合肥市不同生态功能区空气负离子浓度分布特征及其与气象因子的关系

空气负离子浓度与空气环境质量密切相关.以合肥市为研究对象,按照4个生态功能区(公园游览区、生活居住区、商业交通繁华区和工业区),同步进行了空气负离子浓度、主要气象要素(光照强度、气温、空气相对湿度等)观测.不同功能区空气负离子浓度的日变化特点是: 公园游览区和生活居住区日变化呈单峰形式,工业区呈双峰形式,而商业交通繁华区则比较复杂;极值出现的时间也有差异;4个功能区空气负离子浓度日变化的波动性从大到小依次为商业交通繁华区＞工业区＞生活居住区＞公园游览区.4个功能区空气负离子浓度年变化趋势基本一致,夏季最高,冬季最低.公园游览区、生活居住区、商业交通繁华区和工业区空气负离子浓度年平均值分别是819、340、149和126 个·cm^-3.影响合肥市空气负离子浓度的最主要气象因子是空气相对湿度,其次是光照强度,最小为气温.空气负离子浓度与空气相对湿度呈指数递增关系.     

城市不同植被配置类型空气负离子效应评价

通过对南宁城区、城郊绿地及农田开发区进行负离子含量的测定,找出不同植被配置类型空气负离子效应的差别。结果表明,就空气负离子而言,城郊大规模绿地的空气质量〉农田开发区〉城区;植被配置的复层结构（乔灌草）〉简单植被配置结构（乔灌、乔草、灌草）〉单一配置结构（草坪、稀乔、稀灌草）。溪流和瀑布对增加负离子浓度的作用显著。随着海拔和郁闭度的增加,空气负离子含量有上升的趋势。空气负离子含量随季节有一定的波动。     

城市空气负离子浓度时空分布及其影响因素综述

空气负离子(NAI)是综合反映空气质量的重要指标,对人居环境有重要意义.本文综述了城市空气负离子时空分布特征,并根据不同环境因子对其理化过程的影响及其在城市中的特点探讨了城市NAI时空分布特征的成因:NAI分布的时间动态主要受控于太阳辐射的周期变化;空间分布的城乡梯度差异受城市气溶胶、下垫面性质及城市热岛效应影响;城市绿地的高NAI浓度与植被生命活动和土壤辐射有关;近水环境中NAI浓度较高的原因在于水分子通过多种途径参与NAI生成过程;其余环境因子可在一定程度上影响NAI的生成、寿命、组分、迁移和分布;增加城市绿化面积和大气湿度、保持下垫面土壤自然属性均可有效地提高NAI水平,改善城市空气质量.     

岩溶地区不同规模城市遗存山体表面空气负离子及其影响因素——以贵阳市为例

为探索岩溶地区城市遗存山体(urban remnant mountains, URMs)表面空气负离子浓度(negative air ion concentration, NAIC)特征及其影响因素,以贵阳市建成区内22座城市遗存山体为研究对象,通过样地调查法分析了城市遗存山体表面空气负离子浓度空间格局特征,运用单因素方差分析LSD法、pearson相关性及线性回归分析等方法分析了山体规模大小、山体斑块特征、山体平均植被覆盖度、植物物种多样性、植物群落体积生物量、地表辐射、空气温湿度、人为干扰程度、近红外辐射、短波红外辐射及城市遗存山体周边城市景观格局等因素对城市遗存山体表面空气负离子浓度的影响。结果表明：(1)不同规模城市遗存山体的表面空气负离子浓度表现为中型山体>小型山体>大型山体;空气负离子浓度在城市遗存山体坡向上呈东坡面和北坡面大于西坡面和南坡面的两级格局,同一坡向的不同坡位间无明显差异。(2)空气负离子浓度与山体表面温度极显著负相关,与山体表面空气湿度极显著正相关;植物群落体积生物量对城市遗存山体表面空气负离子浓度影响较大,且小型山体表现最明显;植物物种多样性对山...     

