水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟对温度的反应

比较了水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟在不同温度下的存活、生长发育与繁殖情况。结果表明,在24℃和27℃下,稻纵卷叶螟在玉米苗上的发育速率要比在水稻上的慢1—3 d;33℃不会抑制水稻上饲养幼虫的生长发育,但玉米苗上饲养的幼虫在30℃时就受到了抑制,且在33℃下不能发育到成虫。水稻上饲养时,稻纵卷叶螟各阶段的存活率在27—33℃间无显著差异,且36℃时死亡率很高,只有部分幼虫可发育到预蛹阶段;但是玉米苗上饲养时,稻纵卷叶螟在33℃下的存活率显著低于21—30℃,36℃下幼虫不能发育到2龄。水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟的产卵量均表现为在24℃和27℃条件下最高;在30℃和33℃条件下,水稻上饲养出的成虫能产少量卵,而玉米苗上饲养出的成虫却不能产卵。水稻和玉米苗上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟卵的孵化率均在27℃下最高,且两寄主间无显著差异;玉米苗上饲养所得的卵在33℃和36℃下均不能孵化,而水稻上的则少量能孵化。水稻上饲养的稻纵卷叶螟相对要比玉米苗上饲养的耐高温。在24—27℃下用玉米苗饲养的稻纵卷叶螟除历期有所延长外,其它生物学特性与用水稻饲养的无显著差异。     

温、湿度对亚洲玉米螟成虫繁殖力及寿命的影响

温度和湿度的变化对亚洲玉米螟0strinia furnacalis(Guenee)成虫的交配和产卵及寿命都具有极显著的影响。在16℃～32℃和RH20%～100%的温湿范围中,亚洲玉米螟成虫繁殖力在20℃～28℃恒温和RH70%～100%的温湿组合中较大,其中在24℃恒温和28℃～20℃变温与RH90%～100%的组合中为最大,在32℃和RH20%的组合中为最小。单雌抱卵量、产卵量和产出卵率及交配次数均与温度呈抛物线曲线关系,与湿度呈正相关。温、湿度对成虫繁殖力具有极显著的交互作用。成虫寿命与温湿度密切相关,温度越高,成虫寿命越短;而湿度越高,成虫寿命越长。但雄蛾比雌蛾较耐低湿,在16℃～24℃下雄蛾寿命比雌蛾较长。此外,雄蛾较强的交配能力可促进卵的发育和产出。以上结果对玉米螟种群动态消长的分析和预测预报提供了参考依据。     

环境因子对真水狼蛛胚胎发育的影响

研究了温度、相对湿度和光照时间对真水狼蛛（Pirata piraticus）胚胎发育的影响。结果表明,温度不仅影响真水狼蛛胚胎发育的全过程,也对胚胎发育的各阶段有影响,在20℃-35℃范围内,随着温度的升高,胚胎发育加快,卵的发育起点温度为11.9℃,低温下,卵的孵化整齐度高温下要高,28℃时,孵化率最高。为探讨真水狼蛛胚胎发育的影响因子和合适条件,考虑温度、相对湿度和光照时间3个因子的综合作用,按照二次正交旋转组合设计的要求安排实验,得出了影响胚胎发育历期、胚胎成形率和孵化率的二次回归模型,并分析了其影响因子,利用孵化率的回归模型,得到了真水狼蛛卵孵化的最优条件为温度为27℃-28.5℃,相对湿度为94％－97％,光照时间为14－17h。     

