陕西省森林各生态系统组分氮磷化学计量特征

研究森林植被、枯落物和土壤的氮(N)磷(P)化学计量关系对于理解生态系统各组分的相互作用和养分循环具有重要意义。该研究对陕西省不同类型森林生态系统植被、枯落物和土壤的N和P含量及其化学计量关系进行了研究分析。结果表明: 1)森林生态系统各组分的N、P化学计量特征存在显著差异(p < 0.05), N、P含量均以林下灌草层植物和枯落物层较高, 乔木层植物和土壤层较低; N:P值则稍有不同, 以枯落物层最高, 土壤层最低, 其他各层差异不显著; 各组分N、P含量和N:P值分别为0.72-11.99 mg·g^-1、0.47-1.07 mg·g^-1和1.86-14.84。0-1 m土层内N含量、N:P值均随土层加深而降低(p < 0.05), P含量则不随土层发生明显变化。2)各组分N、P含量和N:P值多表现为阔叶林高于针叶林, 但其差异不显著。3)生态系统同一组分内, N、P含量间极显著正相关, N、P含量与N:P值分别呈极显著正相关、负相关关系, 但是土壤层内N、P含量无显著相关关系。各组分间, 枯落物层与乔木层、草本层和土壤层的N、P含量和N:P值也均极显著正相关, 而枯落物层与灌木层植物无显著相关关系。4)生态系统各组分N、P含量和N:P值随空间变化表现不尽一致, 总体上呈稳态。该文通过对N、P化学计量特征的研究, 揭示了森林生态系统植被、枯落物和土壤组分间所存在的养分循环联系, 这些联系中也表现出分异特征, 而分异可能由各自所执行的不同生态功能所致。     

森林生态系统水文调节功能及机制研究进展

本研究从森林生态系统的水文过程出发,介绍了其相关概念及发展史,总结了目前森林生态水文学的研究成果,对森林生态系统不同界面层(林冠层、枯落物层及土壤层)的水文过程、影响因素及生态水文模型等方面的国内外研究进展进行了系统的阐述,同时也对森林生态系统的水土保持、水质净化和物质循环过程进行了归纳和总结。目前的研究还需要从以下几方面加以深入:(1)森林生态系统不同界面层(林冠层、枯落物层及土壤层)功能性状与环境因子对流域水分储蓄、循环、入渗与产流过程的影响及其机理;(2)森林生态系统水土保持、水质净化、元素循环三者之间耦合机制方面的研究;(3)森林生态系统的水文过程与能量流动、物质循环之间的相互关系;(4)在时间尺度和流域尺度上研究森林生态系统生态水文过程的变化情况。因此,今后的研究应加强对森林生态系统多学科、多尺度的综合研究,同时要结合现代高新技术方法来研究不同植被类型的功能性状对水文过程的影响及其机制,为森林生态系统的管理提供科学依据。     

森林枯落物持水特性影响因素研究进展

森林生态系统是陆地生态系统中重要的组成部分, 枯落物又是森林结构中重要的一环, 具有涵养水源、拦蓄降水、减少径流、维持土壤湿度、防止土壤水分散失和土壤溅蚀等重要的水文生态功能。研究影响枯落物持水特性的因素, 揭示各因素与枯落物持水特性之间的关系, 对研究森林的水土保持能力, 合理规划和利用水资源方面具有重要的意义。笔者了影响枯落物持水特性的重要因素(如森林类型、林分特征和成土因素等), 探讨了各因素与枯落物持水特性之间的关系及影响程度, 以期为人工林立地环境的筛选、造林树种的配置、以及天然林与人工林的营林措施选择方面提供合理的建议和参考。     

林下植被的生物量分布特征及其作用

林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分。研究林下植被的生物量特征及其生态作用对深入研究森林生态系统结构和功能有重要意义。本文归纳了森林林下植被的生物量分布特征与森林的类型、龄级和林分特征等因子之间的变化关系,分析了林下植被在维持森林生态系统营养元素循环、保持水土、指示森林环境状态变化、影响森林林分的生理生态特征和森林演替、保护动物的栖息地以及维持生态平衡等方面的主要生态作用。     

