是毛形感器Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型、Ⅳ型、Ⅴ型、Ⅵ型、锥形感器、钟形感器。柱形感器是触角的特殊感器,钟形感器是雌性成虫生殖器的特殊感器。毛形感器是触角、翅缘和生殖器主要感器,而大颚上没有毛形感器。触角和生殖器上的感器类型最多,且分布最密集,这与触角和生殖器对成虫的交配、产卵行为具有重要作用相吻合。     

Behaviour of male and female parasitoids in the field: influence of patch size,host density,and habitat complexity

1. Two field experiments were carried out to examine the role of patch size, host density, and complexity of the surrounding habitat, on the foraging behaviour of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia glomerata in the field. 2. First, released parasitoids were recaptured on patches of one or four Brassica nigra plants, each containing 10 hosts that were placed in a mown grassland area. Recaptures of females were higher than males, and males and females aggregated at patches with four plants. 3. In experiment 2, plants containing 0, 5 or 10 hosts were placed in unmown grassland plots that differed in plant species composition, on bare soil, and on mown grassland. Very low numbers of parasitoids were recaptured in the vegetated plots, while high numbers of parasitoids were recaptured on plants placed on bare soil or in mown grassland. Recaptures were higher on plants on bare soil than on mown grassland, and highest on plants containing 10 hosts. The host density effect was significantly more apparent in mown grassland than on bare soil. 4. Cotesia glomerata responds in an aggregative way to host density in the field. However, host location success is determined mostly by habitat characteristics, and stronger host or host‐plant cues are required when habitat complexity increases.     

Wound-induced changes in the acceptability of tomato to larvae of Spodoptera littoralis: a laboratory bioassay

Abstract. 1. Leaves of tomato (cv. Moneymaker) were artificially damaged and offered to Spodoptera larvae at a range of intervals following damage. Grazing levels on these leaves were compared with those on undamaged leaves on the same or different plants.
2. In separate experiments, three leaves in a middle position on the main stem were clipped and after 48 h grazing levels on undamaged leaves above and below those damaged were compared with similar leaves from control plants.
3. Within 8 h, grazing levels on damaged leaves were significantly lower than those on control leaves, and within 24 h, leaves adjacent to damaged ones were similarly affected. These effects persisted for at least 7 days and leaves above and below those damaged were affected. There was up to nine-fold reduction in area consumed.
4. The possible ecological consequences of reduced palatability at these levels are discussed.