水产养殖饲用微生态制剂研究进展

微生态制剂作为新型饲料添加剂,能够有效调节水产动物营养保健和微生态平衡,减少抗生素使用,是理想的抗生素替代品,对保障高效种养殖、食品安全及环境可持续发展意义重大。我国饲用微生态制剂应用起步较晚且发展较慢,仍面临着难点和挑战。本文介绍了微生态制剂及饲用益生菌在鱼、虾及海参养殖中的应用,基于优良益生菌选育、培养条件优化及混合菌株发酵与制剂应用等生物技术研究现状,总结了近年来水产养殖饲用微生态制剂的研究进展,并对未来微生态制剂研究重点和发展前景进行了展望。     

微生物饲料添加剂研究与应用进展

微生物饲料添加剂是依赖益生菌及其代谢产物发挥作用的绿色、安全的添加剂,在替代抗生素方面具有良好的发展前景。由于微生物饲料添加剂具有调节动物微生态平衡、增强免疫力、提高饲料转化率和生产性能、提高畜产品品质、改善养殖环境等诸多作用,因而在畜禽、水产等养殖中发挥着日益重要的作用。从概念剖析、作用机理、主要的微生物种类以及应用效果等方面,对微生物饲料添加剂的研究与应用现状加以简要综述,以期为进一步拓展微生物饲料添加剂的应用提供参考。     

益生菌在水产养殖中的应用研究

益生菌是一种活性微生物或微生物制剂,由于其安全、无毒、无副作用等,目前在水产动物饲料中被广泛应用。本文概述了益生菌在水产养殖中的应用研究,主要从以下几个方面探究:养殖污染概况、益生菌在水产养殖中的应用、益生菌在水产养殖中应用存在的问题及本文的研究意义。     

微生物发酵棕榈粕研究进展

目前，棕榈粕因其低廉的价格和丰富的产量成为热门的动物饲料原料，但其高含量的抗营养因子纤维素阻碍了其在动物饲料中的高效应用。微生物发酵处理可以有效地降低棕榈粕中抗营养因子含量，提高其营养价值，并提升其品质。文章对棕榈粕的化学成分及微生物发酵棕榈粕、发酵棕榈粕在动物养殖中的应用研究进展进行综述，旨在为微生物发酵棕榈粕饲料的技术应用提供参考。     

几种微生物制剂和微藻在水产养殖中的应用

工厂化高密度养殖,需人工大量投喂饲料,饵料残余及水产动物的排泄物溶解于水中,对养殖水体造成污染,危害养殖对象的健康生长。对鱼虾疾病用药物防治只是暂时性手段,广谱抗生素杀死或抑制了敏感细菌而保留了耐药的致病菌,破坏或干扰了水体原有的正常微生物区系的生态平衡,更增加了养殖动物感染病菌的机会,抗生素在生物体内的残留,最终会对人体产生危害。微生物应用于水产养殖来改善水体生态环境,抑制杀死病原微生物,并可作为饲料添加剂,补充营养成分,改善养殖动物胃肠道有益菌群,达到生态防治的目的,使养殖生产良性发展,取得更好的经济效益、生态效益。本文对目前国内外较为普遍应用于水产养殖的几种微生物、微藻类在水处理、防治病原微生物和病害发生方面的应用情况和发展动态进行了分析。       

微生物发酵农作物秸秆生产蛋白饲料的研究与应用

我国是一个农业大国,据粗略统计;每年约产农作物秸秆 ６亿吨,但目前用作饲料的仅占 １５％左右,绝大部分农作物秸秆仍直接还田或作燃料用,既造成资源浪费,又污染环境。而开展利用微生物发酵农作物秸秆生产蛋白饲料的研究,不仅可以解决蛋白饲料的严重不足,缓解人畜争粮的矛盾,促进畜牧业发展;还可促使我国的畜牧业结构从“精料型”向“节粮型”发展,既有重要的理论指寻意义和社会效益,又有巨大的经济效益。本文将对这方面的研究概况作一简要介绍。１微生物发酵农作物秸秆生产蛋白饲料的研究进展 微生物发酵农作物秸秆生产蛋白饲…     

微生物发酵中药饲料添加剂的研究进展

微生物发酵中药饲料添加剂突破性地将中药饲料添加剂和微生态饲料添加剂有机结合,具有提高免疫力、促进动物生长等作用,是替代抗生素的理想饲料添加剂。本文对近几年微生物发酵中药的机理及发酵后药性的变化、微生态饲料添加剂以及微生物发酵中药饲料添加剂进行了阐述。     

