芦苇、香蒲和藨草3种挺水植物的养分吸收动力学

采用常规耗竭法研究了浅水富营养化湖泊———乌梁素海湖滨植被带3种挺水植物芦苇、香蒲和藨草对H2PO-4、NH+4、NO-3的吸收动力学特征及差异。结果表明:3种挺水植物吸收H2PO-4时,藨草的吸收速率显著大于芦苇和香蒲,但三者对低浓度H2PO-4的适应能力均无显著差异;藨草对NH+4和NO-3的吸收速率均显著大于芦苇和香蒲,且在低浓度NO-3环境下仍能吸收该离子,但对低浓度NH+4环境的适应能力较差;与藨草相比,香蒲对NH+4的亲和力最强,吸收低浓度NH+4的效果最好。3种植物对NH+4的吸收能力均大于NO-3。挺水植物的养分吸收特征具有物种特异性并受根系结构的影响。利用植物的养分吸收特征,在富营养化湖泊生态修复中适宜用藨草治理含高浓度H2PO-4,NH+4和NO-3的水体,修复到一定程度后再种植香蒲来维持水质。     

镉胁迫对狭叶香蒲某些生理指标的影响

利用水培法研究了Cd胁迫对狭叶香蒲(Typha angustifolia L.)某些生理指标的影响。结果表明,Cd浓度在0.4和1.0 mg.L-1时,狭叶香蒲的叶绿素含量呈上升趋势;Cd浓度高于1.0 mg.L-1时,叶绿素含量有所下降。当Cd浓度达1.5 mg.L-1时,狭叶香蒲的根系活力明显降低。随Cd浓度的增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性基本呈现低浓度时上升高浓度时下降的变化趋势;丙二醛(MDA)含量则呈上升趋势。     

二斑叶螨雌成螨对高温胁迫的生理响应

为明确二斑叶螨对设施农业中温室高温环境胁迫的生理响应,在实验室内以二斑叶螨Tetrarcychus urticae雌成虫为试螨,设置36℃、39℃和42℃3个温度梯度,2 h、4 h和6 h 3个胁迫时间,测定各胁迫处理后其体内多功能氧化酶(MFO)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)的酶比活力以及酶动力学参数(米氏常数Km和最大反应速率Vmax)的变化.结果表明,经36℃,39℃和42℃胁迫后,二斑叶螨体内CarE、MFO、GST的酶比活力和酶动力学参数的变化均受到不同程度的影响.酶比活力:CarE的比活力均高于对照(除39℃胁迫6h外),MFO的比活力也均高于对照(除42℃胁迫6h外),GST的酶比活力均高于对照(除42℃胁迫2 h外).经双因素方差分析,高温胁迫和处理时间之间存在显著的交互作用(P＜0.05).酶动力学参数:CarE的Km值均高于对照(除36℃胁迫2 h和4 h、39℃胁迫6h外),MFO的Km值均低于对照(除39℃胁迫6h、42℃胁迫4h外),GST的Km值均高于对照(除36℃胁迫2 h外).CarE的Vmax值均高于对照(除36℃胁迫2 h和4 h外),MFO的Vmax值均高于对照(除42℃胁迫4 h外),GST的Vmax值均高于对照.说明二斑叶螨可能通过调整体内解毒酶的酶比活力来应对高温胁迫,相比较CarE和GST,MFO与底物的亲和力最大,反应速率最快,表明其在应对高温胁迫的解毒响应中可能起主导作用.     

缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)对海水中镉富集规律的研究

论文利用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法,研究在不同Cd²⁺浓度(0.005 mg·L^-1、0.025 mg·L^-1、0.05 mg·L^-1、0.1 mg·L^-1)暴露下缢蛏对水体Cd²⁺的富集规律。结果表明,缢蛏对重金属Cd²⁺有一定的富集能力,其软体组织对Cd²⁺的富集量、富集速率随暴露剂量增加而升高,并在168 h的暴露时间内,体内Cd含量及其富集倍数(BCM)与暴露时间呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.01);缢蛏不同组织对Cd的富集能力(富集量、富集速率、富集倍数)存在显著差异,其消化腺、鳃和肌肉组织对Cd富集能力的大小表现为:消化腺>鳃>肌肉。与其他贝类对Cd的富集情况相比,缢蛏不是Cd的强净积累者。     

基因工程菌1016氨基酰化酶的酶学性质研究

研究了基因工程菌 1 0 1 6所产的氨基酰化酶的酶学特性。该酶的拆分速率符合米氏方程 ,且在 0 .5mol/L的高底物浓度下 ,无底物抑制现象。 37℃时的米氏常数和最大反应速率分别为 0 .0 4 8mmol/L和 2 .1 78mmol/L·h。最适反应温度为 5 5℃。5 5℃时 ,Km为 0 .0 37mmol/L ,Vmax为 2 .5 5 8mmol/L·h。最适底物为乙酰蛋氨酸 ;热稳定性好。     

不同营养条件下竹叶眼子菜NH4^＋-N吸收动力学的初步研究

以竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)无菌系种苗为试验材料,研究了不同水体营养浓度水平(低营养:TN 0.213 mg·L-1,TP 0.0093 mg·L-1;中营养:TN 0.71 mg·L-1,TP 0.031 mg·L-1;高营养:TN 7.1 mg·L-1,TP 0.31 mg·L-1)对其生长与NH+4-N的吸收动力学参数的影响.结果表明,不同浓度水体营养对竹叶眼子菜生长的影响较小,而NH+4-N的吸收动力学参数有显著差异.竹叶眼子菜在高、中和低营养培养条件下的NH+4-N最大吸收速率Vmax分别为 41.1、 29.1、 21.1 μmol·g-1·h-1,米氏常数Km分别为 0.356、 0.306、 0.122 mmol·L-1.竹叶眼子菜营养吸收动力学与其生长环境关系紧密,在低浓度生长环境中时,竹叶眼子菜可以通过降低Km值来提高对营养离子的亲和力以满足营养需求;在高浓度生长环境中,该植物通过增大吸收潜力来适应高营养.     

细菌胞壁多糖对水体中低浓度Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附研究

室内模拟研究了长春市伊通河天然水环境中优势细菌胞壁多糖对Pb2+和Cd2+吸附,结果发现胞壁多糖对pb2+和Cd2+的吸附量分别在pH为4.5、5.0时最大;且均分为两个阶段,即当pH＜4.5,对Pb2+的吸附量与pH呈正相关,当pH＞4.5时,对Pb2+的吸附量与pH呈负相关;对Cd2+的吸附量在pH＜5.0时与pH呈正相关,在pH＞5.0时与pH呈负相关.温度对胞壁多糖吸附Pb2+和Cd2+影响不显著;吸附体系在8 h达到吸附平衡.共存Cd2+对胞壁多糖吸附Pb2+影响显著,而共存Pb2+对吸附Cd2+不显著.胞壁多糖对Pb2+和Cd2+吸附过程符合Iangmuir和Freundlich热力学等温方程;胞壁多糖吸附Pb2+和Cd2+的动力学过程分为快速阶段和慢速阶段,其中慢速阶段符合二级吸附速率动力学方程.     

