连续三年夜间增温和施氮对云杉外生菌根及菌根真菌多样性的影响

以西南亚高山针叶林建群种粗枝云杉(Picea asperata)为研究对象,采用红外加热模拟增温结合外施氮肥(NH₄NO₃ 25 g N m^-2 a^-1)的方法,研究连续3a夜间增温和施肥对云杉幼苗外生菌根侵染率、土壤外生菌根真菌生物量及其群落多样性的影响。结果表明:夜间增温对云杉外生菌根侵染率的影响具有季节性及根级差异。夜间增温对春季(2011年5月)云杉1级根,夏季(2011年7月)和秋季(2010年10月)云杉2级根侵染率影响显著。除2011年7月1级根外,施氮对云杉1、2级根侵染率无显著影响。夜间增温对土壤中外生菌根真菌的生物量和群落多样性无显著影响,施氮及增温与施氮联合处理使土壤中外生菌根真菌生物量显著降低,但却提高了外生菌根真菌群落的多样性。这说明云杉幼苗外生菌根侵染率对温度较敏感,土壤外生菌根真菌生物量及其群落多样性对施氮较敏感。这为进一步研究该区域亚高山针叶林地下过程对全球气候变化的响应机制提供了科学依据。     

免耕稻田氮肥运筹对土壤NH3挥发及氮肥利用率的影响

通过大田试验,设置5种不同的施肥比例(基肥:分蘖肥:拔节肥:穗肥-2:2:3:3(R1)、3:2:2:3(R2)、4:2:2:2(R3)、4:3:1:2(R4)与0:0:0:0(CK)),研究氮肥运筹对稻田NH₃挥发和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,(1)相对于不施肥,施肥显著提高了稻田NH₃挥发量。氮肥施用后,NH₃挥发损失量占施氮量的6.2%-8.5%,其中,以分蘖期NH₃挥发损失量最大,齐穗期次之,苗期和拔节期最小。施肥处理间,处理R1稻田累积NH₃挥发量最小,显著低于其它施肥处理,比处理R2、R3和R4分别低9.1%(P<0.05)、10.9%(P<0.05)和17.7%(P<0.05)。(2)相关分析表明,田面水NH₄⁺、pH值和土壤NH₄⁺和pH值均与稻田土壤NH₃挥发通量呈显著或者极显著相关;(3)处理R1水稻氮肥利用率相对于处理R2、R3和R4增加了28.4%(P<0.05)、55.4%(P<0.05)和74.9%(P<0.05)。研究表明,氮肥后移能有效降低免耕稻田NH₃挥发,提高水稻的氮肥利用率。     

硝化抑制剂对蔬菜土硝化和反硝化细菌的影响

土壤N素循环主要是微生物驱动的转化过程,然而对其的驱动与调控机理了解还很不够。选取长沙黄兴镇蔬菜基地两种蔬菜土研究硝化抑制剂(DCD)对N素转化过程及功能微生物的影响。试验通过室内土壤培养,处理为单施尿素(CK)和尿素与硝化抑制剂双氰胺配合施用(DCD),重复3次。在培养过程中系统监测了土壤中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N含量变化,同时采用荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)方法研究硝化抑制剂对土壤中氮素转化功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明:在培养过程中DCD处理使两个供试土壤的NH₄⁺浓度稳定在较高水平,而NO₃^-浓度则明显低于对照;施用DCD导致土壤中硝化基因amoA丰度显著减少,而对16S rRNA和反硝化基因nirK丰度没有产生明显影响。因此,DCD在菜地土壤中主要通过抑制氨氧化细菌的繁衍来抑制硝化作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌和施加不同形态氮肥对杉木幼苗养分吸收的影响