济南市南部山区不同模式庭院林空气负离子浓度

以济南市南部山区5种典型庭院林和1个无林庭院为对象,2010年3-12月对其空气负离子和相关气象因子进行同步观测.结果表明： 不同模式庭院林空气负离子浓度呈明显的季节变化,夏季>秋季>春季>冬季;其中,日变化呈双峰曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00-11:00和16:00-17:00,12:00前后出现低谷.日空气质量均在10:00和16:00最清洁,下午的空气质量优于上午;夏季空气质量最佳;园林小品型四季空气质量等级最高.不同模式庭院林年均空气负离子浓度和离子评议系数（CI）大小排序为：园林小品型>经济林果型>自然绿化型>花卉盆景型>“农家乐”型>对照.负离子浓度分别为813、745、695、688、649和570 个·cm^-3;CI为1.22、1.11、0.85、0.84、0.83和0.69.园林小品型庭院林为最理想的庭院林模式.空气负离子浓度与空气温度和相对湿度呈显著正相关,与光照强度没有相关性.     

城市绿地空气负离子评价方法——以北京奥林匹克森林公园为例

城市绿地空气负离子能够对居民健康起到重要作用。城市绿地区域不同于自然森林环境或城市工业区,故直观、科学、准确的空气负离子浓度分级和评价方法对于研究城市绿地的空气负离子水平至关重要。以北京奥林匹克森林为例,应用空气质量指数评价法和森林空气离子指数评价法,分析了公园空气负离子浓度,结果表明,公园内不同环境样点的负离子浓度和空气清洁度因群落结构、群落类型以及植被郁闭度的不同而存在较大差异。通过对比分析2种评价结果,认为森林空气离子评价指数法能够全面系统地反映不同地点间的负离子浓度差异并便于公众理解,更适用于以北京奥林匹克森林公园为代表的城市绿地的负离子浓度分级及空气清洁度评价。分析结果还表明,与森林空气离子评价指数法相对应的负离子浓度分级标准存在一些不足,本文对此标准进行了局部修正,使其更加适宜于分析和评估城市绿地的负离子浓度水平。     

沈阳东陵公园不同功能分区空气颗粒物与负离子变化

随着城市化进程的加快,城市规模逐渐扩大并产生了一系列的生态环境问题,公园绿地作为城市绿化重要的拓展途径,能够有效缓解和改善城市及其周边的空气质量。本研究以东陵公园为对象,分析了公园内不同功能分区空气颗粒物和空气负离子浓度变化,探究了颗粒物与负离子的关系。结果表明:东陵公园不同功能分区内颗粒物浓度(TSP、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0))日变化中最低值出现在山林生态区13:00—16:00,最高值出现在文化景观区07:00—10:00;月变化中最低值出现在湖畔游憩区,时间为9月,最高值出现在文化景观区,时间为7月;不同功能分区内颗粒物浓度存在显著差异,文化景观区内颗粒物浓度显著高于其他功能分区,不同功能区内负离子浓度无显著性差异,负离子日变化中最低值出现在文化景观区07:00—10:00,最高值出现在山林生态区13:00—16:00;月变化中最低值出现在文化景观区,时间为7月,最高值出现在湖畔游憩区,时间为9月,不同功能分区内空气颗粒物与负离子浓度呈显著负相关(P0.05),TSP、PM_(10)与负离子相关性较高;山林生态区内颗粒物与负离子浓度相关性最强,相关系数分别为-0.698、-0.647、-0.525和-0.485。     

城市不同绿地结构对空气负离子水平的影响

选择佳木斯市具有代表性的绿地作为对象,对不同结构绿地的空气负离子水平进行了测定。结果表明：不同结构绿地的空气负离子水平差异极显著,以乔灌草复层结构绿地空气负离子水平最高,空气质量最佳;城市不同结构绿地空气负离子浓度大小、空气质量优劣的排序均为乔灌草结构>乔草结构>灌草结构>草坪。     