粉绿狐尾藻和凤眼莲对不同形态氮吸收动力学研究

采用改进常规耗竭法,研究了粉绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)在抑菌和非抑菌两种处理中对NO3-、NH4+吸收的动力学特征。结果表明:两种植物对NO3-和NH4+的最大吸收速率(Imax)和亲和力(1/Km)有显著差异,凤眼莲对NO3-、N H4+的吸收速率显著高于狐尾藻,说明凤眼莲更适宜用于污染水体养分的去除;不同植物对NO3-、NH4+表现出吸收偏好性,凤眼莲对NO3-有较高的Imax值和亲和力,而狐尾藻对NH4+有较高的Imax值和亲和力;抑菌处理能显著增加凤眼莲对NH4+的吸收速率,NO3-浓度高于1.00 mmol/L时,抑菌处理能显著减小凤眼莲对NO3-的吸收速率,狐尾藻对NO3-、N H4+的吸收未受到抑菌处理的显著影响。       

铅锌矿废水中重金属在宽叶香蒲（Typha latifolia）的积累与分布

 本文通过对净化塘系统和对照点的水、土和宽叶香蒲组织的分析结果指出：宽叶香蒲具有较强的忍耐、吸收和积累Pb、Zn等重金属的能力。Pb、Zn等重金属在宽叶香蒲体内的积累数量与分布规律是根>地下茎>叶;老地下茎>嫩地下茎;Pb在叶的分布是老叶>成熟叶>嫩叶。在净化塘系统内,各种重金属在宽叶香蒲根部积累比例最大的是Pb,其次是Zn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Mn。     

Cu胁迫对狭叶香蒲体内元素吸收分配的影响

采用水培法,研究了不同浓度Cu²⁺胁迫下狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia）体内Cu及其他元素吸收分配的变化。结果表明：狭叶香蒲地上部和根系累积的Cu量均随Cu²⁺浓度升高显著增加;在同一浓度Cu²⁺胁迫下,根中Cu的累积量明显高于地上部。根系同一组织中的Cu百分含量随Cu²⁺浓度的升高均显著增加;同一Cu²⁺浓度下,根系各组织中Cu含量均表现为：中柱>皮层>表皮。低浓度（1和5 mg·L^-1）Cu²⁺对地上部及根中Ca、Mg含量及地上部Mn含量均无显著影响,但高浓度（80和100 mg·L^-1）Cu²⁺可促进植株对Ca的吸收,显著降低对Mg﹑Mn和Zn的吸收。较高浓度（55～100 mg·L^-1）Cu²⁺胁迫后,根系各组织对Ca的吸收增加,对Zn的吸收降低;55～80 mg·L^-1 Cu²⁺胁迫下根系不同组织对Cl和K的吸收增加,但高浓度（100 mg·L^-1）Cu²⁺胁迫下则显著降低。根系累积的Ca、Zn和K主要分配到中柱中,Cl主要分配到皮层中.     

Cd2+ transport and storage in the chloroplast of Euglena gracilis

Euglena gracilis lacks a plant-like vacuole and, when grown in Cd2+-containing medium, 60% of the accumulated Cd2+ is located inside the chloroplast. Hence, the biochemical mechanisms involved in Cd2+ accumulation in chloroplast were examined. Percoll-purified chloroplasts showed a temperature-sensitive uptake of the free 109Cd2+ ion. Kinetics of the uptake initial rate was resolved in two components, one hyperbolic and saturable (Vmax 11 nmol 109Cd2+ min(-1) mg protein (-1), Km 13 microM) and the other, linear and non-saturable. 109Cd2+ uptake was not affected by metabolic inhibitors or illumination. Zn2+ competitively inhibited 109Cd2+ uptake (Ki 8.2 microM); internal Cd2+ slightly inhibited 109Cd2+ uptake. Cadmium was partially and rapidly released from chloroplasts. These data suggested the involvement of a cation diffusion facilitator-like protein. Chloroplasts isolated from cells grown with 50 microM CdCl2 (ZCd50 chloroplasts) showed a 1.6 times increase in the uptake Vmax, whereas the Km and the non-saturable component did not change. In addition, Cd2+ retention in chloroplasts correlated with the amount of internal sulfur compounds. ZCd50 chloroplasts, which contained 4.4 times more thiol-compounds and sulfide than control chloroplasts, retained six times more Cd2+. The Cd2+ storage-inactivation mechanism was specific for Cd2+, since Zn2+ and Fe3+ were not preferentially accumulated into chloroplasts.     

