平茬高度对四合木生长及生理特性的影响

为改善珍稀濒危植物四合木种群衰退现状,促进其更新复壮及可持续发展,对四合木老龄化植株进行了0 cm、5 cm、10 cm、15 cm（文中定义为A、B、C、D）四种平茬高度处理,以未平茬老龄植株为对照（CK）,跟踪测定各处理的生长指标和生理指标变化规律,结果表明：（1）平茬能够促进四合木老龄化植株更新复壮,平茬后第一生长季各处理组株高生长量极显著大于CK（p<0.01）,处理B、C、D冠幅年生长量极显著大于CK（p<0.01）,各处理组新生萌条数量大于CK、萌条基径和萌条枝长极显著大于CK（p<0.01）,其中处理B株高和冠幅生长量分别较对照组增加241.43 %和417.21 %,平均萌条数量为324枝分别大于处理A、C、D和CK的293枝、229枝、221枝159枝;（2）对照植株净光合速率及蒸腾速率日变化均为双峰曲线,四种平茬处理植株平茬后第一个生长季7月份净光合速率和蒸腾速率为单峰曲线,而平茬后第二个生长季7月份变为双峰曲线;（3）平茬后前两个生长季7月份净光合速率日均值排序均为：处理B>D>C>A>CK,其中,处理B日均值分别为CK的2.07倍和1.94倍;（4）平茬处理改善了四合木植株水分状况,提高了四合木抵御干旱胁迫的能力,处理组蒸腾速率和水势均高于对照组;（5）平茬处理提高了四合木水分利用效率,其中,处理B提高程度最为明显,前两个生长季的水分利用效率分别是CK的1.38倍和1.42倍;（6）在平茬后前两个生长季内,5 cm平茬较其他高度平茬在生长和生理特性均有明显优势,但随平茬年限的增加其状况如何尚需进一步研究。     

平茬措施对天然沙冬青生理特性的影响

沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus(Maxim.)Cheng f.)是我国二级珍稀濒危植物,由于自然条件的不断恶化使这一古老残遗物种种群受到威胁。本文以西鄂尔多斯国家级自然保护区内生长的天然沙冬青为材料,对平茬后经过3年恢复生长的萌蘖灌丛和未平茬的沙冬青灌丛的地上部生物量、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶水势(WPB)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)等指标进行了测定,并对平茬处理的各项生理指标变化进行了研究。结果显示:平茬后的沙冬青萌蘖灌丛经过3年的生长能恢复到平茬前的生物量;平茬与未平茬(对照)沙冬青叶片相对含水量差异不显著(P0.05),但平茬后的沙冬青叶水势日间(7∶00-19∶00)均显著高于对照(P0.05);平茬与未平茬沙冬青日间净光合速率、蒸腾速率均出现两个高峰值,且均有"午休"现象,平茬后的沙冬青萌蘖丛Pn日均值比对照升高了15.73%、Tr日均值比对照升高了15.57%、WUE日均值比对照升高了13.92%(P0.05);Gs日均值比对照也有所上升,且与Pn、Tr的变化趋势基本一致,但Ci的变化趋势与Gs、Pn和Tr相反。说明平茬处理对增加地上部生物量、提高其生理指标均有明显作用,能提高沙冬青潜在的生产力。     

NaCl对渗透胁迫下三角叶滨藜光合作用和水分状况的调节

以溶液培养的三角叶滨藜(Atriplex triangularis)为材料, 测定分析了在PEG诱导的渗透胁迫条件下, 适量的NaCl对其光合作用和水分吸收的影响, 以探讨环境溶液中NaCl对植物适应干旱的影响。结果表明, PEG诱导的渗透胁迫导致三角叶滨藜植株吸水困难、叶绿素含量降低、光合系统受损、生长受抑制、生物量减少; 而在PEG渗透胁迫的处理液中添加10–40 mmol·L^–1NaCl可以明显降低植株水势和叶片渗透势, 维持较高的细胞膨压, 减缓PEG渗透胁迫对光合系统的破坏作用, 保证相对较高的光合速率和生长速度, 从而有效增强了三角叶滨藜对渗透胁迫的适应能力。     

沙地生境和平茬年限对沙柳叶功能特征的影响

研究了毛乌素沙地南缘水滨边丘间地和干旱丘顶两种生境下沙柳平茬后不同年限(1、2、3～4和5～6年)对沙柳叶片光合气体交换、水分利用效率、结构特性及氮、磷养分含量等叶功能特征的影响.结果表明:水滨边丘间地沙柳叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、瞬时和长期水分利用效率均高于丘顶,但N、P养分含量低于丘顶;两种生境下沙柳的叶结构性状无显著差异.干旱生境下沙柳主要通过增加养分含量、降低光合和水分利用来生存.随平茬年限增加,叶片净光合速率和气孔导度显著下降,氮含量和瞬时水分利用效率亦呈下降趋势,且二者之间呈显著正相关;平茬后1年的叶面积最高,比叶质量和叶干物质含量最低,此后比叶质量增加,叶面积和干物质含量不变;叶结构性状与光合及养分特性之间无显著相关性.叶光合活性和氮含量的下降是沙柳随平茬年限增加而衰败的重要原因.     