为了解丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)和不同形态氮对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)生长和养分吸收的影响,以1 a生杉木幼苗接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和添加不同形态氮(NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^–-N),对其养分元素和生长状况的变化进行研究。结果表明,AMF显著提高了杉木的苗高和生物量,促进了杉木对N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe和Na的吸收,AMF对微量元素Fe、Na的促进作用总体上要强于大量元素K、Ca。与NO₃^–-N相比,AMF显著提高了NH₄⁺-N处理杉木的生物量、总C和N、Ca、Mg、Mn含量,而且这种显著性在叶中普遍高于根和茎。接种AMF可以促进杉木幼苗的生长和对养分元素的吸收,且添加NH₄⁺-N处理的促进作用要强于NO₃^–-N。     

北亚热带3种典型森林群落对降水中氮、磷、硫的截留及分配特征

森林群落在净化空气、截留沉降污染物、改善地表水质等方面具有重要作用。本研究以北亚热带地区3种典型森林群落（毛竹林、杉木林、青冈阔叶林）为研究对象,通过分析沉降污染物（NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N、TP和SO₄^2-）在大气降水、林内穿透雨、树干茎流、枯透水和地表径流中的浓度和通量变化特征,探讨不同森林群落对氮、磷、硫的截留净化作用和分配特征。结果表明,该区域大气降水中NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N、TP和SO₄^2-年均浓度分别为1.06、0.61、0.04、0.07、1.84 mg/L,其年均pH为5.88;各森林群落林冠层能够调升降雨的pH且全年稳定,对TP和NH₄⁺-N均有吸附作用,截留率分别为79.09%-84.68%和30.88%-69.36%;而枯落物层则是林下氮、磷、硫的主要释放源,对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、TP和SO₄^2-均具有淋溶作用;此外,由地表径流（输出）与大气降水（输入）的对比分析可知,各林地对沉降污染物中氮、磷、硫的截留率均超过98%;3种森林群落对沉降污染物中氮、磷、硫的截留能力依次为：青冈阔叶林 > 毛竹林 > 杉木林,阔叶林对沉降污染物的净化能力要高于毛竹林及针叶的杉木林。     

不同耐盐植物根际土壤盐分的动态变化

以甘肃秦王川引大灌区盐渍化土壤为研究背景,用盆栽根袋法对4种耐盐植物根际和非根际土壤pH和盐分离子的动态变化进行了分析比较。结果表明:4种待测植物随着培养时间的延长土壤pH和EC值呈降低趋势。新疆大叶(Medicago Sativa L.cv.Xinjiangdaye)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus)和霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)生长90 d后根际土壤pH明显低于非根际,而裸麦(Hordeum vulgare var. vulgare)根际较非根际pH差异不大。霸王和新疆大叶根际土壤EC值较非根际高,而裸麦和向日葵的根际与非根际差异不大。4种供试植物根际K⁺均出现亏缺,Ca²⁺、Na⁺、Mg²⁺、SO^2-₄和Cl^-在新疆大叶、霸王和向日葵3种植物根际均出现富集,对于裸麦:Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和SO^2-₄ 3种离子在植物根际富集,而Cl^-和Na⁺在根际亏缺。随着待测植物培养时间的增加Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺和Na⁺/Mg²⁺ 这3个比值呈降低趋势,说明Na⁺相对于K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的含量降低,生物措施对Na⁺的移除效果较显著。     

长期模拟增温对岷江冷杉幼苗生长与生物量分配的影响

川西亚高山针叶林是青藏高原东部高寒林区的重要组成部分,也是研究全球变化对森林生态系统影响的重要组成。长期模拟增温对川西亚高山森林树木的生长、物质积累及其分配格局的影响至今鲜有报道。以川西亚高山针叶林优势种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)幼苗为研究对象,采用控制环境生长室模拟增温的方法,研究了模拟增温对岷江冷杉幼苗生长、物质积累及其分配格局的影响。结果表明,模拟增温(2.2±0.2)℃处理65个月后,岷江冷杉幼苗基径、株高、单株叶面积和比叶面积(SLA)均显著增加,比叶重(LMA)显著下降。增温对岷江冷杉幼苗的茎、侧枝、叶和总生物量具有显著的促进作用,对根生物量没有显著影响。岷江冷杉幼苗的叶重比(LMR)下降、枝重比(SMR)增加、根重比(RMR)无显著变化。长期增温能显著促进岷江冷杉幼苗的生长和物质积累,改变生物量分配格局,促使叶片物质向茎转移,降低光合物质投入。     

