盐胁迫下沙棘的渗透调节效应

分别用含有0、100、200和300mmol LNaCl的Hoagland培养液处理1年生沙棘(HippophaerhamnoidesL.)苗30d后,测定其鲜重,干重,含水量,可溶性糖、脯氨酸和无机离子(Na 、Cl-)的含量及叶片渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明:100mmol LNaCl处理的沙棘地上部和根的鲜重和干重最大,其含水量也最大;NaCl浓度超过100mmol L时,沙棘地上部分和根的鲜重和干重随盐浓度增加而逐步下降,其下降的趋势为地上部大于根部。随NaCl浓度不断升高,沙棘体内Na 和Cl-浓度随之升高,茎叶和根系中Cl-含量明显高于Na ,对Na 的相对吸收量多于Cl-。沙棘对盐胁迫有一定的适应能力,随NaCl浓度的升高,沙棘叶内脯氨酸含量升高,可溶性糖含量增加,渗透势降低,渗透调节能力增强。本结果可为盐碱地营造沙棘林提供依据。     

盐胁迫对盐芥生长及硝酸还原酶活性的影响

盐胁迫处理导致盐芥植株鲜重、干重、含水量、肉质化程度和根冠比都下降;根中有机物含量上升,而无机物含量下降,叶的变化与根的相反;渗透调节能力、Na 含量和根系活力上升;硝酸还原酶活性显著增加;超氧阴离子(O2-)含量先降低后升高.表面扫描电镜图像显示:盐芥叶片表面没有盐腺或盐囊泡,所以它不是泌盐盐生植物.盐芥生长状况、Na 含量和Na X-ray微区分析结果表明:盐芥也不是拒盐盐生植物,而很可能是稀盐盐生植物.     

海滨锦葵的抗盐特性

在温室沙培条件下,用含有0、100、200、300mm01·L-1NaC1的Hoagland培养液分别处理已长出8片真叶的海滨锦葵幼苗.15 d后取样,测定根、茎基、茎、叶柄和叶中无机离子(Na 、K 、Ca 、Cl-、NO3-)含量,以及叶和根中可溶性有机物质脯氨酸(Pro)、总游离氨基酸(FAA)、可溶性糖(SS)和有机酸(OA)含量,计算无机离子和有机物质对渗透势的影响的结果表明:海滨锦葵具有拒盐特性,随着盐浓度的升高,Na 和Cl-主要分布在海滨锦葵的根、茎和叶柄中;海滨锦葵的渗透调节物质以无机离子为主.     

盐胁迫对小麦代换系渗透调节物质的影响及染色体效应

以中国春-Synthetic 6x小麦染色体代换系及其亲本为材料,设置对照(0 mmol/L Na Cl)和盐胁迫(150 mmol/L Na Cl)2个处理,通过测定不同盐处理条件下代换系幼苗渗透调节物质Na+、K+、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸含量变化,探讨盐胁迫对小麦代换系幼苗渗透调节物质的影响,并对其调控相关特性的基因进行染色体定位。结果表明,在盐胁迫条件下,小麦代换系的无机渗透调节物质Na+、K+含量明显升高,有机渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及脯氨酸含量显著增加。对相关性状的染色体定位分析表明,Synthetic 6x的1A、2A、3B、7B、1D、4D和7D染色体上存在抑制Na+含量升高的基因,4A、7A染色体上可能存在使K+含量升高的基因;6A、7A和7D染色体上可能存在使可溶性糖含量升高的基因,1A、2A、4A和6A染色体上可能存在使可溶性蛋白含量升高的基因,7A、6D染色体上可能存在使脯氨酸含量升高的基因。即Synthetic 6x的第4、7染色体(4A、4D;7A、7D)上可能含有调控无机调节物质的基因,第6染色体上(6A、6D)可能含有调控有机渗透调节物质的基因。     

常夏石竹耐盐突变体渗透调节的研究

在离体培养条件下利用γ-射线作诱变剂获得耐0.5%、0.7%、1.0%NaCl的突变系,通过对稳定突变系植株叶片渗透剂含量及对渗透势贡献大小的测定表明耐盐突变体叶中K+、游离氨基酸、Na+、脯氨酸的含量高于对照,其中脯氨酸和Na+积累最明显。而叶片中可溶性糖的含量、K+/Na+低于对照。Na+对突变体植株叶片渗透势贡献最大,是最主要的渗透调节剂之一。耐盐突变体植株内存在渗透物质的再分配,叶内有吸钾排钠现象。     