高温对粘虫Leucania separata Walker发育与生殖的作用——Ⅰ.卵的发育与孵化

本文报导了几种相对湿度下25—46℃高温对粘虫卵发育与孵化的作用。卵发育及孵化的适温上限为31.0-32.5℃,其致死高温限为32.0-33.5℃。在25.0—32.0℃间,孵化率不因温度而有显著变化,发育速率则随温度升高而加快:湿度仅在大幅度下降时才对孵化率有显著影响,但对发育速率的影响则随温度增高而加大,在接近适温上限时湿度又成为决定卵发育与孵化的主要因素。高温的致死作用,因温度强度、处理时间及相对湿度而异。温度越高,忍受时间越短,41℃以上高温处理2小时,即使绝大部分卵死亡。高温下饱和湿度,对卵的发育与孵化不利。受精卵处于第一步分裂前期,抗高温能力较差。温度驯化略可提高卵的耐高温能力。文中还讨论了高温致死的原因及湿度的作用。     

几种生态因子对曼氏无针乌贼野生和养殖卵孵化的影响

比较了曼氏无针乌贼野生卵和养殖卵的区别,研究了不同温度、盐度、孵化密度、卵类型对野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼孵化率和孵化时间的影响.结果表明：野生卵的质量较佳,养殖卵则以黑色小卵的质量为佳.野生卵的最佳孵化温度为27 ℃～29 ℃,最佳孵化盐度为24.5～32.0;孵化密度对野生卵孵化率的影响不显著.养殖卵在19 ℃～29 ℃下的孵化率为6.7%～30.0%,高于33 ℃和低于17 ℃均不能孵化;在盐度19.5～32.0范围内孵化率为18.3%～25.0%,盐度低于17.0不能孵化;充气情况下,孵化密度对养殖卵的孵化率影响不显著,而不充气情况下影响显著.     

相对湿度对苹小卷叶蛾实验种群的影响

为明确相对湿度对苹小卷叶蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响,在室内(25±1) ℃和12L∶12D条件下,分别设置40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90% 6个相对湿度(RH),研究其对苹小卷叶蛾生长、发育、存活及繁殖的影响.结果表明: 在40%～90%RH范围内,随湿度升高苹小卷叶蛾未成熟期逐渐缩短,由40%RH时30.31 d缩短至90%RH的25.87 d,未成熟期存活率逐渐升高.湿度对卵的孵化具有显著影响,40%RH下卵的孵化率最低,为39.3%.在80% RH条件下,成虫寿命最长,单雌产卵量最多(110.8粒),卵和幼虫的存活率最高,净生殖率(R₀)和内禀增长率(r_m)最高,分别为26.46和0.1018．说明较高湿度能促进苹小卷叶蛾生长发育,提高其繁殖力.
     

血雉卵的人工孵化

2008～2010年,北京动物园在陕西洋县长青自然保护区采集血雉卵进行人工孵化研究。卵的保存及运输期为5～7d,卵保存温度17.14～18.66℃,湿度73.5%～87.1%,卵使用防震运输箱经34h运输后入孵,运输过程温度在16.38～25.95℃之间。孵化前使用碘氟稀释液擦拭卵表面。35枚受精卵中,19枚使用3台孵化机孵化,孵化温度37.4～37.5℃,使用14%～33%、40%～45%和60%～70%3个湿度梯度孵化;16枚卵使用乌鸡代亲孵化,袖珍温度记录仪测量乌鸡孵化温度在34.81～39.18℃之间,孵化环境湿度为23.4%～72.4%。记录孵化过程中的卵重量变化和孵化期。结果表明:研究期间血雉卵平均孵化率为76.5%,其中机器孵化率为84.2%,代亲孵化率为68.8%;平均孵化期为27d11h;卵失重率11.23%～16.54%,平均为13.77%±1.51%。     