潜流人工湿地中植物对氮磷净化影响效应的研究

采用潜流人工湿地系统,配制以NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和PO^3-₄-P为主要成分的模拟污水,通过间歇运行方式,考察了芦苇和小叶章的生长情况、生理生态学特性及其对污水中N、P净化效能的影响,并研究了植物对湿地系统pH变化、NO^-₃-N和NH⁺₄-N净化效率的影响。结果表明,当水力停留时间为7d时,小叶章和芦苇湿地对TN的去除率分别为65.1%和99.6%,去除负荷分别为1.66g · m^-3 · d^-1和2.53g · m^-3 · d^-1。小叶章和芦苇对去除TN的贡献率分别为14.7%、61.7%,对去除TP的贡献率分别为11.7%和12.9%;芦苇植株内N、P浓度分别为29.2mg/g和3.41mg/g。芦苇湿地的净化效能高于小叶章湿地。湿地系统中pH值先升高后降低的拐点可作为氨氧化反应结束的指示参数。     

硝态和铵态氮配比对水培油麦菜苗期生长及生理特性的影响

采用水培技术,以油麦菜幼苗为材料,研究不同硝铵态氮配比（NO₃^-∶NH₄⁺）对油麦菜苗期地上部和根系生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明：（1）油麦菜地上部和根系硝酸盐含量皆与营养液中NO₃^--N比例呈正相关关系,且各处理均达到无公害蔬菜的标准。（2）随着营养液中NH₄⁺-N比例的增加,油麦菜地上部有机酸含量先降低后升高,且在硝铵态氮配比为5∶5时最低,可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,而可溶性蛋白质含量先升高后降低,在硝铵态氮配比为5∶5时最高;油麦菜根系有机酸和可溶性糖含量先升高后降低,两者分别在硝铵态氮配比为5∶5和7.5∶2.5时最高,而可溶性蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,在全NO₃^--N时最高。（3）随着营养液中NH₄⁺-N比例的增加,油麦菜地上部和根系中SOD活性先升后降,并分别在硝铵态氮配比为5∶5和7.5∶2.5时最高,而地上部和根系中MDA、脯氨酸含量和POD、CAT活性的变化趋势则与其相反。（4）随着营养液中NH₄⁺-N比例的增加,油麦菜地上部和根系干重皆先升后降,根冠比则逐渐减小;在硝铵态氮配比为7.5∶2.5时干重最大,根冠比适宜且稳定。研究表明,水培油麦菜苗期地上部和根系生长及生理特性受到氮素形态配比的显著影响,且根系的生理响应更敏感;营养液中硝铵态氮配比为7.5∶2.5时,油麦菜受胁迫程度最低,地上部和根系生长较协调,油麦菜生长和生理状况最佳。     