海岸不同生态断带植物根叶抗逆生理变化与其Na+含量的关系

以烟台海岸生态断带滨麦(Leymus mollis)和肾叶打碗花(Calystegia soldanella)为材料,在远离高潮线不同位置上取土样和植物材料,通过测定土壤Na+和两植物根叶Na+含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性和渗透调节物含量,以揭示滨麦和肾叶打碗花根叶中Na+在其适应海岸盐环境中的生理调控机制。结果表明,在高潮线土壤Na+含量最高,滨麦根叶Na+含量较高,两植物根叶中MDA和水分含量、抗氧化酶活力均较低,但渗透调节物含量均较高。随远离高潮线土壤Na+含量下降,滨麦根叶Na+含量下降,而肾叶打碗花根中Na+含量上升,其根叶Na+含量较滨麦分别高637%和319%。同时两植物根叶MDA含量、叶片含水量增加;两植物根中POD和SOD活力增加;两植物根叶可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量下降。但不同生态断带滨麦叶片平均含水量相对较低,MDA含量、POD和CAT和SOD活力、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量相对较高。在盐土环境中滨麦通过降低Na+的吸收和提高抗氧化酶活力和有机渗透调节物含量维持氧自由基代谢平衡和水分平衡。而肾叶打碗花是泌盐植物,在不同生态断带其叶片Na+含量、平均含水量相对较高,叶MDA含量、POD和CAT活力、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均相对较低。泌盐植物的肾叶打碗花依赖根叶中积累的Na+作为无机渗透调节剂维护其离子平衡和水分平衡及正常生长。因此,积累在根叶中的Na+离子既作为无机渗透调节剂维护细胞离子平衡和水分平衡,又引发细胞生理干旱促进有机渗透调节物合成;另外还作为氧自由基诱发剂促使活性氧自由基(ROS)积累,通过积累的ROS激活抗氧化保护酶系统抑制膜脂过氧化、维护氧自由基代谢平衡。海岸沙地土壤中高浓度Na+是海滨滨麦和肾叶打碗花能长期在盐土环境中生存的依靠元素,其对植物的生理调控作用可能是滨麦和肾叶打碗花适应盐土生存的重要生理适应机理。     

盐分和水分胁迫对芦荟幼苗渗透调节和渗调物质积累的影响

用不同浓度NaCl和等渗聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)处理芦荟(Aloe vera L.)幼苗,10 d后测定叶片相对生长速率和厚度、叶片中主要有机溶质、无机离子含量及渗透调节能力.结果表明,-0.44、-0.88 MPa NaCl和PEG处理使芦荟叶片的相对生长速率和叶片厚度明显下降,且盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制和叶片含水量降低的效应明显高于等渗的水分胁迫,其叶片渗透调节能力随处理渗透势的降低而增加, -0.88 MPa PEG胁迫的芦荟幼苗的渗透调节能力高于等渗盐分胁迫.在主要渗透调节物质可溶性糖、有机酸、K 、Ca2 和Cl-中,-0.88 MPa PEG处理下含量比相同渗透势的NaCl处理下显著增加的是有机溶质,因此推断有机溶质含量高是PEG胁迫下渗透调节能力较强的主要因素.     

盐分和水分胁迫对盐地碱蓬幼苗渗透调节效应的研究

利用不同浓度ＮａＣｌ和等渗ＰＥＧ处理４０ｄ龄的盐地碱蓬（Ｓｕａｅｄａｓａｌｓａ（Ｌ．）Ｐａｌ．）幼苗,１０ｄ后测定植株中主要有机溶质和无机离子的含量及叶片渗透势和渗透调节能力。结果表明,ＮａＣｌ处理的无机离子总含量急剧增加,其中Ｎａ＋、Ｃｌ－增加最多,占总计算渗透势（ＣＯＰ）的７１％～８８％,总无机离子占ＣＯＰ的９５％～９７％。而有机溶质总含量则稍有降低,约占ＣＯＰ的２％～５％。ＰＥＧ处理使有机溶质（氨基酸、糖、有机酸）含量明显增加,特别是氨基酸占ＣＯＰ的９％。不同处理的实测渗透势（ＭＯＰ）均小于ＣＯＰ,说明在这些条件下,还有其它的渗透剂参与盐地碱蓬幼苗的渗透调节。结果还表明,盐地碱蓬幼苗的渗透调节能力随外界盐浓度的增大而增加。     

硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐能力的生理机制研究

为了明确硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐能力的机制,该试验采用水培方法,以黄瓜品种‘津优一号’为材料,对幼苗进行中度盐胁迫,研究在盐胁迫下硅对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性、渗透调节物质和离子吸收的影响。结果显示:(1)正常条件下,硅对黄瓜幼苗生长及相关生理指标无明显影响;单独盐处理降低了幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和叶片含水量,导致幼苗生长受抑。(2)盐胁迫下加硅显著提高了幼苗光合速率和叶片含水量,增加了生物量的积累;在盐胁迫初期,硅加盐处理黄瓜叶片渗透势略低于单独盐处理,此后均高于单独盐处理;硅加盐处理显著提高了叶片可溶性糖含量,尤其是蔗糖含量,而降低了其脯氨酸含量,但对可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响。(3)盐胁迫下黄瓜植株Na+含量大幅上升,K+含量下降,K+/Na+比大幅降低;硅加盐处理降低了黄瓜叶片中Na+含量,提高了K+含量和K+/Na+比。研究表明,盐胁迫条件下,硅能通过减轻叶片离子毒害和增加水分吸收,改善叶片水分状况,从而维持较高的光合能力,提高其抗盐能力;而渗透调节只在盐胁迫初期有轻微缓解作用,不是硅提高黄瓜幼苗抗盐性的主要途径。     

盐胁迫下盐地碱蓬体内无机离子含量分布特点的研究

用不同浓度NaCl溶液处理盐地碱蓬（Suaeda salsa)植株后,测定并比较老叶、幼叶及根部的无机离子含量和对K的选择性,叶片及根部的Na^ 、Cl^-含量随盐度的增加而升高,且累积趋势相似,盐胁迫下根部Na^ 、Cl^-及总离子含量（K^ 、Na^ 、Ca^2 ,NO3^-,Cl^-)明显低于叶片,说明盐地碱蓬地盐胁迫下,以叶片优先积累大量离子（如Na^ ,Cl^-) 为其适应特征。NaCl处理下,叶片的K^ ,Ca^2 含量低于对照,但随盐度的增加保持相对稳定,而根部K^ 含量,K/Na比、对K的选择性则高于叶片,这对盐胁迫下地上部的K^ 亏缺有一定补偿作用。低盐度处理（100mmol/LNaCl)促进NO3^-的吸收,另外随盐度的增加,叶片渗透势下降,渗透调节能力增强,幼叶渗透势低于老叶,但渗透调节能力相同。     

不同生育期水分胁迫对水稻根叶渗透调节物质变化的影响

 干旱是限制水稻(Oryza sativa)作物产量的主要生态因子之一,渗透调节是作物适应干旱逆境的生理机制之一。在人为控制水分的盆栽条件下, 对水稻生长的分蘖期、幼穗分化期、抽穗期、结实期分别进行水分胁迫,研究水稻根系及叶片渗透调节物质的变化规律。结果表明, 不同生育期 干旱胁迫后叶片水势均显著下降,根系和叶片的有机渗透调节物质如可溶性糖、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸和无机渗透调节物质包括K⁺、Mg²⁺等含量 均大幅度上升,而且幼穗分化期和抽穗期这两个对水分胁迫最敏感的时期上升幅度最大,其中又以有机渗透调节物质变化最显著。不同生育期渗 透调节大小的顺序为：抽穗期>幼穗分化期>结实期>分蘖期,反映了不同生育时期渗透调节能力的差异。同时幼穗分化期和抽穗期水分胁迫结束 后再复水后根系和叶片的有机渗透调节物质含量仍长期明显高于对照,而无机离子则变化规律比较复杂,有的升高有的则降低。叶片的渗透调 节能力大于根系,无论是叶片或根系都是K⁺对渗透调节的贡献最大;其次是Ca²⁺, 6 种渗透调节物质含量大小排列顺序为K⁺ > Ca²⁺ >可溶性糖 > Mg²⁺ > 游离氨基酸 > 脯氨酸。     

The role of organic and inorganic solutes in the osmotic adjustment of drought-stressed Jatropha curcas plants