温度、湿度对黄喉拟水龟胚胎发育的影响

在9种不同温湿度组合条件（25 ℃和-12 kPa、29 ℃和-12 kPa、33 ℃和-12 kPa、25 ℃和-150 kPa、29 ℃和-150 kPa、33 ℃和-150 kPa、25 ℃和-300 kPa、29 ℃和-300 kPa、33 ℃和-300 kPa）下孵化了黄喉拟水龟卵,研究了温度对黄喉拟水龟卵孵出幼体特征的影响及其与湿度的相互作用对孵化期、孵化成功率和孵出幼体特征的影响.结果表明：黄喉拟水龟卵的初始质量、孵化温度、湿度及温湿度相互作用均显著影响孵化过程中卵质量的增加;同一温度下,孵化湿度越高,卵的终末质量越大;而孵化卵的终末质量与孵化温度并不呈线性相关;孵化温度显著影响黄喉拟水龟卵的孵化期,温度越高、孵化期越短,孵化湿度及温湿度相互作用对孵化期的影响不显著;孵化温度和湿度显著影响孵化成功率和卵壳龟裂率;25 ℃和33 ℃处理组孵出幼体中发现畸形个体,而29 ℃处理组中未发现;孵化温度显著影响孵出幼体的质量、背甲长和宽、腹甲长和宽、体高和尾长;孵化湿度只对孵出幼体的背甲长有影响,对其他被检测的幼体特征无显著影响;温湿度的相互作用对所有被检测的孵出幼体特征无叠加或减弱的显著影响.     

温湿度对腐食酪螨存活和繁殖的影响

研究了33种不同温湿度处理对腐食酪螨卵发育、孵化,成螨存活和繁殖的影响。结果表明：在15±1℃、20±1℃、25±1℃、30±1℃、35±1℃5种恒温下,相对湿度低于60％腐食酪螨几乎不能存活,高湿环境条件才有利于该种群正常繁衍。在适宜相对湿度范围,湿度与腐食酪螨成螨存活率关系显著,温度与腐食酪螨卵的发育历期、成螨日均产卵量关系极显著。     

水热环境对白条草蜥孵化卵和孵出幼体表型特征的影响

用4×2(温度×湿度)八种水热环境孵化安徽滁州琅琊山白条草蜥(Takydromus wolteri)卵,观测孵化卵重量变化、胚胎利用卵内物质和能量以及孵出幼体的特征。卵从孵化环境中吸水导致重量增加,卵重量的增加与入孵卵重量、孵化温度和基质湿度有关。两种孵化基质湿度对孵化期、孵化成功率、孵出幼体性比和大小都无显著影响。孵化期随恒定孵化温度的升高而缩短,27℃、30℃和33℃孵化期分别为32.5、24.9和23.0d,波动温度孵化期为31.1d。33℃孵化成功率最低(42.8%)。温度对孵化成功率和孵出幼体的性别无显著影响,但显著影响胚胎对卵内物质的动用、幼体的大小和重量。33℃不适宜孵化白条草蜥卵,该温度下孵出的幼体躯干小,剩余卵黄多,运动能力差。27℃和波动温度中孵出幼体躯干发育良好,各项被测定的特征指标极其相似。     

烟草甲的实验生态研究

在六种温度(20.3℃,23.9℃,27.7℃,32.2℃,33.7℃,35.9℃)及三种相对湿度范围(51.3%-55.0%RH,75.5%-76.0%RH,83.8%-85.0%RH)组合下,开展了又烟草甲 Lasioderma serricorne(F.)实验生态的系统研究,获得其在不同温、湿度组合情况下生长发育、生存和繁殖的一系列特性和参数,包括各虫态发育历期、存活率、发育起点温度、有效积温和平均繁殖力等,并建立了发育历期、发育速率、存活率及繁殖力的理论模型。     

Adaptability and efficacy of transgenic and wild-type Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) compared as part of a risk assessment