柠条锦鸡儿生物量分配规律与异速生长对氮、磷添加的响应

氮（N）和磷（P）元素在生态系统的结构和功能、稳定性、服务价值和可持续发展中起着关键作用。但自工业革命以来，全球气候变化受人类活动影响愈加剧烈。气候变化不同程度的影响干旱和半干旱区的氮磷循环过程，进而改变植物个体生物量积累以及植被生产力。因此，探究荒漠植物的生物量积累与分配规律对氮、磷添加的响应机制，有助于深入理解干旱区植物应对大气氮磷沉降等气候变化的适应策略。以荒漠植物柠条锦鸡儿（Caragana korshinskii Kom.，以下简称柠条）为研究对象，通过养分添加控制实验研究柠条地上/地下生物量的积累和分配，揭示其异速生长规律。实验包括3种形态的氮素添加（NH₄⁺、NH₄NO₃、NO₃^-）和1种磷素添加（H₂PO₄^-），分别对应4个浓度梯度（4 g/m²、8 g/m²、16 g/m²和32 g/m²）。结果表明，NO₃^-添加对柠条生物量有显著影响，但不同浓度对柠条生物量的影响无显著差异；单独的NH₄⁺添加对柠条地上/地下部分生长都具有显著抑制作用，且抑制作用与添加浓度呈显著的正相关关系；NH₄NO₃添加初期对柠条地上/地下生物量均具有促进作用，但这种促进作用会随着柠条生长和后期NH₄NO₃添加浓度的增加而消失；高浓度NH₄NO₃添加量（32 g/m²）会抑制柠条的生长。低浓度（4 g/m²、8 g/m²）外源氮添加会使柠条的生物量主要优先配给地下部分；磷添加则会使柠条的生物量分配策略向地上部分倾斜。综上所述，研究结果表明柠条改变地上和地下的生物量分配策略以响应氮或/和磷沉降。这一结论不仅增强了我们对植物生长策略的认识，而且有助于我们揭示全球气候变化条件下干旱地区土壤与植物之间的氮、磷循环和转化。     

Two Invasive Plants Alter Soil Microbial Community Composition in Serpentine Grasslands

Plant invasions pose a serious threat to native ecosystem structure and function. However, little is known about the potential role that rhizosphere soil microbial communities play in facilitating or resisting the spread of invasive species into native plant communities. The objective of this study was to compare the microbial communities of invasive and native plant rhizospheres in serpentine soils. We compared rhizosphere microbial communities, of two invasive species, Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) and Aegilops triuncialis (barb goatgrass), with those of five native species that may be competitively affected by these invasive species in the field (Lotus wrangelianus, Hemizonia congesta, Holocarpha virgata, Plantago erecta, and Lasthenia californica). Phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) was used to compare the rhizosphere microbial communities of invasive and native plants. Correspondence analyses (CA) of PLFA data indicated that despite yearly variation, both starthistle and goatgrass appear to change microbial communities in areas they invade, and that invaded and native microbial communities significantly differ. Additionally, rhizosphere microbial communities in newly invaded areas are more similar to the original native soil communities than are microbial communities in areas that have been invaded for several years. Compared to native plant rhizospheres, starthistle and goatgrass rhizospheres have higher levels of PLFA biomarkers for sulfate reducing bacteria, and goatgrass rhizospheres have higher fatty acid diversity and higher levels of biomarkers for sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Changes in soil microbial community composition induced by plant invasion may affect native plant fitness and/or ecosystem function.     

Real-time PCR detection of Holophagae (Acidobacteria) and Verrucomicrobia subdivision 1 groups in bulk and leek (Allium porrum) rhizosphere soils

In the light of the poor culturability of Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia species, group-specific real-time (qPCR) systems were developed based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences from culturable representatives of both groups. The number of DNA targets from three different groups, i.e. Holophagae (Acidobacteria group 8) and Luteolibacter/Prosthecobacter and unclassified Verrucomicrobiaceae subdivision 1, was determined in DNA extracts from different leek (Allium porrum) rhizosphere soil compartments and from bulk soil with the aim to determine the distribution of the three bacterial groups in the plant-soil ecosystem. The specificity of the designed primers was evaluated in three steps. First, in silico tests were performed which demonstrated that all designed primers 100% matched with database sequences of their respective groups, whereas lower matches with other non-target bacterial groups were found. Second, PCR amplification with the different primer sets was performed on genomic DNA extracts from target and from non-target bacteria. This test demonstrated specificity of the designed primers for the target groups, as single amplicons of expected sizes were found only for the target bacteria. Third, the qPCR systems were tested for specific amplifications from soil DNA extracts and 48 amplicons from each primer system were sequenced. All sequences were > 97% similar to database sequences of the respective target groups. Estimated cell numbers based on Holophagae-, Luteolibacter/Prosthecobacter- and unclassified Verrucomicrobiaceae subdivision 1-specific qPCRs from leek rhizosphere compartments and bulk soils demonstrated higher preference for one or both rhizosphere compartments above bulk soil for all three bacterial groups.     