黄土高原子午岭植物群落演替系列分析

采用时空互代原理,结合数量分类（TWINSPAN）和排序（DCA）的方法,确定了子午岭地区植物群落演替的系列,并对该演替系列的物种组成、生活型功能群组成和枯落物、腐殖质的动态变化进行了分析研究.结果表明：该地区的植物群落演替系列共划分为9个阶段,呈现草本群落→灌木群落→乔木群落的演替过程.自然恢复演替以辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis）林为演替顶极,而人工造林加快了演替进程,出现了从人工刺槐（Robinia pseudoacacia）林和人工油松（Pinus tabulaeformis）林开始的演替系列.植物群落的科、属、种在演替进程中均明显增加.在生活型功能群组成上,1年生植物在恢复早期比中后期所占的比例大,中后期以多年生植物特别是木本植物为主,多年生禾草和豆科固氮植物在整个演替系列中一直占有一定比例;各功能群物种丰富度逐渐增加,组成比例趋于稳定.群落枯落层和腐殖质层厚度随演替明显增长,二者组成比例因枯落物的性质不同在各群落类型间存在差别.通过综合分析物种组成、功能群组成、枯落层和腐殖质层厚度,反映出人工林与天然次生林间存在着较大的差异.     

三峡库区三种林下地被物储水特性

通过对三峡库区3种森林类型(松栎混交林、栓皮栎纯林、马尾松纯林)林下地被物调查及其持水试验,分别得到3种森林类型林下地被物最大储水量、吸水速率等水文特征参数,结果表明,栓皮栎纯林林下苔藓层储水量最大,为其风干重的303．1％,松栎混交林林下的为283．8％,马尾松纯林林下的为242．3％．松栎混交林林下枯落物最大储水量为其风干重的282.2％,栓皮栎纯林林下的为262．5％,马尾松纯林林下的为239．3％。经分析拟合,得到林下苔藓层、林下枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间之间关系式为S=kt^n,在同为中龄林条件下,3种森林类型林下苔藓层储水量均高于林下枯落物储水量,而林下地被物储水量随时间变化过程与森林类型无关。     

马占相思（Acacia mangium）也湿地松（Pinus elliotii）人工林枯落物层的水文生态功能

分析了马占相思与湿地松人工林枯落物的蓄积量、年凋落量及凋落动态、枯落物层对大气降水的截留、以及枯落物抑制土壤水分蒸发和阻滞径流的效应。结果表明：①15龄的马占相思林枯落物蓄积量32.3t/hm^2,年凋落量11.14t/hm^2,最大持水率253.7％,最大持水量28.26t/hm^2;15龄的湿地松林枯落物蓄积量18.7t/hm^2,年凋落量7.30t/hm^2,最大持水率216.7%,量大持水量15.82hm^2;②2种林分对大气降水的截留率分别为15.9%和11.7%,截留率随1次降水降水量（＞10mm）的增加而减少;③2-4cm枯落物覆盖下不同含水量的土壤水分蒸发比无覆盖的土壤减少18.2%-78.3%,枯落物层减少土壤水分蒸发的效应随枯落物层厚度和土壤含水量的增大而增加;④2种枯落物对径流流出时间的阻滞效应随径流深（＜3mm）和坡度的增加而减小,随枯落物层厚度的增加呈直线增加。通过与部分其它森林类型枯落物层水文生态功能比较,认为马占相思与湿地松林枯落物层具有较为优越的水文生态功能。     

基于冗余分析的城市森林林下层植物多样性预测

以4类多样性指数作为衡量城市森林林下层植物多样性差异的定量指标,并同时记录对应样方尺度的环境变量特征.以期应用冗余分析(RDA)手段提取城市森林林下层植物多样性的干扰控制因子,从而进一步揭示主要环境变量对城市森林林下层植物多样性变异的贡献率.RDA分析结果表明枯落物盖度、距林缘距离、小路面积和垃圾数4变量为能够显著解释林下叶层植物多样性变化的最小变量组合,解释信息量百分比达61%,10变量共同解释的信息量为72.1%.在RDA分析的基础上,对10环境变量组合与植物多样性特征进行双重筛选逐步回归,发现草本密度与海拔、坡度、距林缘距离、枯落物盖度呈极显著相关;草本层Pielou均匀度指数与海拔、坡度、郁闭度、枯落物盖度、岩石盖度呈极显著相关;草本层Simpson多样性指数与坡度、枯落物盖度、距林缘距离、岩石盖度、伐桩数呈极显著相关;灌木层Pielou均匀度指数则与海拔、郁闭度、小路面积、岩石盖度呈极显著相关.     