Apoptosis by Cd2+ or CdMT in proximal tubule cells: different uptake routes and permissive role of endo/lysosomal CdMT uptake

The mechanisms of cadmium-metallothionein (CdMT) uptake and toxicity in proximal tubule (PT) cells are not well understood. The effects of 10 microM CdCl2 or Cd7MT-1 (MT-1 saturated with 10 microM CdCl2) on 109Cd2+ uptake, viability, and MT levels of cultured rat PT cells were investigated. Apical 109Cd2+ uptake was measured in confluent monolayers, apoptosis was assessed with Hoechst 33342, and intracellular MT levels were monitored by immunofluorescence and quantitative morphometry. 109Cd2+ uptake into PTC increased over time and plateaued at 24 h. 109Cd7MT-1 uptake was delayed but reached a similar magnitude after 40 h. With Cd2+, apoptosis occurred within 4 h, peaked at 24 h, and declined at 48-72 h. Cd7MT-1 induced apoptosis after 24-36 h, reaching similar levels as with Cd2+ after 48 h. Cd2+ and Cd7MT-1 significantly increased intracellular MT immunoreactivity after 20 and 4 h, respectively. The weak base chloroquine and the inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, LY-294002, selectively inhibited the effects of Cd7MT-1 on MT immunoreactivity and apoptosis. PT cells accumulated 109Cd7MT-1 in membrane vesicles associated with the late endo/lysosomal marker LAMP1 but less with the early endosomal marker Rab5a, which was abolished by chloroquine or LY-294002. Thus development of apoptosis followed the uptake kinetics of Cd2+ and Cd7MT-1. Endo/lysosomal inhibitors prevented uptake of Cd7MT-1 into endo/lysosomes and apoptosis but had no effect on these parameters with Cd2+, suggesting that apoptosis of PT cells is triggered by free cytosolic Cd2+, either by direct apical transport or by translocation of free Cd2+ from endo/lysosomes after endocytosis of Cd7MT-1.     

Cadmium-resistant mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168 with reduced cadmium transport.

Cd2+ and Mn2+ accumulation was studied with wild-type Bacillus subtilis 168 and a Cd2+-resistant mutant. After 5 min of incubation in the presence of 0.1 microM 109Cd2+ or 54Mn2+, both strains accumulated comparable amounts of 54Mn2+, while the sensitive cells accumulated three times more 109Cd2+ than the Cd2+-resistant cells did. Both 54Mn2+ and 109Cd2+ uptake, which apparently occur by the same transport system, demonstrated cation specificity; 20 microM Mn2+ or Cd2+ (but not Zn2+) inhibited the uptake of 0.1 microM 109Cd2+ or 54Mn2+. 54Mn2+ and 109Cd2+ uptake was energy dependent and temperature sensitive, but 109Cd2+ uptake in the Cd2+-resistant strain was only partially inhibited by an uncoupler or by a decrease in temperature. 109Cd2+ uptake in the sensitive strain followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 1.8 microM Cd2+ and a Vmax of 1.5 mumol/min X g (dry weight); 109Cd2+ uptake in the Cd2+-resistant strain was not saturable. The apparent Km value for the saturable component of 109Cd2+ uptake by the Cd2+-resistant strain was very similar to that of the sensitive strain, but the Vmax was 25 times lower than the Vmax for the sensitive strain. The Km and Vmax for 54Mn2+ uptake by both strains were very similar. Cd2+ inhibition of 54Mn2+ uptake had an apparent Ki of 3.4 and 21.5 microM Cd2+ for the sensitive and Cd2+-resistant strains, respectively. Mn2+ had an apparent Ki of 1.2 microM Mn2+ for inhibition of 109Cd2+ uptake by the sensitive strain, but the Cd2+-resistant strain had no defined Ki value for inhibition of Cd2+ uptake by Mn2+.     