This study aimed to assess the accumulation of organic and inorganic solutes and their relative contribution to osmotic adjustment in roots and leaves of Jatropha curcas subjected to different water deficit intensity. Plants were grown in vermiculite 50% (control), 40%, 30%, 20% and 10% expressed in gravimetric water content. The water potential, osmotic potential and turgor potential of leaves decreased progressively in parallel to CO₂ photosynthetic assimilation, transpiration and stomatal conductance, as the water deficit increased. However, the relative water content, succulence and water content in the leaves did not show differences between the control and stressed plants, indicating osmotic adjustment associated with an efficient mechanisms to prevent water loss by transpiration through stomatal closure. The K⁺ ions had greater quantitative participation in the osmotic adjustment in both leaves and roots followed by Na⁺ and Cl⁻, while the NO₃⁻ ion only showed minor involvement. Of the organic solutes studied, the total soluble sugars showed the highest relative contribution to the osmotic adjustment in both organs and its concentration positively increased with more severe water deficit. The free amino acids and glycinebetaine also effectively contributed to the osmotic potential reduction of both the root and leaves. The role of proline was quantitatively insignificant in terms of osmotic adjustment, in both the control and stressed roots and leaves. Our data reveal that roots and leaves of J. curcas young plants display osmotic adjustment in response to drought stress linked with mechanisms to prevent water loss by transpiration by means of the participation of inorganic and organic solutes and stomatal closure. Of all the solutes studied, soluble sugars uniquely display a prominent drought-induced synthesis and/or accumulation in both roots and leaves.     

Effects of Salinity on the Contents of Osmotica of Monocotyledenous Halophytes and Their Contribution to Osmotic Adjustment

Three monocotyledenous halophyte seedlings (Puccinellia tenuifiora (Griseb.) Scribn. Merr., Aneurolepidium chinese (Trim.) Kitag. and Aeluropus sinensis (Debeaux) Tzvel. ) were treated with different concentration, of NaC1 for two weeks. Their growth status, the contents of main organic solutes and inorganic ions, the osmotic potential and osmotic adjustment ability were then determined. The results are as follows: Of all the inorganic osmotica, the contents of Na + and C1－ increase with salinity, while K + decreases. The other ions such as Mg7 + , Ca2 + and NO3－either increase or decrease with salinity. Overall, the contribution of ions to osmotic adjustment decreases with salinity, and Na+ and Cl－ play the most important role. As for the organic osmofica, however, they all increase with salinity except for organic acid, and the most increased is soluble sugar, of which sucrose is important, which is 1/2 of the soluble sugar. Further more, the Na+/K+ ratio of the 3 plants is about 1 except for A. sinensis, whose Na+/K+ ratio is bigger under high salinity. On the other hand, the measured osmotic potential (MOP) is bigger than computational osmotic potential (COP), which implies that there still exists other osmotic in the plants except for the 11 substances determined in the experiment. The paper explains the reasons for all the above results.     

Growth Adaptability and Salt Tolerance Osmoregulation of Aneurolepidium chinense Grown on Saline Grassland

The growth of Aneurolepidium chinense Kitag. grown on different saline soil of a Northeast grassland of China was studied and the K+,Na+proline and citric acid accumulated in plants or their organs were determined . The results showed that A. chinense had a strong adaptability to saline habitat and could grow on soil with a salt content of 0. 088%--1.63%,and pH ranging from 8.3 to 9.8. Sodium,proline and citric acid were accumulated by plants for osmotic adjustment when the salinity and Na+content of the soil increased. A. chinense absorbed Na+ rapidly from the soil and excluded K+ when the soil Na+ concentration was less than 20 μmol/g. Sodium was adsorbed slowly and K+ remained constant in plants when Na+ concentrations of soil were 20–80 μmol/g,and proline and citric acid contents were markedly increased. Sodium and K+ decreased slightly in plant tissue and organic solutes increased when Na+ concentrations exceeded 80 μmol/g in soil. Most K+ was distributed in young leaves which were metabolically active. The major sites of Na+ accumulation were in the roots and older mature leaves;whereas proline and citric acid accumulation occurred primarily in young leaves,mature leaves and stems. Tillering buds had strong ability to absord and accumulate K+,Na+ and Proline.     