重庆铁山坪马尾松天然次生林降雨截持与贮水特征

马尾松林是三峡库区防护林体系中最重要的森林类型,然而以往对结构更为复杂的马尾松天然次生林的生态水文效应研究还很不足,限制着全面了解和准确评价库区森林发挥的涵养水源服务功能。以重庆铁山坪的马尾松天然次生林为对象,采用定位监测结合室内测定的实验方法,系统研究了林冠层、林下草本层、枯落物层、土壤层的水文特征。结果表明：（1）2010-2011年马尾林穿透雨量、干流量、林冠截留量分别占总降雨量（1972.39 mm）的84.66%、0.26%和15.07%,且均与次降雨量呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,其中干流在次降雨量达到5 mm时产生;林冠截留量随次降雨量增大而逐渐达到饱和（6 mm左右）。（2）林下草本植物的地上生物量达1.32 t/hm²,其持水率随浸水时间呈对数函数增加（P<0.01）,最大持水量为0.61 mm。（3）枯落物贮存量达10.74 t/hm²,未分解、半分解、未分解与半分解混合枯落物的最大持水率为183.76%、206.31%和197.62%,未分解与半分解层枯落物的最大持水能力达1.44 mm。（4）0-80 cm土层的饱和贮水量达334.75 mm,其中滞留贮水量达49.08 mm,占饱和贮水量14.66%。马尾松天然次生林各作用层的降雨截持及贮水作用明显,其中尤以土壤层贮水能力最强。研究结果可为三峡库区森林涵养水源服务功能模拟与评价提供重要参考依据。     

地上枯落物的累积、分解及其在陆地生态系统中的作用

了解陆地生态系统地上枯落物的累积和分解过程对认识它的生态作用、通过管理地上枯落物调控陆地生态系统功能和服务有重要意义。综述了陆地生态系统地上枯落物的积累和分解过程及其影响因素,然后概括了通过这些过程地上枯落物所发挥的生态作用,最后,在全球变化背景下,基于当前研究进展提出陆地生态系统地上枯落物研究的前景。地上枯落物累积在时间尺度上一般遵循植物的生命周期,同时也受环境因子的调控。大的空间尺度上,枯落物累积主要受水热因子控制,伴随植被类型的变化,表现随纬度升高而减少的趋势。然而,在局域尺度内,枯落物累积除受水、热因子限制,还被群落结构、土壤条件、植食动物等因素影响,表现较大变异性。当前,人类干扰作为一个不可忽视的因素,正在强烈甚至不可逆转的改变地表植被覆盖和枯落物累积。地上枯落物的分解过程包括淋溶、光降解、土壤动物和微生物分解,这些过程同时进行并相互影响。尽管目前还不清楚,但区分这些分解过程和分解产物的去向对了解陆地生态系统物质循环有重要意义。枯落物分解首先被自身类型、化学组成、物种多样性决定,同时也受分解者群体、非生物环境影响。其中,枯落物分解与其化学特性、物种多样性及土壤养分状况的关系是研究的热点,也是广泛争议的焦点。通过累积和分解,地上枯落物对陆地生态系统有物理、化学、生物作用。目前,枯落物的物理和化学作用研究较为透彻,而由于受枯落物数量、环境条件、响应植物特征或一些有待挖掘的未知因素的共同限制,地上枯落物的生物作用,尤其对植物的作用在不同研究中仍没有达成普遍的共识。全球变化可能影响地上枯落物累积、分解和生态作用。在全球变化的背景,研究地上枯落物产量和性状变化、阐明枯落物分解的分室模型、继续分析枯落物性状和分解关系、深入揭示枯落物的生态作用及其制约因素,理解和预测地上枯落物数量和质量变化对陆地生态系统功能和服务的影响是必要的。     