差异蛋白质组学技术在水产动物研究中的应用

介绍差异蛋白质组学技术及其在水产动物研究中的应用,其中包括其在环境毒理、养殖及养殖环境、水产动物免疫、发育、神经方面的研究和今后的发展前景等。     

现代生物技术与饲用微生态制剂

近年来,使用抗生素的副作用越来越多地受到关注,世界上许多国家已出台相应政策来控制抗生素的使用。但是由于养殖行业的迅猛发展,养殖密度加大,养殖动物病害发病的风险提高,急需可替代抗生素的新型绿色饲料添加剂产品。微生态制剂作为一种新型绿色饲料添加剂,在养殖行业发挥了重要作用。随着饲用微生态制剂产品研发的深入,现代生物技术在提升微生态制剂的理论和应用研究方面发挥着重要作用。PCR、核酸分子杂交、基因工程以及组学等技术已应用于微生物菌种鉴定、基因改良、作用机理等研究中。本文对饲用微生态制剂的研发现状进行了阐述,并综述了现代生物技术在饲用微生态制剂研究中的应用。     

微生态制剂的作用机制及其在动物生产中的应用

近年来,微生态制剂的开发与应用受到社会各界的普遍关注。微生态制剂是一类优质饲料添加剂,具有安全性高、无致病性、毒副作用小和生物功能齐全的特点,包括益生菌、益生元和合生元三类物质,其在维持肠道菌群平衡、促进免疫系统发育及提高机体抗氧化性能等方面具有显著作用,可改善生产性能和健康状况,有利于动物生产优质产品。详细论述了微生态制剂的种类和益生菌、益生元和合生元的作用机制以及国内外关于微生态制剂在动物生产中的应用现状和对喀斯特地区健康养殖的应用潜力,从而为微生态制剂的研究方向及生产应用提供参考。     

Probiotics – do they have a role in the pig industry?

The delivery of certain living microorganisms in food has long been suggested as having positive health effects in humans. This practice has extended into food animal production, with a variety of microorganisms being used; lactic acid bacteria, various Bacillus species and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been particularly used in the pig industry. The increased interest in probiotics is essentially due to the problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics and following the ban of the use of antibiotics in animal production, probiotics being considered an alternative means to reduce pathogen infection and improve animal health especially around the time of weaning. However, there is still a need to clarify the probiotic effectiveness in pigs, and the underlying mechanisms. When assessing the efficacy of probiotics one must consider the particular strain of organism being used and the production stage of the pigs being treated. The reproducible delivery of probiotics in industrial pig production is problematic as maintenance of viability is key to their beneficial activity, but difficult to achieve with commonly used feed processing technologies. One specific context where probiotics organisms may be reliably delivered is in systems utilising fermented liquid feeds. Liquid feed may be fermented by the activity of wild lactic acid bacteria or may be stimulated using specific isolates as 'starters'; the latter system has advantages in terms of reproducibility and speed of fermentation. The farm context in which the organism is used is likely to be critical; the use of probiotics is more likely to result in measurable economic gains in animals living in sub-optimal conditions rather than in those reared in the highest welfare and husbandry conditions. The establishment of a beneficial lactic acid bacteria population at birth may lead to healthier animals, this may be most effectively achieved by treating sows, which provide an amplification step and flood the neonatal pigs' environment with desirable bacterial strains. In contrast, it may be sufficient to provide a supportive, protective microbiota around the time of weaning as this is a time of major crisis with instability and loss of certain bacterial populations.     

蛹虫草饲料添加剂的研究现状及展望

蛹虫草饲料添加剂包括蛹虫草子实体、蛹虫草培养残基、蛹虫草及其培养残基提取物、蛹虫草菌固液发酵产物、 微生物发酵蛹虫草残基等产品。蛹虫草饲料添加剂含有粗蛋白、粗脂肪、氨基酸等营养成分,以及虫草素、腺苷、多糖等活性成分,在畜禽、反刍动物、水产品等动物养殖中的应用均获得较好的 效果。对蛹虫草子实体、蛹虫草培养残基、蛹虫草及其培养残基提取物、利用蛹虫草菌及培养残基制作发酵饲料等蛹虫草饲料添加剂在动物养殖中的研究应用进行了总结,对存在的问题及发展前景进行了探讨及展望。     