不同平茬年限人工柠条林光合特性及土壤水分的响应变化

平茬是荒漠草原老化人工柠条林营林抚育的重要措施,为系统认识柠条平茬后连续的生理与生态响应过程及其变化规律,该研究设置对比观测样地,以未平茬柠条(WPC)为对照,以平茬后连续生长1～5年(PC1～PC5)的柠条为处理,对各样地柠条净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、水分利用效率等光合生理特征及其土壤含水量分布的影响进行测定分析。结果表明:(1)平茬处理对柠条生理特性的影响因平茬年限的增加而异,其中PC1和PC2柠条的净光合速率和蒸腾速率较WPC略有提高,PC1柠条处于补偿生长的活跃期,水分利用效率明显高于其他平茬处理,PC2柠条的水分利用效率开始下降;PC3和PC4的柠条蒸腾速率、净光合速率和气孔导度显著上升,且PC4处理下达到最大值,相应水分利用效率也逐步回升;PC5的柠条几乎不存在补偿性生长,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率开始回落,逐渐接近WPC;平茬措施对PC1与PC5柠条胞间CO2浓度大小的影响较大。(2)PC1的土壤水分含量在0～100cm土层因受冠层截留大幅减小的影响而低于其他年限平茬处理;PC2的土壤水分略有改善,PC3、PC4的土壤含水量显著提高,PC5的土壤水分状况则逐渐接近于WPC。(3)随平茬年限的增加,柠条光合特性与土壤含水量间存在一定的动态互馈关系,其中PC1的土壤水分略有下降,柠条生长减缓;PC2土壤含水量逐步恢复;PC3土壤含水量增长幅度开始下降,柠条的各项生理指标上升;PC4柠条的光合生理指标、土壤含水量都达到了最高值;PC5柠条的各项指标开始下降。研究发现,PC4处理是柠条光合生理和土壤水分响应变化的拐点,可参考作为平茬柠条优化管理的一个时间节点。     

四翅滨藜生理生化特征对盐胁迫的响应

采用温室盆栽试验研究四翅滨藜(Atriplex canescens)幼苗株高、地径、生物量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量对不同浓度NaCl和Na_2SO_4(0、100、200、300和400mmol·L~(-1))胁迫的响应,以探讨四翅滨藜对不同种类及不同浓度盐渍环境的适应机制及其耐盐机理。结果显示:(1)随着盐分浓度的升高,四翅滨藜幼苗的株高、地径及生物量增量呈现出先升高后降低的趋势,低盐浓度下2种盐均促进幼苗生长,盐浓度超过400mmol·L~(-1)时,NaCl对幼苗生长具有明显抑制作用。(2)2种盐处理下,四翅滨藜幼苗净光合速率(Pn)和叶绿素含量(Chl)随盐浓度增大而升高,即2种盐均对幼苗Pn和Chl含量具有促进作用,且Na_2SO_4的促进效果大于NaCl;而幼苗蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)随盐浓度升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,且Na_2SO_4的促进作用强于NaCl。(3)与对照相比,四翅滨藜幼苗的丙二醛、SOD、POD酶活性在NaCl和Na_2SO_42种盐处理下,随着盐浓度的升高均呈现出不同程度的增大,且增大幅度总体表现为NaClNa_2SO_4。研究表明,四翅滨藜在NaCl和Na_2SO_4胁迫下,叶绿素的分解速率以及发挥作用的渗透调节物质均有差异,使得幼苗叶片健康程度不同,导致叶片光合能力大小的差异,最终表现为植株的生长差异;四翅滨藜具有较强的耐盐能力,而且对Na_2SO_4的适应能力强于NaCl。     