Ungulate Carcasses Perforate Ecological Filters and Create Biogeochemical Hotspots in Forest Herbaceous Layers Allowing Trees a Competitive Advantage

Ecological filters and nutrient heterogeneity are important in the function of ecosystems. Herbaceous layers alter forest ecosystems by filtering tree species during early stages of tree reproduction and influencing nutrient cycling. Important aspects about how tree species successfully establish below and extend above this ecological filter are unanswered in forest ecology. We experimentally tested the effects of large ungulate carcasses on the filtering function of herbaceous layers. Even well-utilized carcasses created unexpected disturbances that reduced herbaceous cover, which effectively perforated the herbaceous layer filter that can differentially influence tree reproduction. Carcasses also created lasting biogeochemical “hotspots” in forest soils that may help maintain plant biodiversity by creating resource heterogeneity and shifting competitive relationships. Because the spatial distribution of carcasses is influenced by predators, these data establish an unrecognized link between large carnivores, prey carcasses, and ecosystem processes. This link supports a novel understanding of disturbance by large herbivores in forest ecosystems by demonstrating an important interaction between predator–prey functional traits and tree seedling dynamics on either side of a major ecological filter.     

Influences of herbaceous vines on community characteristics in pioneer succession stages

In the continental tropics, herbaceous vines and lianas are roughly equal in abundance, and the former are even more abundant in the temperate region. However, only little attention has been paid to the study of biological and ecological characteristics of herbaceous vines. In particular, research about effects of herbaceous vines acting as a biological control on plant communities has not been carried out in depth. Herbaceous vines are widely distributed and abundant also in humid subtropical areas, especially in the early stages of forest community succession, but their ecology is little known. The aim of our study is to understand the effect of local herbaceous vines on community characteristics in pioneer succession stages. The hypothesis was tested that herbaceous vines would have predominantly negative effects on co-occurring species, thereby reducing their diversity. Based on a quadrate method, a detailed survey of shrub and herb communities covered by herbaceous vines was conducted in the Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve of Chongqing, SW China. The sample plots were selected based on the numbers and coverage of vines, distinguishing among high vine coverage plots, middle vine coverage plots and low vine coverage plots. All species in the plots with different herbaceous vine coverage were identified and measured. The measurements for each species included number, average height and coverage. Because of abundant tree seedlings in the habitat of forest edge plots, we only recorded the number of tree seedlings in those plots to evaluate the overall effects of vines on tree seedling regeneration. After the field investigation, herbaceous vines and other species in the plots were harvested respectively, then oven dried and weighed. The results showed that herbaceous vines had high productivity and produced a lot of branches, which caused above-ground competition and mechanical stress to other species. Herbaceous vines seriously affected species composition and species importance values of self-supporting species. In all three habitats, the number of species and families in low coverage samples was larger than that in high coverage samples, and furthermore the identities of species were different between them. Species richness significantly decreased with increasing herbaceous vine coverage, illustrating that some species disappeared. Herbaceous vines reduced species diversity of communities, and as a result, community complexity was decreased, which might also decrease community stability. Biomass of communities of self-supporting species significantly decreased with increasing herbaceous vine coverage, which suggested that herbaceous vines significantly decreased community productivity. The number of seedlings also significantly decreased with increasing herbaceous vine coverage, and seedlings were mainly distributed in lower coverage samples. Herbaceous vines reduced the light exposure in the understory, which may be the mechanistic explanation for the negative influence of vines on the performance of tree seedlings. It was concluded that herbaceous vines affected seedling quantitative dynamics and distribution, and inhibited the natural succession from shrub and herb communities to tree communities. Thus herbaceous vines not only had significant influences on community characteristics in pioneer succession stages, but also on subsequent succession stages.     