旅游区空气负离子分布特征及其开发利用研究

空气负离子具有杀菌、降尘、清洁空气和对人体多种疾病具有抑制、缓解和辅助治疗作用,是重要的生态旅游资源。采用美国Alphalab公司生产的AIC1000型空气离子测量仪,对各旅游景区的空气离子含量进行调查测定表明,山岳型旅游区的瀑布下、溪流河谷地带以及海滨、湖滨旅游区空气负离子浓度高,空气质量特优,是建设品氧谷,开展生态旅游的最佳场所。在溶洞洞穴内和高海拔旅游区,空气负离子浓度也高。旅游区空气负离子浓度夏秋季节高,冬春季节低,同时与天气变化也有关系。为了在生态旅游中更好地利用空气负离子资源,在旅游区游道设计,生态休闲度假地选址和生态品氧谷建设等方面,要充分开发空气负离子资源。在城市或大型旅游接待中心,喷泉则能显著提高周围环境中空气负离子浓度,改善空气质量。     

九龙山林缘地区空气负离子浓度变化特征及与气象因素关系

文章以九龙山林缘地区空气负离子浓度变化特征为研究对象, 通过观测 9 月和 10 月北京九龙山林缘地区空气负离子浓度, 研究空气负离子浓度日变化和林缘、林内海拔梯度变化。通过观测空气温度、湿度、风速、饱和水汽压、净辐射、光合有效辐射等指标的平均值、极大值和极小值, 采用通径分析方法定量化研究气象因素和空气负离子浓度的关系。结果表明：(1)九龙山林缘地区 10 月空气负离子浓度平均值比 9 月的空气负离子浓度高 80%; 9 月的空气负离子浓度日变化整体呈下降趋势, 10 月上旬日变化呈单峰曲线型上升趋势, 10 月中旬和下旬空气负离子浓度日变化为幂函数曲线型, 整体为下降趋势; (2)林缘地区空气负离子浓度比林内空气负离子浓度高 4%, 林缘地区空气负离子浓度随海拔变化成波浪形, 对应林内空气负离子浓度随着海拔梯度变化成显著单峰型, 变化趋势与林缘地区相反; (3)在所有气象因素指标中, 通过逐步回归分析提取空气湿度最低值, 饱和水汽压最低值和空气温度最低值进行通径分析, 其直接通径系数分别为 1.064, -0.817 和 0.468。因此空气湿度最低值是影响空气负离子浓度的最大直接因素。空气温度最低值通过空气湿度最低值和饱和水汽压的作用, 成为空气负离子浓度的最大间接影响因素。通过研究林缘地区空气负离子情况并与林内进行对比, 揭示了林缘地区在森林康养规划中的重要性。     

Effects of fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes on the infection potential of Beauveria bassiana for Rhodnius prolixus

The effect of both moisture and temperature on the infective potential of Beauveria bassiana to the Chagas' disease vector, Rhodnius prolixus, was studied under fluctuating regimes. At constant 25 degrees C, contaminated first-instar nymphs exposed to increasing daily periods of initial exposure to 97% RH, followed by transfer to reduced humidity (43, 53, 75, and 86% RH), showed a significant reduction in mortality when the 97% RH exposure time declined from 12 to 8 h per day. The duration of disease incubation depended on the daily 97% RH exposure time. Under fluctuating regimes of both humidity (97% RH versus 75% RH) and temperature (15/28, 20/25, 25/28, and 25/35 degrees C), first-instar mortality was affected by weather conditions, daily 97% RH exposure time (8, 12, and 16 h per day), and number of temperature and humidity fluctuations before transferring tested insects to constant unfavorable conditions. In most cases, at 12/12 h alternating cycles, high and rapid mortality required five cycles. Under these fluctuating regimes, fungus-induced mortality and mortality time were similarly affected in third- and fifth-instar nymphs by the daily 97% RH exposure time. Despite a lower susceptibility of older larval stages, mortality rates in insects exposed for at least 12 h per day at 97% RH remained very high except at 15 degrees C. Moisture and temperature regimes at 12/12 h cycling significantly affected the dose-mortality response in first-instar nymphs. The most favorable conditions consisted of 97%-20 degrees C combined with either 75%-25 degrees C or 43%-25 degrees C. Under less favorable alternating conditions (lower and higher temperatures) the amounts of inoculum required for killing 50% of first-instar nymphs were 10 or 20 times higher. From a vector control standpoint, daily high humidity appears to be the most crucial climatic constraint. B. bassiana has the potential to control R. prolixus populations with applications made during the rainy seasons when humidity is high.     

