“太湖鲂鲌”及其亲本肌肉营养成分的分析与评价

为评价新型杂交鱼“太湖鲂鲌”(翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus♀×三角鲂Megalobrama terminalis♂)的肌肉营养价值, 采用生化测定法比较分析了“太湖鲂鲌”、翘嘴鲌和三角鲂的肌肉营养成分, 结果表明: (1)“太湖鲂鲌”肌肉水分含量显著低于翘嘴鲌和三角鲂(P<0.05), 而肌肉粗蛋白质含量较高(P<0.05)。(2)“太湖鲂鲌”的必需氨基酸(EAA)含量显著高于三角鲂(P<0.05); 3种鱼的第一限制性氨基酸均为含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)。(3)“太湖鲂鲌”肌肉脂肪酸中的不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量显著高于翘嘴鲌和三角鲂(P<0.05)。(4)3种鱼肌肉矿物质元素铁、铜、锰、锌含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述, “太湖鲂鲌”肌肉营养继承并综合了双亲的优良性状, 是一种富含蛋白质、EAA和UFA的优良养殖品种, 具有推广价值。     

饲料蛋白对翘嘴鲔生长和内分泌激素的影响

选择健康的翘嘴鲌（Culter alburnus）为试验鱼,以红鱼粉为蛋白源,配制5个蛋白水平的等能、等必需氨基酸（EAA）平衡关联度的半精制饲料,又以豆粕替代鱼粉,大豆蛋白分别替代不同水平的鱼粉蛋白,配制5个EAA关联度的等蛋白、等能的半精制饲料,探讨饲料蛋白对鱼类生长和内分泌激素等的影响。结果表明：饲料蛋白水平对翘嘴鲌的特定增重率（SGR）具有显著影响（P〈0．05）,40．89％饲料蛋白组的SGR显著高于31．04％、35．51％饲料蛋白组（P〈0．05）,但与46．62％和50．33％饲料蛋白组没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。血清T3水平与饲料蛋白水平正相关（P〈0．05）。血清GH水平与饲料蛋白水平和生长负相关（P〈0．05）,血清IGF—I水平与饲料蛋白水平和生长正相关（P〈0．05）。适宜蛋白水平通过提高翘嘴鲌血清T,和IGF—I的水平来调控生长。当大豆蛋白分别替代54．0％的鱼粉蛋白时,翘嘴鲌的SGR与对照组差异显著（P〈0.05）。翘嘴鲌血清T1与饲料大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白的替代量负相关（P〈0．05）。40．5％和54．0％替代组的血清GH显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,且与饲料中豆粕对鱼粉替代水平正相关（P〈0．01）,与生长负相关（P〈0．05）。血清IGF—I与饲料中大豆蛋白对鱼粉蛋白替代量负相关（P〈0．05）,与生长正相关（P〈0．05）。大豆蛋白的替代亦通过对内分泌激素的影响来调控生长。     

滇龙胆与青叶胆环烯醚萜类物质计量特征分析?

龙胆科龙胆属滇龙胆( Gentiana rigescens)与獐牙菜属青叶胆( Swertia mileensis)为我国特有种。采用高效液相色谱法测定其中马钱苷酸、獐牙菜苦苷、龙胆苦苷和当药苷含量,结合多变量分析研究环烯醚萜类成分含量及其构成比例在龙胆科植物种内和种间的差异。研究结果显示,4种环烯醚萜类成分的计量特征呈现种间差异,依据环烯醚萜类成分含量及其构成比例,所有滇龙胆样品可分为4类。马钱苷酸含量与纬度呈极显著负相关( R＝－0?348, P<0?05),与海拔呈极显著正相关( R＝0?307, P<0?01);獐牙菜苦苷含量与经度呈极显著负相关( R＝－0?592, P<0?01),高海拔有利于植株中当药苷构成比例的增加( R＝0?245, P<0?05);地理因子对植株中龙胆苦苷含量变化影响不显著( P>0?05)。     