川西亚高山针叶林土壤微生物及酶对林下植物去除的响应

生物多样性与生态系统功能的关系是生态学领域研究的热点与难点。但因受研究手段的限制,有关森林物种组成及其多样性变化对土壤微生物数量和酶活性影响的研究少有报道。采用人工去除灌草层的实验方法,研究了川西亚高山针叶林灌草层丧失对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:1)灌草层去除后,土壤细菌和真菌数量以CK(对照)RH(除草)RS(除灌),而土壤放线菌数量则以RHCKRS;2)灌草层去除后,土壤微生物群落构成发生改变,真菌比例有所下降;3)灌草层去除后,土壤酶活性随之发生变化,各种酶活性均以CKRHRS。表明林下灌草层去除,尤其是灌木层去除,导致土壤微生物数量下降、群落构成发生变化以及土壤酶活性下降,从而在一定程度上影响到森林生态系统的物质循环功能。     

Influences of herbaceous vines on community characteristics in pioneer succession stages

In the continental tropics, herbaceous vines and lianas are roughly equal in abundance, and the former are even more abundant in the temperate region. However, only little attention has been paid to the study of biological and ecological characteristics of herbaceous vines. In particular, research about effects of herbaceous vines acting as a biological control on plant communities has not been carried out in depth. Herbaceous vines are widely distributed and abundant also in humid subtropical areas, especially in the early stages of forest community succession, but their ecology is little known. The aim of our study is to understand the effect of local herbaceous vines on community characteristics in pioneer succession stages. The hypothesis was tested that herbaceous vines would have predominantly negative effects on co-occurring species, thereby reducing their diversity. Based on a quadrate method, a detailed survey of shrub and herb communities covered by herbaceous vines was conducted in the Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve of Chongqing, SW China. The sample plots were selected based on the numbers and coverage of vines, distinguishing among high vine coverage plots, middle vine coverage plots and low vine coverage plots. All species in the plots with different herbaceous vine coverage were identified and measured. The measurements for each species included number, average height and coverage. Because of abundant tree seedlings in the habitat of forest edge plots, we only recorded the number of tree seedlings in those plots to evaluate the overall effects of vines on tree seedling regeneration. After the field investigation, herbaceous vines and other species in the plots were harvested respectively, then oven dried and weighed. The results showed that herbaceous vines had high productivity and produced a lot of branches, which caused above-ground competition and mechanical stress to other species. Herbaceous vines seriously affected species composition and species importance values of self-supporting species. In all three habitats, the number of species and families in low coverage samples was larger than that in high coverage samples, and furthermore the identities of species were different between them. Species richness significantly decreased with increasing herbaceous vine coverage, illustrating that some species disappeared. Herbaceous vines reduced species diversity of communities, and as a result, community complexity was decreased, which might also decrease community stability. Biomass of communities of self-supporting species significantly decreased with increasing herbaceous vine coverage, which suggested that herbaceous vines significantly decreased community productivity. The number of seedlings also significantly decreased with increasing herbaceous vine coverage, and seedlings were mainly distributed in lower coverage samples. Herbaceous vines reduced the light exposure in the understory, which may be the mechanistic explanation for the negative influence of vines on the performance of tree seedlings. It was concluded that herbaceous vines affected seedling quantitative dynamics and distribution, and inhibited the natural succession from shrub and herb communities to tree communities. Thus herbaceous vines not only had significant influences on community characteristics in pioneer succession stages, but also on subsequent succession stages.     

海南岛儋州橡胶林生态系统氮储量研究

生态系统N储量是由乔木层、林下植被层、凋落物层和土壤层N储量组成的。对海南岛儋州6个龄级(5、10、15、20、25、30 a)的橡胶林进行调查采样,并进行室内测试分析得出N含量,计算得出各个层次的N储量和生态系统总N储量。结果表明:(1)儋州一代和二代橡胶林土壤N含量和储量均随着土壤层次的增加而减少,橡胶林土壤N含量和储量均表现为0～20 cm内一代小于二代,20～40 cm内两代相差不大,40 cm以下一代均明显大于二代;(2)儋州橡胶林生态系统总N储量范围为5.30～8.53 t·hm^-2,平均为6.447 t·hm^-2,其中土壤N储量5.727 t·hm^-2,植物(包括乔木和林下植被)N储量为0.694 t·hm^-2,凋落物N储量0.026 t·hm^-2; 土壤N储量所占比例最大(88.83%),是橡胶林生态系统N储量最主要的组成部分。说明海南岛儋州橡胶林土壤总体处于缺氮状态,有必要增施氮肥或复合肥。     