温湿度对稻纵卷叶螟卵的联合作用

为了探讨温湿度在稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenée）种群发展中的作用, 通过室内实验调查了不同温度和湿度组合下该蛾卵的发育历期、 胚胎发育情况、 孵化率和卵粒重量的变化。结果表明： 在相同温度下卵历期随相对湿度的增大而缩短, 孵化率随相对湿度的加大而提高。在22℃下低于46%的相对湿度显著降低了卵的孵化率, 而在25～34℃下低于66%的相对湿度会引起孵化率的显著降低, 37℃下卵无论在何种湿度中均不能孵化。在50%左右的低湿条件下, 温度高于28℃后卵也不能孵化。温度在22～31℃和相对湿度在77%～100%范围内, 卵的孵化率无显著差异, 这属于稻纵卷叶螟卵的适宜温湿度范围。稻纵卷叶螟卵的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为10.1±0.6℃和63.7±3.5日度。卵的孵化率（Y）与温湿系数（RH/T）间呈显著的逻辑斯蒂曲线关系Y=0.8662/[1+exp(17.4084-7.5714×RH/T)]。温湿系数在2.34以下时卵孵化率将低于50%, 而达到3.0左右时孵化率接近最高值。结论认为, 低湿造成的稻纵卷叶螟卵重量显著降低、 卵粒干瘪、 胚胎发育受阻是致死卵的主要原因。     

Hourly predictive artificial neural network and multivariate regression tree models of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternaria</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cladosporium</Emphasis> spore concentrations in Szczecin (Poland)

A study was made of the link between time of day, weather variables and the hourly content of certain fungal spores in the atmosphere of the city of Szczecin, Poland, in 2004–2007. Sampling was carried out with a Lanzoni 7-day-recording spore trap. The spores analysed belonged to the taxa Alternaria and Cladosporium. These spores were selected both for their allergenic capacity and for their high level presence in the atmosphere, particularly during summer. Spearman correlation coefficients between spore concentrations, meteorological parameters and time of day showed different indices depending on the taxon being analysed. Relative humidity (RH), air temperature, air pressure and clouds most strongly and significantly influenced the concentration of Alternaria spores. Cladosporium spores correlated less strongly and significantly than Alternaria. Multivariate regression tree analysis revealed that, at air pressures lower than 1,011 hPa the concentration of Alternaria spores was low. Under higher air pressure spore concentrations were higher, particularly when RH was lower than 36.5%. In the case of Cladosporium, under higher air pressure (>1,008 hPa), the spores analysed were more abundant, particularly after 0330 hours. In artificial neural networks, RH, air pressure and air temperature were the most important variables in the model for Alternaria spore concentration. For Cladosporium, clouds, time of day, air pressure, wind speed and dew point temperature were highly significant factors influencing spore concentration. The maximum abundance of Cladosporium spores in air fell between 1200 and 1700 hours.     

飞虱虫疠霉继发性感染对桃蚜数量增长的控制作用

用飞虱虫疠霉（Pandora delphaics)“孢子浴”接种的桃蚜(Myzus persicae)无翅成蚜在离体甘蓝菜叶片（65cm^2)上建立蚜群,在不同温度（10－30℃）和湿度（74％－100％RH）的组合条件下任其繁衍,发病和交互感染,以评价该菌的控蚜效果。在25个温,湿度组合处理（8次重复,每重复含3头接种成蚜)中,蚜群均不同程度的发病死亡,在历时30d的观察中,以高温（20－30℃）,高湿（95％RH）组合条件下的蚜群发病快且死亡率高,蚜尸上产生的孢子有效地引起若蚜继发性感染。与相同温度下不带菌的对照蚜群相比,次于30℃下,各湿度除个别例外,第8d的控蚜率达30％以上,第20d达80％以上。在10℃和15℃下,控蚜效果一般不如上述较高温度下,且与湿度的关联程度相对较低,但最大控蚜效果均发生在100％RH处理中。结果表明,飞虱虫疠霉用于蚜虫防治的潜力很大,值得深入研究和开发利用。     