Comparisons between transgenic (T) and wild-type Metaseiulus occidentalis colonies (COS) were made under laboratory conditions as part of a risk assessment effort prior to proposed field releases. There were no differences between the transgenic T18 colony and the COS strain in the daily egg production, hatchability at three temperatures and four relative humidity (RH) conditions, diapause incidence, or proportion of female progeny produced. Metaseiulus occidentalis eggs do not hatch at 38°C under any RH tested, nor at 33.5°C under 100% RH, indicating that high temperature and extreme RH affect egg hatch negatively. At 28.5 and 33.5°C, fewer eggs hatched at 32.5% than at 75.5 and 93% RH. Metaseiulus occidentalis cannot survive on any plant tested without prey nor on a diet of pollen alone; adult female mites cannot prey or survive on a diet of eggs and larvae of two lepidopteran species, indicating that the suitability of food sources has not been altered in the transgenic strain. Two subcolonies, derived from two transgenic strains using single females, differed in the rate of egg hatch at 28.5°C under 32.5 and 100% RH, indicating that reduced genetic variation and/or random genetic drift in the two lines may have led to differences in some biological characters. Since we did not find any significant differences between the T18 and COS colonies in the traits tested, the T18 colony is not expected to exhibit any new biological attributes in a proposed short-term field release.     

Artificial incubation of California condor Gymnogyps californianus eggs removed from the wild

The currrent California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) recovery plan entails increasing the reproductive rate via replacement-clutch manipulation of eggs. During the period from 1983 to 1985, 15 eggs were removed from wild nesting pairs for artificial incubation. The eggs were incubated at a dry bulb temperature of 36.4°C in modified forced-air Lyon Electric incubators. The incubation humidity was adjusted for individual eggs based on weight loss data (water = weight), 25.6–30.0°C wet bulb (41.0–63.0% Relative Humidity (RH)). The chicks were hatched initially under forced-air conditions of 36.1°C dry bulb, 31.1–01.7°C wet bulb (70.0–73.0% RH). In 1984, hatching parameters were changed to still-air conditions, 36.1°C dry bulb (top of the egg), 35.0°C dry bulb (bottom of the egg), 31.1–31.7°C wet bulb (70.0-73.0% RH). Tactile and auditory stimulation was utilized during the pip-to-hatch interval. From among 15 eggs collected, 13 hatched, and 12 condor chicks were raised successfully (hatchability: 86.7%; survivability: 92.3%).     

Desiccation tolerance in fully developed embryos of two cicadas, Cryptotympana facialis and Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata

In two Japanese cicadas, Cryptotympana facialis and Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata , with different habitat distributions, fully developed embryos hatch in response to high humidity due to rainfall. Despite the advantage of hatching on rainy days, this trait burdens embryos with an extra period of desiccation until the unpredictable advent of rain. We compared the ability of the fully developed embryos of these cicadas to endure periods of low humidity. Eggs were exposed to a combination of different humidities (43% and 75% relative humidity, RH) and durations (0–15 days), and then transferred to an environment with 100% RH to stimulate hatching. In both species, total hatching rates decreased as duration increased, although there was no significant effect of humidity. In C. facialis , a considerable proportion of the eggs hatched during the desiccation period, and the hatching rate was higher at 75% RH than at 43% RH. After transfer to 100% RH, most hatching occurred within a day regardless of the desiccation level. In G. nigrofuscata , no nymphs hatched during the desiccation periods. However, more eggs required more than a day after transfer to 100% RH to hatch after desiccation at 43% RH than at 75% RH. Consequently, the overall proportion of timely hatching of eggs (eggs hatching within a day of moisture supply) was higher after desiccation at 43% RH in C. facialis , but it was higher after desiccation at 75% RH in G. nigrofuscata . These different physiological responses of the two species may reflect adaptation to habitat dryness.     

Induction of egg hatching by high humidity in the cicada Cryptotympana facialis

The timing of egg hatching in Cryptotympana facialis was examined in relation to short-term weather conditions. The brief underwater submergence, once a week, of dead twigs bearing cicada egg nests resulted in high hatching rates both at 25 degrees C and under outdoor conditions protected from rainfall. Under outdoor conditions with natural rainfall, most eggs hatched on rainy days. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of hatching eggs and daily relative humidity (RH). When eggs picked from twigs were exposed to various humidity levels, many eggs hatched quickly at higher humidity without direct contact with liquid water. Newly hatched nymphs showed a low tolerance to desiccation; at 81% RH at 25 degrees C, most of them died within 6 h. Under outdoor conditions, most nymphs died within 2 h on sunny days, whereas nymphs survived longer on rainy days. When newly hatched nymphs were released on dry ground, only 24% of them succeeded in burrowing into the soil, and many were killed by ants or desiccation. However, 92% of nymphs released onto wet ground successfully burrowed into it. The direct induction of hatching by high humidity ensures the survival and establishment in the soil of newly hatched nymphs in this species.     