三角鲂×翘嘴鲌、团头鲂×翘嘴鲌两种杂交后代微卫星遗传结构分析

为了指导三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala) 与翘嘴鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)的杂交育种工作, 利用筛选出的16对微卫星引物, 比较分析了团头鲂、三角鲂、翘嘴鲌、团头鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂、三角鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂后代群体的遗传结构; 结果显示, 平均等位基因数(N_a)分别为3.56、3.63、3.44、4.00和4.31, 平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.3510、0.3757、0.3175、0.3818和0.4079, 平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.6182、0.6290、0.5921、0.6490和0.6825, 平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.5354、0.5367、0.5258、0.5785和0.6067。杂交群体的平均多态信息含量均大于他们的亲本团头鲂、三角鲂和翘嘴鲌, 表明杂交亲群体的遗传多样性较高。聚类分析显示团头鲂与三角鲂首先聚类, 团头鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂与三角鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂首先聚类, 然后这2大类聚为一支, 最后与翘嘴鲌聚类。其中团头鲂与翘嘴鲌遗传距离最远, 为0.5204, 团头鲂和三角鲂遗传距离最近, 为0.0853, 结合遗传相似度分析表明2种杂交子代均具有母本效应。基因型分析表明, 2种杂交后代的等位基因均来自于父母本。引物TTF3、TTF4、TTF10以及Mam25在5个群体中均可产生特异性条带, 可区分5个群体。研究结果对三角鲂×翘嘴鲌和团头鲂×翘嘴鲌的良种选育、种质资源保存以及种群鉴定具有重要意义。     

翘嘴鲌胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ的克隆及序列分析

为探讨胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(Insulin like growth factor-Ⅰ, IGF-Ⅰ)对于翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)生长性状的影响, 对其DNA序列进行了克隆。翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ全长14567 bp, 由5个外显子和4个内含子组成。其5个外显子长度分别为298、160、182、36 和1360 bp。推测的阅读框为486 bp, 编码由161个氨基酸组成的IGF-Ⅰ前体蛋白。前体肽由信号肽、成熟肽、E肽三部分组成, 其中信号肽44个氨基酸, 成熟肽70个氨基酸, E肽47个氨基酸。成熟肽由B、C、A、D四个区域组成, 其中B结构域和A结构域的保守性最高, 在这2个区域包含由6个半胱氨酸残基形成的3个二硫键。翘嘴鲌B区域还包含保守的IGF-Ⅰ受体识别序列(PheB23-TyrB24-PheB25)。E肽的长度表明翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ属Ea-2型。同源性分析表明翘嘴鲌与鲤科鱼类的IGF-Ⅰ编码氨基酸同源性较高, 为94%—100%, 但在聚类分析中翘嘴鲌并不是首先和鲌亚科的鱼类聚集在一起。Real-time qPCR组织特异性表达结果显示IGF-Ⅰ mRNA在肝脏组织中的表达量最高, 脾、心脏、精巢、脑次之, 肾、鳃、胃和卵巢中表达量较低。翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ基因4个内含子长度分别为1170、9364、251 和1746 bp。相对外显子来说, 种间内含子变异较大, 其中第三内含子变异最大。翘嘴鲌IGF-Ⅰ基因中包含6个微卫星, (GATG)₅AATAT (ATAG)₁₁位于第一内含子中, (CT)₈、(TTA)₅、(AC)₁₃、(TG)₁₂和(ATT)₅位于第二内含子中。其中4个微卫星位点具有多态性, 将它们在120尾同塘养殖的翘嘴鲌中进行基因型与生长性状的关联性分析, 均未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。结果为进一步研究该基因的表达、功能及其转录调控特征奠定了分子基础。     

翘嘴鲌Sox9基因的克隆及CpG岛甲基化与基因表达的关系

为了揭示翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)性别决定与分化的作用机制, 进而更好地发展性别控制育种技术, 研究重点分析了Sox9基因在翘嘴鲌性腺分化过程中的作用。通过RT-PCR和RACE方法获得了翘嘴鲌2个旁系同源基因Sox9a和Sox9b的cDNA序列: Sox9a全长1642 bp, 编码458个氨基酸; Sox9b全长1673 bp, 编码456个氨基酸。序列分析表明两者相似度达到73.95%, 编码HMG盒区域极其保守。蛋白质次级结构预测显示Sox9a和Sox9b除了保守的HMG盒结构域外, 还存在2个核定位信号; 两者的三维结构都存在多个螺旋结构。系统进化树分析发现翘嘴鲌Sox9a与罗非鱼关系最近, 但Sox9b形成单独的一支。利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了翘嘴鲌Sox9a和Sox9b基因在各成体组织中的表达水平, 结果显示Sox9a在脑和精巢中表达量最高, 其次是肌肉、鳍条、眼睛和卵巢, 在肾脏、脾脏、肝脏中相对较低; Sox9b只在脑、鳍条、眼睛和精巢中检测到一定水平的表达。通过重亚硫酸氢盐DNA测序方法分析了翘嘴鲌性腺组织Sox9a启动子CpG岛甲基化修饰模式, 结果显示在精巢中CG位点几乎不发生甲基化, 然而卵巢中的甲基化程度非常高。这些结果表明启动子CpG甲基化可以调控Sox9a的性别异形表达, 表观遗传修饰在翘嘴鲌性腺发育过程中可能具有重要的生物学功能。     