英国多克隐花植物保护区森林土壤和凋落叶特性及其与真菌的关系

报道了英国独特的真菌保护区里真菌的生态学和生物多样性,而该保护区内有关物种构成的数据自1994年就开始进行收集了。关于真菌的生态学相互关系以及它们在总的生态系统功能中的作用可以作为生物多样性数据的补充。5~8月期间,在8块覆盖着不同植被（山毛榉,桦树,桦栎山毛榉,禾本科植物）实验区里,研究了森林凋落叶和叶本层土壤的特性和构成,测量了细菌种群数量和真菌的生物量（针对麦角固醇而言）。用相关分析和分段回归建模方法,结合可通过并行研究采集到的原生动物和线虫数据,得到了一系列结果。这些结果强调了某些因素的复杂性,这些因素影响着森林土壤和森林凋落叶中真菌生物量空间可变性的时间动态。大多数的相互作用看起来是瞬时的,在解释环境观测记录时应该对这一点给予充分考虑。最后,解释了若干具体关系,给出了进一步研究的方向,讨论了对整个生态系统功能研究的必要性。     

Establishment of tree seedlings in the understory of restoration plantations: natural regeneration and enrichment plantings

Little is known about the potential of restoration plantations to provide appropriate understory conditions to support the establishment of seeds arriving from neighboring native forests. In this article, we investigated how seedling establishment is affected in the understory of restoration sites of different ages and assessed some of the potential environmental factors controlling this ecological process. We first compared the density and richness of native tree seedlings among 10‐, 22‐, and 55‐year‐old restoration plantations within the Atlantic Forest region of southeastern Brazil. Then, we undertook a seed addition experiment in each study site, during the wet season, and compared seedling emergence, survival, and biomass on local versus old‐growth forest soil (transferred from a reference ecosystem), in order to test whether local substrate could hamper seedling establishment. As expected, the oldest restoration site had higher density and richness of spontaneously regenerating seedlings. However, seedling establishment was less successful both in the oldest restoration planting and using substrate transferred from a reference ecosystem, where emergence and survival were lower, but surviving seedlings grew better. We attribute these results to lower light availability for seedlings in the understory of the oldest site and speculate that higher incidence of pathogens on old‐growth forest soil may have increased seedling mortality. We conclude that the understory of young restoration plantations provides suitable microsite conditions at the early establishment phases for the spontaneous regeneration or enrichment planting of native trees.     

Ecosystem engineers as selective agents: the effects of leaf litter on emergence time and early growth in Impatiens capensis

By physically modifying the abiotic environment, ecosystem engineers can have dramatic effects on the distribution and abundance of species in a community. However, ecosystem engineering can also change the selective environment and evolutionary dynamics of affected species, although this remains relatively understudied. Here, we examine the potential for an ecosystem engineer – oak trees – to affect the evolutionary dynamics of the herbaceous, understory annual, Impatiens capensis , through leaf litter deposition. Using a quantitative genetic experimental approach, we found that: (i) the presence of leaf litter significantly affected a suite of germination, growth and phenological traits in I. capensis ; (ii) I. capensis does not exhibit performance trade-offs across litter and bare soil environments in the form of negative across-environment genetic correlations; (iii) the presence or absence of leaf litter significantly alters the pattern of natural selection germination timing and hypocotyl length; and (iv) the frequency of leaf litter environments can dramatically change which combinations of hypocotyl length lead to highest mean fitness across both bare soil and leaf litter environments. More generally, our results demonstrate the potential for ecosystem engineers to alter both the ecological and the evolutionary dynamics of the species they affect.     

湿地草本植物枯落物分解的影响因素

草本植物是湿地的主要植被类型之一,其枯落物是湿地有机物质的重要组成部分。本文概述了影响湿地草本植物枯落物分解的主要因素及研究进展,主要包括枯落物自身质量、生物因素、环境因素和人类活动与全球变化等。认为,枯落物质量是本质要素,生物是分解的主导因素,环境等外部因素起到重要作用。讨论了该领域有待深入研究的方向,指出要深入湿地枯落物分解机理的研究,加强多尺度、大环境梯度和多种影响因素的综合研究,加强全球变化对湿地枯落物分解的影响研究,增强实验方法研究等。