Regulation of 109Cd2+ Uptake into Isolated Neurohypophysial Peptidergic Nerve Terminals

Cadmium (109Cd2+) uptake was studied in a preparation of isolated neurohypophysial nerve terminals. By use of a filter separation method, together with a permeabilizing agent (Triton X-100), two cellular Cd2+ pools have been distinguished. The uptake into the intraterminal pool was governed mainly by a process that displayed saturable kinetics, with a Vmax of 0.15 nmol of Cd2+/mg of protein/min and a Km of 0.18 mM, consistent with a transport system. The superficially bound Cd2+ pool (Triton insensitive), which represented 30-50% of the total Cd2+ bound to the cellular system, was very sensitive to the ionic composition of the incubation medium. Reducing the extracellular Ca2+ or Na+ concentration caused a significant increase in the size of the Triton-insensitive Cd2+ pool. Whereas Na+ did not affect Cd2+ uptake, Ca2+ induced a small, but significant, increase of Cd2+ uptake into the terminals. It is concluded that there is a significant intraterminal uptake of Cd2+, which could explain several physiological effects of this ion.     

不同浓度罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞在剖宫产手术中的效果分析

目的:探讨不同浓度罗哌卡因用于蛛网膜下腔阻滞在剖宫产手术中的效果。方法:选择2015年7月到2017年12月在本院进行剖宫产的初产妇89例作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为观察组44例与对照组45例,两组都给予经蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉。观察组注入罗哌卡因15 mg,对照组注入罗哌卡因17.5 mg。比较两组麻醉开始前(T0)、麻醉开始后2 min(T1)、10 min(T2)的呼吸频率(Respiration Rate,RR)和心率(Heart Rate,HR),两组的最高感觉阻滞时间、最高阻滞平面、感觉阻滞起效时间,术后2 h、4 h与24 h的VAS疼痛评分,产妇不良反应情况的发生情况并进行新生儿评价。结果:所有产妇在不同时间点的呼吸频率和心率均正常波动,组间与组内对比差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组的感觉阻滞起效时间、最高阻滞平面、最高感觉阻滞时间对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组术后2 h、4 h与24 h的疼痛评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。所有新生儿都顺利分娩,1 min和5min Apgar评分都为9-10分;观察组产妇的不良反应发生率为4.5%,显著低于对照组的27.3%(P0.05)。结论:剖宫产手术经蛛网膜下腔阻滞中应用15 mg罗哌卡因也能保持产妇循环功能稳定,具有良好的镇痛与阻滞效果,且安全性更高。     

Effect of rhizosphere and plant-related factors on the cadmium uptake by maize (Zea mays L.)

The characteristics of 12- and 24-day-old maize plants (Zea mays L. cv MB862) related to Cd absorption were investigated with respect to the influence of Cd concentration in the plant organs, to plant age, absorption time and competition with micronutrients. Despite high Cd concentrations in the nutrient solution, hydroponically cultivated maize did not seem to be affected by Cd toxicity, except for the highest Cd level (100 μmol L⁻¹). There was on average five times more Cd in roots than in shoots and the Cd root to shoot ratio increased with increasing Cd concentration in the nutrient solution. No significant differences were observed between influx measured for 2 h in the middle of the day light period and for a full day period. Plants with different internal Cd concentrations showed similar root absorption characteristics of this metal. The root Cd influxes were three times higher in solutions with low micronutrient contents than in the solutions with higher micronutrient contents, and almost three times higher in 12-day-old roots than in 24-day-old roots. The root Cd influx was linearly related to its concentration in the solution, showing no saturable component. Our results suggest a non-specific and unregulated transport of Cd into the maize root symplast. They also indicate a regulation of the Cd translocation from root to shoot, as well as dependence of parameters of Cd root absorption on plant and rhizosphere conditions which should be taken into account for Cd uptake modelling.     