嗜卷书虱实验种群生命表的研究

在不同温度和湿度条件下对嗜卷书虱进行饲养,分别组建春实验种群特定年龄和特定时间生命表,并应用Morris模式及SWeibull频数分布以探讨温、湿度与嗜卷书虱种群数量变动的关系。结果表明,温、湿度对存活率的作用是影响该实验种群趋势指数（I）值最重要的因子,在适宜温、湿度条件下,种群存活曲线属DeeveyⅠ型,而在不太适宜条件下则属DeeveyⅢ型,理论上30.63℃时周限增长率（λ）最大,达1.0628倍／天,该虫发育和繁殖的最适温区为28-30℃,最适相对湿度在80％左右。     

Permissive Summer Temperatures of the 2010 European West Nile Fever Upsurge

Background

In the summer of 2010, Europe experienced outbreaks of West Nile Fever (WNF) in humans, which was preceded by hot spells. The objective of this study was to identify potential drivers of these outbreaks, such as spring and summer temperatures, relative humidity (RH), and precipitation.

Methods

Pearson and lag correlations, binary and multinomial logistic regressions were used to assess the relationship between the climatic parameters and these outbreaks.

Results

For human morbidity, significant (<0.05) positive correlations were observed between a number of WNF cases and temperature, with a geographic latitude gradient: northern (“colder”) countries displayed strong correlations with a lag of up to four weeks, in contrast to southern (“warmer”) countries, where the response was immediate. The correlations with RH were weaker, while the association with precipitation was not consistent. Horse morbidity started three weeks later than in humans where integrated surveillance was conducted, and no significant associations with temperature or RH were found for lags of 0 to 4 weeks.

Conclusions

Significant temperature deviations during summer months might be considered environmental precursors of WNF outbreaks in humans, particularly at more northern latitudes. These insights can guide vector abatement strategies by health practitioners in areas at risk for persistent transmission cycles.     

A proposed mechanism for physical dormancy break in seeds of Ipomoea lacunosa (Convolvulaceae)

Background and Aims

The water-impermeable seeds of Ipomoea lacunosa undergo sensitivity cycling to dormancy breaking treatment, and slits are formed around bulges adjacent to the micropyle during dormancy break, i.e. the water gap opens. The primary aim of this research was to identify the mechanism of slit formation in seeds of this species.

Methods

Sensitive seeds were incubated at various combinations of relative humidity (RH) and temperature after blocking the hilar area in different places. Increase in seed mass was measured before and after incubation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and staining of insensitive and sensitive seeds were carried out to characterize these states morphologically and anatomically. Water absorption was monitored at 35 and 25 °C at 100 % RH.

Key Results

There was a significant relationship between incubation temperature and RH with percentage seed dormancy break. Sensitive seeds absorbed water vapour, but insensitive seeds did not. Different amounts of water were absorbed by seeds with different blocking treatments. There was a significant relationship between dormancy break and the amount of water absorbed during incubation.