微生态制剂在水产养殖中的应用

随着健康养殖发展的需求,微生态制剂在水产动物中的应用逐渐成为当今的研究热点。有益菌在提高人和动物营养和防病方面的作用已得到证实。关于高等动植物的生物防治理论也应用于水产养殖中,微生态制剂的应用作为抗生素的替代品逐渐成为水产养殖动物病害防治的一种生物控制模式。本文简要介绍了微生态制剂概念的形成和发展过程,分别在营养特性、免疫特性和改善养殖生态环境三个方面阐述了其在水产养殖中的应用。虽然,微生态制剂在水产中的应用取得了一定的成效,但是仍然处于发展的初级阶段,有待进一步的研究。文章还阐明了微生态制剂的生产工艺和施用原则,最后就微生态制剂的应用问题提出了作者自己的观点和展望。     

水产动物行为及其在渔业中的应用研究进展

水产动物的行为研究是渔业领域的重要研究方向, 对理解水产动物的行为表型与功能, 对提升渔业生产效果有着重要的理论和应用价值。现阶段水产动物行为学的研究成果已被广泛应用于水产动物人工养殖、渔业资源保护和捕捞渔业等多个领域。文章综述了水产动物行为的研究现状, 水产动物主要的行为类型, 每种行为的发生及其机理, 行为间的相互影响及行为在渔业中的应用状况。同时, 针对当前水产动物行为学研究存在的问题, 提出了今后水产动物行为学的研究方向和研究重点。文章旨在为水产动物行为学领域的研究提供借鉴与启发, 并为水产动物行为学研究成果在渔业中的应用提供理论参考。     

Investigating Cross‐Sectoral Synergies through Integrated Aquaculture,Fisheries, and Agriculture Phosphorus Assessments: A Case Study of Norway

Future phosphorus (P) scarcity and eutrophication risks demonstrate the need for systems‐wide P assessments. Despite the projected drastic increase in world‐wide fish production, P studies have yet to include the aquaculture and fisheries sectors, thus eliminating the possibility of assessing their relative importance and identifying opportunities for recycling. Using Norway as a case, this study presents the results of a current‐status integrated fisheries, aquaculture, and agriculture P flow analysis and identifies current sectoral linkages as well as potential cross‐sectoral synergies where P use can be optimized. A scenario was developed to shed light on how the projected 2050 fivefold Norwegian aquaculture growth will likely affect P demand and secondary P resources. The results indicate that, contrary to most other countries where agriculture dominates, in Norway, aquaculture and agriculture drive P consumption and losses at similar levels and secondary P recycling, both intra‐ and cross‐sectorally, is far from optimized. The scenario results suggest that the projected aquaculture growth will make the Norwegian aquaculture sector approximately 4 times as P intensive as compared to agriculture, in terms of both imported P and losses. This will create not only future environmental challenges, but also opportunities for cross‐sectoral P recycling that could help alleviate the mineral P demands of agriculture. Near‐term policy measures should focus on utilizing domestic fish scrap for animal husbandry and/or fish feed production. Long‐term efforts should focus on improving technology and environmental systems analysis methods to enable P recovery from aquaculture production and manure distribution in animal husbandry.     

The European sea bass: a key marine fish model in the wild and in aquaculture

The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) is a marine fish of key economic and cultural importance in Europe. It is now more an aquaculture than a fisheries species (>96% of the production in 2016), although modern rearing techniques date back only from the late 1980s. It also has high interest for evolutionary studies, as it is composed of two semispecies (Atlantic and Mediterranean lineages) that have come into secondary contact following the last glaciation. Based on quantitative genetics studies of most traits of interest over the past 10–15 years, selective breeding programs are now applied to this species, which is at the beginning of its domestication process. The availability of a good quality reference genome has accelerated the development of new genomic resources, including SNP arrays that will enable genomic selection to improve genetic gain. There is a need to improve feed efficiency, both for economic and environmental reasons, but this will require novel phenotyping approaches. Further developments will likely focus on the understanding of genotype‐by‐environment interactions, which will be important both for efficient breeding of farmed stocks and for improving knowledge of the evolution of natural populations. At the interface between both, the domestication process must be better understood to improve production and also to fully evaluate the possible impact of aquaculture escapees on wild populations. The latter is an important question for all large‐scale aquaculture productions.     

代谢组学技术在水产动物疾病研究中的应用

代谢组学是定量描述生物内源性代谢物质的整体及其对内因和外因变化应答规律的的一门新学科。近年来,代谢组学技术在水产动物疾病中的研究备受关注,特别是为感染性疾病发生机制及防控研究提供了一种新的手段。本文介绍了代谢组学技术及其在水产动物研究中的应用,包括代谢组学技术在水产动物感染性疾病、细菌耐药及环境应激等方面应用进行综述,分析了代谢组学在水产动物疾病研究中面临的问题与挑战,并对未来水产动物代谢组学研究趋势进行了展望,以期为代谢组学技术在水产动物疾病发病机制和药物研发方面更深入的运用提供参考。