森林-草原交错带夏季鸟类群落多样性特征

2004～2006年夏季利用样线法研究了内蒙古高原东南缘森林-草原交错带鸟类群落多样性特征及变化规律.共记录鸟类73种,隶属于13目28科56属,鸟类区系具有明显的古北界特征.鸟类群落物种数和密度年间差异不显著,α多样性随森林-草原交错带环境梯度变化而发生显著变化:在不同植被地带之间,物种数、密度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数差异极显著、但科-属多样性差异不显著,鸟类群落α多样性各项指数表现为森林带＜交错带森林草甸区＞交错带草甸草原区＞草原带的特征与变化趋势(DG-F为交错带草甸草原区＞森林带);其中,森林草甸区是鸟类物种多样性的显著增长区,具有最高的物种数和密度,明显体现了交错区的边缘效应,草甸草原区是鸟类向草原过渡的显著变化区域、物种多样性开始显著减少.β多样性随不同植被地带逐级发生显著变化,环境差异最大的森林带-森林草甸区和草甸草原区-草原带具有最高的β多样性,物种替代速率最大;鸟类物种替代速率与环境梯度"陡度"有密切关系.鸟类优势种在各植被地带之间存在较大变化.鸟类群落的物种数、密度和物种多样性(H')与森林斑块数呈显著的正相关性,在大尺度空间上森林斑块数是影响鸟类群落多样性的最主要因素.     

广西大明山天牛科昆虫多样性研究

对大明山国家级自然保护区的天牛科昆虫进行系统调查,并采用各种多样性指数对其多样性及丰富度进行测度。采用Preston(1948)的对数正态分布来拟合群落的物种-多度关系,得到模拟结果 S(R)=31.5exp[-0.282(R-2)2],采用May(1975)估计总体物种数公式进行估算,得S*≈199。α多样性分析结果表明,不同生境类型天牛科昆虫多样性指数从高至低的顺序是:天然阔叶林人工林人工林灌草丛山顶灌草丛;不同月份天牛科昆虫多样性指数从高至低顺序是:6月5月7月4月8月9月;不同海拔高度天牛科昆虫多样性指数从高至低顺序是:1000-1500 m区间500-1000 m区间500 m以下区间1500 m以上区间,在1500 m以上暂未发现天牛。β多样性分析表明,4种生境之间相似度均较低,大明山天牛科昆虫群落组成与植被类型紧密相关。     

长江中下游菜子湖湿地不同生境昆虫群落多样性

为研究菜子湖湿地不同生境中的昆虫群落多样性,并探讨昆虫对湿地过度围垦的响应,于2013年5—8月对菜子湖湿地的农田区、滩涂-草丛、草丛-灌木区的3种不同生境条件下的昆虫群落多样性进行了调查。共采集到昆虫7251只,隶属于8目89科207属235种。其中,双翅目、半翅目、直翅目为菜子湖湿地的优势类群,其个体数量分别占总个体数的27.61%、25.54%和15.96%。在3种生境中,昆虫种类丰富度在农田区生境中最高,其次是滩涂-草丛生境,在草丛-灌木区生境中最低;Shannon多样性指数和ACE估计值在3种生境之间的比较结果表明,滩涂-草丛与农田区差异显著,与草丛-灌木区无显著差异,农田区与草丛-灌木区差异显著。3种不同生境中昆虫群落的相似性指数平均值为0.25±0.02,表明植被类型和围垦显著影响昆虫群落多样性。     

阜阳机场草丛动物群落特征与食虫鸟类相关性

2015年5—10月,对阜阳机场3种典型生境草丛动物及食虫鸟类多样性进行了研究。结果表明:调查共捕获草丛动物12个目,从个体数量来看,优势类群是直翅目,占草丛动物总数量的49.5%;常见类群是双翅目、鞘翅目、同翅目、鳞翅目、蜘蛛目,共占草丛动物总数量的39.8%;从总重量来看,优势类群同样是直翅目,占草丛动物总重量的80.1%;草地生境草丛动物重量和多样性水平最高,是草丛动物防治的重点区域;将草丛动物群落与食虫性鸟类进行相关性分析表明,食虫鸟类数量与直翅目总重量呈显著正相关(r=0.881,P=0.021),直翅目昆虫是主要防范类群;药物灭虫的最佳时间是每年5月;草丛动物总重量和食虫鸟类数量最大的时期是8月,也是鸟害防治的重点月份。     

湖南常德桃花源机场鸟类的时空分布与鸟击防范

桃花源机场位于湖南省常德市鼎城区斗姆湖镇,距市区12.2 km.机场自1998年6月复航以来,鸟击事故时有发生,严重地影响到机场的飞行安全.为指导机场开展有针对性的鸟击防范工作,2008年5月～2009年4月,作者对桃花源机场净空区的鸟类群落组成和不同生境的鸟类物种多样性进行了实地调查,共记录到91种鸟类,隶属13目28科.其中留鸟39种,夏候鸟25种,冬候鸟25种,旅鸟2种.在不同季节中,机场净空区鸟类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数在春季均为最高,秋季均为最低.在净空区灌草丛、树林、农田、村落和水域5种鸟类生境类型中,以灌草丛生境鸟类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,村落生境鸟类的Pielou均匀性指数最高,农田生境鸟类的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数均为最低.鸟类种群密度在灌草丛与农田、灌草丛与村落、灌草丛与水域、树林与农田、树林与村落、树林与水域、农田与村落、村落与水域生境之间的差异显著(P<0.05);灌草丛与树林生境、农田与水域生境间的差异不显著(P>0.05).鸟类种群密度在不同季节间的差异不显著(P>0.05).与鸟击的发生较为密切的鸟类为小云雀Alauda gulgula、牛背鹭Bubulcus ibis、金腰燕Hirundo daurica等鸟类.据此对桃花源机场的鸟击防范提出了相关建议.     