硬化地表对油松和白蜡树下非根围及根围土壤微生物量碳氮的影响

硬化地表是城市化发展的重要特征,为了明确硬化地表下土壤环境的变化,以北京典型绿化树油松和白蜡为试验材料,设置透水硬化地表(PP)、不透水硬化地表(IPP)和自然地表(Ctr)3个水平的地表类型,探讨硬化地表对非根围和根围土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)的影响。结果表明,与对照(Ctr)相比,PP和IPP显著降低了油松和白蜡树下非根围土壤MBC、MBN、MBC/OC(微生物量碳/有机碳)和MBN/TN(微生物量氮/全氮)(P<0.05),并显著降低了油松树下根围土壤MBN/TN(P<0.05);PP显著降低了白蜡树下根围土壤MBN、MBC/OC、MBN/TN和油松树下根围土壤MBC(P<0.05)。硬化地表引起的土壤MBC、MBN的变化与土壤全碳、全氮、有机碳的变化显著正相关(P<0.05),MBN的变化与含水量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。可见,硬化地表不利于土壤微生物的生长,并且在非根围土壤中表现更为明显,这种不利影响将可能进一步影响城市绿地的养分循环、树木生境和生态系统服务功能。     

高寒草甸黄帚橐吾种群根际/非根际土壤可培养微生物群落特征

黄帚橐吾（Ligularia virgaurea）是高寒草甸常见的毒杂草,被认为是指示一个地区草地植被退化的重要物种,研究其根际/非根际土壤微生物在不同海拔梯度上的群落特征具有重要意义。以甘南州高寒草甸不同海拔梯度黄帚橐吾根际/非根际土壤可培养微生物为研究对象,采用稀释涂布平板法和最大可能数法（MPN）测定了土壤微生物的数量及土壤理化因子的变化。结果表明：细菌在微生物总数中占比最大,根际微生物数量随海拔升高呈先增加后减小的变化,非根际则表现为递增的趋势,微生物功能群在根际和非根际土壤中均逐渐增加;根际土壤的微生物和功能群数量均高于非根际土壤。RDA分析发现,土壤温度、有机碳、电导率、pH、全氮、全磷、速效氮及脲酶对根际/非根际土壤微生物数量及功能群变化影响较大。通径分析可知：根际土壤中,细菌和真菌受速效氮和有机碳影响较大,放线菌主要受土壤温度和电导率的影响;根际土壤固氮菌和氨化细菌决策系数速效氮 > 有机碳 > 全氮;根际和非根际土壤中硝化细菌的影响因子各不相同,根际土壤决策系数最大和最小分别为全磷和全氮,非根际则是pH和脲酶。     

Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation

In this review some emerging issues of parasite infections in wildlife, particularly in Australia, are considered. We discuss the importance of understanding parasite biodiversity in wildlife in terms of conservation, the role of wildlife as reservoirs of parasite infection, and the role of parasites within the broader context of the ecosystem. Using a number of parasite species, the value of undertaking longitudinal surveillance in natural systems using non-invasive sampling and molecular tools to characterise infectious agents is illustrated in terms of wildlife health, parasite biodiversity and ecology.     