Effects of salt stress on growth, mineral nutrition and proline accumulation in relation to osmotic adjustment in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance

Salt-resistant rice cultivars Nona Bokra and IR 4630 exposed at the seedling stage during one or two weeks to 0, 20, 30, 40 or 50 mM NaCl accumulated less Na, Cl, Zn and proline and more K at root and shoot levels than salt-sensitive I Kong Pao and IR 31785. Aiwu, a moderately resistant genotype, exhibited an intermediate behaviour. P transport from root to shoot was inhibited in the most sensitive cultivar IR 31785. Accumulation of Na and Cl and decrease in K content at the shoot level were restricted to the oldest leaves in salt-resistant genotypes while proline accumulated in the youngest leaves in all cultivars. In the presence of NaCl, the osmotic potentials of the roots and of the oldest and youngest leaves were lower in the salt-resistant than in the salt-sensitive genotypes, differences among genotypes increasing with stress intensity. Proline did not appear to be involved in osmotic adjustment in salt-stressed rice plants and the significance of its accumulation is discussed in relation to salinity resistance.Abbreviations cv(s). cultivar(s) - EC electrical conductivity - IKP I Kong Pao - J rate of ion transport - MCW methanol-chloroform-water - PAR photon flux density - Pc partitioning coefficient - RGR mean relative growth rate - RI resistance index - s osmotic potential     

NaCl胁迫对两种南瓜幼苗离子含量的影响

NaCl胁迫7d明显抑制了两种南瓜——黑籽南瓜（Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche．）和白籽南瓜（Cucurbita moschata Duch．）幼苗地上部和根系的生长,使地上部相对含水量明显下降。随NaCl胁迫浓度（150、300和500mmol／L）的提高,两种南瓜幼苗根、茎和叶片中Na^＋含量明显增加,K^＋含量明显下降。Na^＋和K^＋含量在两个南瓜品种各器官中的分布规律分别是：根〉茎〉叶片和茎〉叶片〉根。NaCl胁迫后黑籽南瓜根、茎和叶片Na^＋含量远低于白籽南瓜,而叶片游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量和地上部相对含水量明显高于白籽南瓜。表明两者在渗透调节方式、离子的吸收和运输能力上有差异,黑籽南瓜耐盐性较强。     

Waterlogging and salinity effects on two Suaeda salsa populations

Adaptations to combined salinity and waterlogging stress were evaluated in two Suaeda salsa populations from different saline environments. Seedlings were exposed to 1, 200 and 600 mM NaCl in drained or waterlogged sand for 22 days in a glasshouse. Waterlogging did not significantly affect the K(+) /Na(+) ratio or Cl(-) concentration in leaves of either population. Adventitious roots were produced only by the inland population and under the waterlogged condition. X-ray microanalysis showed that S. salsa roots of the intertidal population accumulated more [Na(+) ] and [Cl(-) ] in both the cortex and stele than the roots of the inland population. The ability of roots to exclude Na(+) and Cl(-) was greater in the intertidal population than in the inland population, which may explain why leaves of the intertidal population accumulated less Na(+) and Cl(-) than the leaves of the inland population. The lower level of Cl(-) than Na(+) in leaves of both populations may result from the greater ability of roots to exclude Cl(-) than Na(+) . These traits may help the two S. salsa populations adapt to their different saline environments.     

盐胁迫下水稻叶绿体中Na+、Cl-积累导致叶片净光合速率下降

研究了0-200mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下耐盐性不同的水稻品种Pokkali(耐盐）和Peta(盐敏感）根系,叶片和叶绿体中Na^ ,K^ 和Cl^-含量的变化及其与叶片光合作用的关系。结果表明：随着NaCl胁迫时间和浓度的增加,供试2个品种在根,叶片和叶绿体中Na^ ,Cl^－含量增加,K^ 含量下降。耐盐品种体内Na^ ,Cl^－含量增加或K^ 含量减少的幅度小于盐敏感品种。在200mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下盐敏感品种根,叶片和叶绿体中的Na^ /K^ 分别是耐盐品种的208％,308％和297％。与Na^ 相比,耐盐品种根系对K^ 吸收和向叶片运输的选择性（SK,Na)较强。但在经过0,100和200mmol/L的NaCl处理后2个品种叶绿体中的Na^ /K^ 均高于叶片（SK,Na均小于1）。盐胁迫下水稻叶绿体中Na^ ,Cl^-含量和Na^ /K^ 与叶片净光合速度呈极显著负相关。