Conclusions

Water vapour seals openings that allow it to escape from seeds and causes pressure to develop below the bulge, thereby causing slits to form. A model for the mechanism of formation of slits (physical dormancy break) is proposed.Key words: Convolvulaceae, Ipomoea lacunosa, dormancy-breaking mechanism, physical dormancy, seeds, sensitivity cycling, water vapour     

Desiccation tolerance in fully developed embryos of two cicadas, Cryptotympana facialis and Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata

In two Japanese cicadas, Cryptotympana facialis and Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata , with different habitat distributions, fully developed embryos hatch in response to high humidity due to rainfall. Despite the advantage of hatching on rainy days, this trait burdens embryos with an extra period of desiccation until the unpredictable advent of rain. We compared the ability of the fully developed embryos of these cicadas to endure periods of low humidity. Eggs were exposed to a combination of different humidities (43% and 75% relative humidity, RH) and durations (0–15 days), and then transferred to an environment with 100% RH to stimulate hatching. In both species, total hatching rates decreased as duration increased, although there was no significant effect of humidity. In C. facialis , a considerable proportion of the eggs hatched during the desiccation period, and the hatching rate was higher at 75% RH than at 43% RH. After transfer to 100% RH, most hatching occurred within a day regardless of the desiccation level. In G. nigrofuscata , no nymphs hatched during the desiccation periods. However, more eggs required more than a day after transfer to 100% RH to hatch after desiccation at 43% RH than at 75% RH. Consequently, the overall proportion of timely hatching of eggs (eggs hatching within a day of moisture supply) was higher after desiccation at 43% RH in C. facialis , but it was higher after desiccation at 75% RH in G. nigrofuscata . These different physiological responses of the two species may reflect adaptation to habitat dryness.     

Effects of temperature and humidity on the efficacy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus challenged antimicrobial materials containing silver and copper

Aims:  To compare silver and copper, metals with known antimicrobial properties, by evaluating the effects of temperature and humidity on efficacy by challenging with methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) .
Methods and Results:  Using standard methodology described in a globally used Japanese Industrial Standard, JIS Z 2801, a silver ion-containing material exhibited >5 log reduction in MRSA viability after 24 h at >90% relative humidity (RH) at 20°C and 35°C but only a <0·3 log at ∼22% RH and 20°C and no reduction at ∼22% RH and 35°C. Copper alloys demonstrated >5 log reductions under all test conditions.
Conclusions:  While the high humidity (>90% RH) and high temperature (35°C) utilized in JIS Z 2801 produce measurable efficacy in a silver ion-containing material, it showed no significant response at lower temperature and humidity levels typical of indoor environments.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The high efficacy levels displayed by the copper alloys, at temperature and humidity levels typical of indoor environments, compared to the low efficacy of the silver ion-containing material under the same conditions, favours the use of copper alloys as antimicrobial materials in indoor environments such as hospitals.     

Temperature-induced phase shifting of circadian rhythms in cotton seedlings as related to variations in chilling resistance

The relationship between the degree of chilling resistance and phase shifting caused by low-temperature pulses was examined in two circadian rhythms in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Deltapine 50) seedlings grown under light-dark cycles of 1212 h at 33° C. The seedlings showed a circadian rhythm of chilling resistance and of cotyledon movement. A pulse of 19° C for 12 h during the chilling-sensitive phase (light period) caused a phase delay of 6 h, while a similar temperature pulse during the chilling-resistant phase (dark period) did not cause any phase shift. Exposure to 19° C, 85% RH (relative humidity) for 12 h during the dark period induced chilling resistance in the following otherwise chilling-sensitive light period. In this light period a 12-h 19° C pulse did not cause a phase shift of chilling resistance. Pulses of low temperatures (5–19° C) were more effective in causing phase delays in the rhythm of cotyledon movement when given during the chilling-sensitive phase than when given during the chilling-resistant phase. A 12-h pulse of 5° C, 100% RH during the light period caused a phase delay of cotyledon movement of 12 h. However, when that pulse had been preceded by a chill-acclimating exposure to 19° C, 85% RH for 12 h during the dark period the phase delay was shortened to 6 h. The correlation between higher degree of chilling resistance and the prevention or shortening of the phase delay caused by low temperatures indicates that the mechanism that increases chilling resistance directly or indirectly confers greater ability for prevention of phase shifting by low temperatures in circadian rhythms.Abbreviations CT circadian time - LDC light-dark cycle of 24 h - RH relative humidity