Biodiversity of benthic invertebrates and organic matter processing in shallow marine sediments: an experimental study

The main objective of this study was to measure the impact of benthic invertebrate diversity on processes occurring at the water-sediment interface. We analyzed the effects of interactions between three shallow water species (Cerastoderma edule, Corophium volutator, and Nereis diversicolor). The impacts of different species richness treatments were measured on sediment reworking, bacterial characteristics, and biogeochemical processes (bromide fluxes, O₂ uptake, nutrient fluxes, and porewater chemistry) in sediment cores. The results showed that the three species exhibited different bioturbation activities in the experimental system: C. edule acted as a biodiffusor, mixing particles in the top 2 cm of the sediments; C. volutator produced and irrigated U-shaped tubes in the top 2 cm of the sediments; and N. diversicolor produced and irrigated burrow galleries in the whole sediment cores. C. edule had minor effects on biogeochemical processes, whereas the other species, through their irrigation of the burrows, increased the solute exchange between the water column and the sediment two-fold. These impacts on sediment structure and solute transport increased the O₂ consumption and the release of nutrients from sediments. As N. diversicolor burrowed deeper in the sediment than C. volutator, it irrigated a greater volume of sediments, with great impact on the sediment cores.Most treatments with a mixture of species indicated that observed values were often lower than predicted values from the addition of the individual effects of each species, demonstrating a negative interaction among species. This type of negative interaction measured between species on ecosystem processes certainly resulted from an overlap of bioturbation activities among the three species which lived and foraged in the same habitat (water-sediment interface). All treatments with N. diversicolor (in isolation and in mixture) produced similar effect on sediment reworking, water fluxes, nutrient releases, porewater chemistry, and bacterial characteristics. Whichever species associated with N. diversicolor, the bioturbation activities of the worm hid the effect of the other species. The results suggest that, in the presence of several species that use and modify the same sediment space, impact of invertebrates on ecosystem processes was essentially due to the most efficient bioturbator of the community (N. diversicolor). In consequence, the functional traits (mode of bioturbation, depth of burrowing, feeding behaviour) of an individual species in a community could be more important than species richness for some ecosystem processes.     

退化草地阿尔泰针茅与狼毒种群的小尺度种间空间关联

采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡选择4种退化高寒草地群落,分析了阿尔泰针茅(Stipa krylovii)与狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)种群的大小结构、斑块特征和种间关联关系。结果表明:随天然草地退化过程延续,阿尔泰针茅由大株丛结构演变为小株丛结构,种群密度和领地面积减小、空斑面积增大、领地密度先增大后减小,狼毒种群的株丛结构和斑块特征发生了相反的变化趋势;不同退化草地阿尔泰针茅和狼毒种群的空间关联呈现负关联、正关联和不关联规律;在未退化草地和轻度退化草地、中度退化草地,阿尔泰针茅与狼毒的关联性分别由0-14 cm、0-51 cm尺度上的负相关和0-85 cm尺度上的不相关,转变为14-100 cm、51-100 cm尺度上的不相关和86-100 cm尺度上的正相关。物种个体大小结构变化,以及狼毒种群的斑块吞并、合并和阿尔泰针茅种群的斑块破碎、被分割过程,既是物种关联性发生尺度转换的先决条件,又是引起草地群落中物种地位与作用改变的关键因素。     