遥感植被指数与植物多样性的相关性及空间分布特征研究——以海口市主城区为例

植物多样性监测是开展物种保护与植被景观规划的重要基础,对实施生物多样性的优先区域保护具有重要意义。该文以海口市主城区为例,利用Landsat 8遥感数据与样方实测数据分析了植被指数与植物多样性指数之间的相关性,根据相关性分析结果构建植物多样性遥感监测数学模型,并筛选出最优模型用于监测研究区植物多样性的空间分布状况。结果表明:Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数与MSAVI植被指数相关系数最高,呈显著相关性(P<0.01)。通过一元线性数学回归模型得到的海口市植物多样性空间分布特征与实际情况相符,植物多样性水平较高的区域主要分布在火山口、东寨港和羊山湿地一带,且具有明显的空间自相关性。根据研究结果建议继续实施严格的保护措施,加强生态修复与保护工程,提高植被覆盖率和生物多样性水平。     

上海崇明东滩堤内次生人工湿地鸟类冬春季生境选择的因子分析

2004年12月—2005年5月,对上海崇明东滩98海堤内200hm2次生人工湿地进行鸟类调查,在冬季统计到鸟类8目15科56种,以游、涉禽为主;在春季统计到鸟类10目19科55种,以涉禽为主。运用多元回归对鸟类种类数、数量、物种多样性、均匀性指数和科属多样性等群落特征以及调查样点内水位、水面积、植被盖度、底栖动物密度、鱼类捕捞和人类干扰等环境因子进行鸟类生境选择分析。回归模型显示冬季鸟类种类数与植被盖度呈显著正相关,鸟类数量、物种多样性、科属多样性等群落特征与水位高低、水面积比例以及鱼类捕捞强度等有关,底栖动物密度影响鸟类均匀度和数量;春季鸟类数量与鱼塘的水面积呈正相关,而种类和数量与水位呈显著负相关,物种多样性和均匀性明显受水位、水面积和植被盖度影响,鸟类科属多样性与底栖动物密度呈显著相关,捕捞状况对春季鸟类群落影响不大。     

上海崇明东滩堤内次生人工湿地鸟类冬春季生境选择的因子分析

2004年12月—2005年5月,对上海崇明东滩98海堤内200 hm²次生人工湿地进行鸟类调查,在冬季统计到鸟类8目15科56种,以游、涉禽为主;在春季统计到鸟类10目19科55种,以涉禽为主。运用多元回归对鸟类种类数、数量、物种多样性、均匀性指数和科属多样性等群落特征以及调查样点内水位、水面积、植被盖度、底栖动物密度、鱼类捕捞和人类干扰等环境因子进行鸟类生境选择分析。回归模型显示冬季鸟类种类数与植被盖度呈显著正相关,鸟类数量、物种多样性、科属多样性等群落特征与水位高低、水面积比例以及鱼类捕捞强度等有关,底栖动物密度影响鸟类均匀度和数量;春季鸟类数量与鱼塘的水面积呈正相关,而种类和数量与水位呈显著负相关,物种多样性和均匀性明显受水位、水面积和植被盖度影响,鸟类科属多样性与底栖动物密度呈显著相关,捕捞状况对春季鸟类群落影响不大。     

荔枝果园植物群落动态变化及其对昆虫多样性的影响

果园生态系统的植物多样性是害虫天敌多样性的基础。以广西横县境内莲州路荔枝果园为样本,调查其中草本植物的种类和数量,从群落物种的4个特征指数(丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数及优势集中性指数)来分析果园植被多样性状况及季节性变化规律;同时调查分析果园栖生昆虫的种类、数量和4个相关性指数,探讨果园植被多样性与昆虫多样性的相关关系。结果表明,4～9月间,果园植物多样性指数在0.842～1.370之间;物种均匀度指数在0.445～0.659之间;优势集中性指数在0.326～0.518之间。昆虫与植被多样性指数峰值出现的时间基本同步,都在5～6月间。植被多样性指数较小起伏可导致昆虫多样性指数较大波动,说明栖息地植被多样性变化对昆虫群落的结构和组成产生较大影响,昆虫多样性与栖息地植被多样性密切相关。     

校园绿地植被结构、生境特征与鸟类多样性关系

为提高城市绿地的生态系统服务功能,进一步探索影响城市鸟类多样性的生境因素,本研究以西北农林科技大学校园绿地为对象,基于城市生态单元制图分类系统选取9种不同植被结构共23个绿地,于2018年11月至2019年4月利用样点法和样线法开展每周一轮次的鸟类多样性调查。通过差异性和相关性分析,探讨了植被结构、生境特征对鸟类多样性水平的影响。结果表明,鸟类多样性受绿地水平结构、垂直结构、树种组成等因素的影响;鸟类多度、丰富度、多样性指数均与绿地面积、植物丰富度、植物多样性指数呈显著正相关,鸟类密度与绿地周长、绿地面积呈显著负相关。提出了以提高鸟类多样性为导向的植物群落营建策略,以期为今后的城市绿地规划设计提供理论指导和实践方法。     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。