Use of oligotrophic bacteria for the biological monitoring of heavy metals

Oligotrophic bacteria exhibited active growth even in nutritionally deficient medium made with nutrient broth that had been diluted with distilled water, 1 : 10 000. The oligotrophic bacteria, Sphingomonas paucimobilis KPS01 and Burkholderia cepacia KPC01 and KPC02 were found to be highly susceptible to heavy metals and to be potentially useful as sensors for the assessment of toxicity. The susceptibility of the bacteria to metals was measured by incubating the bacteria with metals of varying concentrations in the nutritionally deficient medium at 30 degrees C for 24 h. Bacteria were considered susceptible when the growth inhibition rate (EC50 was more than 50% of the control. The EC50 value of Ag+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ was 10(5)mmol l(-1) and Zn2+, Cr3+, Cr6+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ was 10(-4) mmol l(-1) in S. paucimobilis KPS01. Other strains also showed similar results. No difference in the EC50 was found using either the chloride or sulphate forms of these metals. The optimum incubation time was 24 h and a longer incubation time did not necessarily lead to more inhibition. The EC50 value rose in proportion to the concentration of nutrition in media. Environmental samples were tested and 14 out of 88 samples inhibited the growth of S. paucimobilis KPS01.     

三江平原不同群落小叶章氮素的累积与分配

2004年5—10月,对三江平原典型小叶章草甸和小叶章-苔草沼泽化草甸群落优势植物小叶章的氮素累积与分配特征进行了研究.结果表明：典型草甸和沼泽化草甸小叶章地上器官及枯落物的全氮含量在生长季均呈递减变化,符合指数衰减模型(T_N=Aexp(-t/B₁)+B₂,R²≥0.94),二者根的全氮含量波动较大,且在生长高峰期前的15～30 d存在一个明显的养分蓄积时期.不同器官和枯落物的氮累积量和累积速率(V_N)季节变化明显,且典型草甸小叶章地上部分的氮累积量和V_N明显高于沼泽化草甸,而地下部分则相反.两个群落小叶章不同部位的氮分配比差异明显,其中根分配比高达(59.38±12.86)%和(84.58±3.38)%,地上部分的氮分配比以叶最高,为(24.28±12.09)%和(8.18±3.32)%,其他部分较低.二者地上与地下部分的氮分配比呈相反规律变化,反映了其在氮供给方面的密切联系.典型草甸和沼泽化草甸小叶章氮的年吸收量和最大现存量分别为23.02、36.30 g·m^-2和28.18、51.43 g·m^-2,前者的氮吸收系数(0.017)和利用系数(0.634)明显高于后者(0.015和0.548),说明典型草甸在氮的吸收与利用方面强于沼泽化草甸.     

离子吸收分布与几种荒漠植物适应性的关系

用压力室灌流挤压法结合原子吸收分光光度计测定了胡杨、沙枣、柽柳、梭梭和花棒等5种荒漠优势植物组织以及细胞内和质外体溶液中K+、Na+含量,并用TPS-1型光合蒸腾测定系统和露点微伏压计测定了叶片(同化枝)的蒸腾速率和组织渗透势,以分析荒漠植物离子吸收特点与其适应性的关系。结果表明:5种植物叶片(同化枝)中K+含量差异较小,但Na+含量却有极显著差异,其中梭梭Na+含量最高、胡杨和柽柳次之、花棒和沙枣相对较低,且梭梭和柽柳的根系和组织细胞膜对Na+也具有更高的透性。另外,实验结果还显示组织Na+含量与组织渗透势和蒸腾失水率均呈显著负相关,即Na+的吸收、积累可能在渗透调节和减少水分散失中具有重要作用。由此可见,梭梭和柽柳能够通过大量吸收和积累无机离子来降低渗透势、增强吸水力,同时减少蒸腾失水,具有很强的荒漠环境适应能力;而胡杨蒸腾耗水量较大、花棒和沙枣生理吸水的动力不足,与梭梭和柽柳相比,其荒漠环境适应能力相对较弱。