脂肪酸对中华哲水蚤摄食两种海洋微藻的指示作用

在室内以饥饿培养为对照,以海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)培养中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus),研究了各脂肪酸标记对中华哲水蚤摄食不同饵料的指示作用。结果显示,海洋原甲藻中18 ∶ 4ω3、22 ∶ 6ω3含量较高,中肋骨条藻中16 ∶ 1ω7、20 ∶ 5ω3的含量较高。二者分别表现出典型的甲藻门和硅藻门的脂肪酸组成特征。中华哲水蚤的脂肪酸组成有两个特点:(1)20 ∶ 5ω3和22 ∶ 6ω3的含量均较高;(2)其体内表征桡足类浮游植物食性、由桡足类自身合成的20 ∶ 1和22 ∶ 1脂肪酸占有相当的比例。虽然中华哲水蚤对不同脂肪酸的吸收和转化效率不同,但以脂肪酸作为标记还是成功的指示了中华哲水蚤对微藻的摄食。在饥饿培养中,首先消耗的是那些浮游动物自身不能合成的多不饱和脂肪酸,而结构脂肪酸都表现出了较高的保守性。结合各脂肪酸标记变化趋势和Pearson相关性分析的结果认为,18 ∶ 4ω3、18 ∶ 4ω3/16 ∶ 1ω7、∑18/∑16能较好的指示中华哲水蚤对海洋原甲藻的摄食,仅16 ∶ 1ω7/18 ∶ 4ω3能指示中华哲水蚤对中肋骨条藻的摄食。     

Interactive effects of drought, elevated CO2 and warming on photosynthetic capacity and photosystem performance in temperate heath plants

Increased temperature, atmospheric CO₂ and change in precipitation patterns affect plant physiological and ecosystem processes. In combination, the interactions between these effects result in complex responses that challenge our current understanding. In a multi-factorial field experiment with elevated CO₂ (CO2, FACE), nighttime warming (T) and periodic drought (D), we investigated photosynthetic capacity and PSII performance in the evergreen dwarf shrub Calluna vulgaris and the grass Deschampsia flexuosa in a temperate heath ecosystem. Photosynthetic capacity was evaluated using A/C_i curves, leaf nitrogen content and chlorophyll-a fluorescence OJIP induction curves. The PSII performance was evaluated via the total performance index PI_total, which integrates the function of antenna, reaction centers, electron transport and end-acceptor reduction according to the OJIP-test.The PSII performance was negatively influenced by high air temperature, low soil water content and high irradiance dose. The experimental treatments of elevated CO₂ and prolonged drought generally down-regulated J_max, V_cmax and PI_total. Recovery from these depressions was found in the evergreen shrub after rewetting, while post-rewetting up-regulation of these parameters was observed in the grass. Warming effects acted indirectly to improve early season J_max, V_cmax and PI_total. The responses in the multi-factorial experimental manipulations demonstrated complex interactive effects of T × CO2, D × CO2 and T × D × CO2 on photosynthetic capacity and PSII performance. The impact on the O-J, J-I and I-P phases which determine the response of PI_total are discussed. The single factor effects on PSII performance and their interactions could be explained by parallel adjustments of V_cmax, J_max and leaf nitrogen in combination. Despite the highly variable natural environment, the OJIP-test was very robust in detecting the impacts of T, D, CO2 and their interactions.This study demonstrates that future climate will affect fundamental plant physiological processes in a way that is not predictable from single factor treatments. The interaction effects that were observed depended upon both the growth strategy of the species considered, and their ability to adjust during drought and rewetting periods.     

青藏高原东缘高寒草原有毒植物分布与高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠的相关性

青藏高原高寒草原生态系统是我国特有的生态系统类型,由于受到人为破坏的影响,目前该地区草原生态系统功能退化,优良牧草减少,有毒植物蔓延。高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)和高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)是青藏高原东缘高寒草原中最重要的两种小型哺乳动物,其采食行为和挖掘洞穴的生活特性必然对生态系统产生影响,但其与有毒植物之间的互作关系尚未揭示。基于此,在甘肃省玛曲县河曲马场自然生长的高寒草原生态系统中开展了有毒植物的分布与高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠之间的相关性研究。结果表明,该高寒草原生态系统中分布有毒植物27种,分属于菊科、豆科、毛茛科等11科。在此基础上,测定了该地区有毒植物的生物多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数,并探究了单位面积条件下有毒植物的分布特征与高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠种群密度之间的相关性,发现该地区高寒草原有毒植物的蔓延与高原鼠兔的密度之间存在密切的负相关关系(P0.05),而与高原鼢鼠的相关性不显著(P0.05)。