水分条件对红砂叶片碳同位素组成与光合特性和分枝生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了不同水分处理对红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)叶碳同位素组成、光合特性和分枝生长的影响,并进一步调查了自然条件下不同退化程度红砂草地的土壤含水量,分枝生长、叶碳同位素及其关系。结果表明:(1)在盆栽条件下,随土壤含水量的降低,红砂当年生分枝生物量、一级分枝长、二级分枝数及其叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著减小,而叶片碳同位素组成(δ~(13) C)和水分利用效率则随土壤含水量降低而显著增加;且叶片δ~(13) C与当年生分枝生物量、一级分枝长、二级分枝数、叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈显著负相关关系。(2)在田间自然条件下,红砂叶片δ~(13) C与立地30~60cm及60~100cm土层的土壤含水量、单位冠幅面积生物量、单位冠幅面积分枝数呈显著负相关关系。研究认为,在盆栽和田间条件下,红砂叶片δ~(13) C是指示其生境水分状况的良好指标;红砂主要利用土壤的深层水分,其在土壤含水量相对较低的轻度退化区水分利用效率比土壤含水量相对较高的重度退化区更高。这一结论对于理解干旱生境中红砂的水分利用策略以及红砂草地的管理和恢复具有一定的指导意义。     

干旱和复水对大豆光合生理生态特性的影响

选用大豆作为实验材料,研究干旱和复水对大豆光合生理的影响,以期为大豆抗旱栽培和高效利用水分提供理论依据.通过研究发现,在土壤相对含水量高于47%时,处理组大豆凌晨叶片水势和对照组相比基本没有下降,但当土壤相对含水量低于47%时,处理组叶片水势急剧下降,表现为一定的阈值反应,存在明显的凌晨叶水势临界值.大豆开花前期叶片的凌晨叶水势阈值约为-1.02MPa,低于此临界值,叶片水势急剧下降,叶片净光合速率也明显降低.研究发现,在实验的第3天,处理组土壤相对含水量为47%,叶片水势与对照组相比下降了7%,蒸腾速率为对照组的67%,净光合速率为对照组的90%,水分利用效率比对照组高35%,这说明大豆的蒸腾比光合对干旱更敏感.因此,可利用这一结果采取适度干旱等措施达到节水增产的目的.复水后大豆叶片水分状况得到改善,大豆叶片的净光合速率和蒸腾速率都表现为接近于直线的上升,气孔导度的恢复也很快,这表明大豆存在着胁迫解除后快速生长的特征.但是,干旱对大豆的生长等生理过程是否存在滞后效应,滞后效应的大小等问题还需要进一步的研究.     

平茬对岩黄芪属植物生物学性状的影响

探讨了3种岩黄芪属植物平茬与未平茬植株的生物学性状.结果表明,平茬后3种岩黄芪属植物植株的多种性状与未平茬植株无显著差异,但平茬植株基部新生枝条数比未平茬植株增加1.91倍.平茬不仅复壮了植株个体,提高了产量,而且提高了家畜可食部分（叶+嫩茎）的比例.平茬岩黄芪属植株5～8月生物量中以叶和嫩茎为主,在9月,由于枝条木质化,家畜不可食部分迅速增加,平均不可食部分占总生物量的69.26％.而未平茬的岩黄芪属植株由于有上一年残留的枯死枝条,因而5～8月一直有老茎存在,9月份家畜不可食部分平均达到77.79％.岩黄芪属植物可在植物生长的第2年进行平茬,应在8月底以前进行收割.8月平茬处理3种岩黄芪灌丛的叶面积指数高于对照,散射光系数低于对照,说明在8月平茬处理植株的生长高于对照植株,生长更为繁茂.     

平茬措施对柠条生理特征及土壤水分的影响

通过对比试验,研究了平茬措施对柠条的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、枝水势,以及土壤水分含量的影响。结果表明:(1)平茬措施对柠条生理特征的影响因其生长发育阶段而异。其中,在花期(6月份),平茬柠条日平均净光合速率较对照(未平茬柠条)降低14.72%,日平均蒸腾速率提高27.31%,水分利用效率较对照低33.33%;随着柠条的生长发育(7月、8月、9月),平茬柠条日平均净光合速率逐渐升高最终高于对照,日平均蒸腾速率的差距也不断缩小;相应的其水分利用效率增加较快(对照柠条、平茬柠条增幅分别达108.3%、222.5%),至自然生长末期(9月),平茬柠条较对照高出4.76%。(2)平茬柠条枝水势的日变化和月变化均高于对照。(3)在整个生长季,平茬柠条地的平均土壤含水量在50—240 cm范围内均明显高于对照,且平茬措施显著降低了0—300 cm剖面各层土壤水分变异情况。(4)相关分析显示,平茬措施对柠条生理特征及土壤水分有重要影响。可见,采取平茬措施的第1年,平茬措施对柠条同时产生消极的生理影响和积极的土壤水分效应。弄清平茬措施的更新复壮机理,需要开展更多的深入研究工作。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.