温湿度对番茄刺皮瘿螨实验种群的影响

在同一湿度（53%RH）不同温度（14℃、17℃、20℃、23℃、26℃、29℃、32℃、35℃及同一温度（26℃）不同湿度（30%RH、53%RH、75.5%RH、85%RH、92.5%RH、100%RH）组合条件下,测定了温湿度对番茄刺皮瘿螨Aculops lycopersici (Massee)生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,温、湿度对该螨存活率有明显影响,以23℃（53%RH）和75.5%RH（26℃）条件下最高,分别为89.9%和87.1%; 其发育历期较短,在14～35℃和30%～100%RH范围内,历期随温度升高而缩短,随湿度升高而延长; 番茄刺皮瘿螨的发育起点温度较高,卵、若螨和整个世代的发育起点温度分别为10.51、9.02和9.15℃。完成一代需要105.56日·度。温湿度对番茄刺皮瘿螨的繁殖力有明显影响,产卵期随温度升高而缩短,随湿度升高而延长; 产卵量在26℃(53%RH)和53%RH(26℃)下最高,每头雌虫产卵分别为44.3粒和42.2粒; 26℃(53%RH)和53%RH(26℃)条件下种群的内禀增长率最高,分别为0.2645和0.2669。结果表明,适宜的温湿度条件为温度26～29℃、相对湿度53%～75%。     

浙江早稻谷中稻水象甲的存活研究

研究了早稻收获和储藏期间稻水象甲Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel一代成虫的数量动态及其存活时间与温湿度的关系。早稻收割时尚未迁离稻田的象甲中,仅3～13%的个体随脱落操作落入稻谷中,且这些个体经太阳曝晒2天后存活率不足1%;收割时残留于稻草中的虫量为稻谷中的5.1～12.3倍。储藏1个月的稻谷中所有成虫均死亡,但储藏相同时间的秕谷和稻草中存活成虫分别达到250头/50 kg秕谷和17头/50 kg稻草。成虫在≥90% RH下的存活时间显著长于35～75%RH下,在玻璃管中的存活时间显著长于稻谷中。在稻谷中,温度对成虫存活时间的影响不明显,但在玻璃管中,20℃（恒温）下的存活时间显著长于27.0～33.2℃（室温）下。利用生存分析的指数模型分析了成虫存活与湿度、温度和存放基质的关系,表明在75～98% RH之间,湿度越低则成虫死亡风险越大,较高温度（27.0～33.2℃）和处于稻谷中其死亡风险亦高。这些结果为开展稻谷中稻水象甲的检疫提供了依据。     

Rapid and improved method for windowing eggs accessing the stage X chicken embryo

The chick stage X blastoderm is routinely accessed through a small window in a freshly laid egg. However, windowing severely compromises embryo survival with hatch rates as low as a few percent. We previously reported a simple modification to the standard method that reduced introduction of air into the sealed egg and improved the hatchability to 32%. Here, we describe an even simpler and more rapid method for sealing a windowed egg using hot glue or paraffin in which the hatch rate increased to an average of 63% of the unwindowed control eggs. The primary reason for low hatchability can be attributed to air trapped within the egg during windowing and/or leakage during incubation, as shown by increased lethality by artificially introducing air into windowed and sealed eggs. Although the hatch rate was considerably improved, air can still enter the egg during incubation and is likely to account for less than 100% hatchability of the sealed eggs. The success of this new windowing method will facilitate high throughput for the production of transgenic birds and find use in developmental biology, toxicity testing, and avian disease research.