武昌东湖蒙古红(鱼白)和翘嘴红(鱼白)的食性及其种群控制问题的研究

本文主要报道蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌对放养鳙、鲢鱼种的危害性及控制其种群发展的途径。通过肠道内食物的检查,发现不同大小的蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌与所吞食“家鱼”鱼种规格的大小有一定的相关,根据所得的数据分别求出这两种凶猛鱼的全长与被吃鱼种全长的迴归方程式及95%的可信限,确定不同大小的蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌危害不同规格鱼种的范围。并通过对东湖这两种凶猛鱼种群长度的调查,提出鳙、鲢鱼种放养的合理规格。蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌全年各月的摄食强度随着水温的不同和生殖季节的来临而有所改变,根据这种情况,对于什么时间放养鱼种较为有利也进行了探讨。从两种鱼的食物组成和摄食强度来看,它们对鳙、鲢的危害性是很明显的。为了遏制其种群发展,进行了围捕产卵群体、药物杀卵和投放棕榈皮鱼巢诱其产卵等试验。试验证明,在生殖季节当它们大量集群时进行围捕,效果较为显著。近年来这两种凶猛鱼的产量和种群的长度组成都有所下降。文中附有不同长度的蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌吞食不同鳙鱼种的范围表,供有关单位参考。       

武昌东湖蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌的食性及其种群控制问题的研究

本文主要报道蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌对放养鳙、鲢鱼种的危害性及控制其种群发展的途径。通过肠道内食物的检查,发现不同大小的蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌与所吞食“家鱼”鱼种规格的大小有一定的相关,根据所得的数据分别求出这两种凶猛鱼的全长与被吃鱼种全长的迥归方程式及95％的可信限,确定不同大小的蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌危害不同规格鱼种的范围。并通过对东湖这两种凶猛鱼种群长度的调查,提出鳙、鲢鱼种放养的合理规格。蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌全年各月的摄食强度随着水温的不同和生殖季节的来临而有所改变,根据这种情况,对于什么时间放养鱼种较为有利也进行了探讨。从两种鱼的食物组成和摄食强度来看,它们对鳙、鲢的危害性是很明显的。为了遏制其种群发展,进行了围捕产卵群体、药物杀卵和投放棕榈皮鱼巢诱其产卵等试验。试验证明,在生殖季节当它们大量集群时进行围捕,效果较为显著。近年来这两种凶猛鱼的产量和种群的长度组成都有所下降。文中附有不同长度的蒙古红鲌和翘嘴红鲌吞食不同鳙鱼种的范围表,供有关单位参考。     

翘嘴红鲌(♀)×黑尾近红鲌(♂)杂种F_1的AFLP分析

采用AFLP分子标记技术对翘嘴红鲌(♀)、黑尾近红鲌(♂)及杂种F1三个群体各12个个体进行遗传差异分析。结果表明:9对引物共扩增出257条带,多态性比例为51.36%;三个群体间特异条带共24条,其中黑尾近红鲌群体和杂种F1群体共有特异带15条、翘嘴红鲌群体和杂种F1群体共有特异带2条、翘嘴红鲌群体特异带7条;黑尾近红鲌群体、翘嘴红鲌群体及杂种F1群体的Shannon’s信息指数分别为0.2326、0.0794和0.1774,Nei’s基因多样性指数分别为0.1602、0.0537和0.1229,期望杂合度分别为0.1582、0.0464和0.1062;杂种F1群体和黑尾近红鲌群体及翘嘴红鲌群体遗传距离分别为0.0523、0.2165,遗传相似系数分别为0.9490、0.8053,遗传数据表明杂种F1更接近于父本黑尾近红鲌。     

三峡库区木洞江段翘嘴鲌早期生长特征研究

2013 年 910 月在三峡库区木洞江段采集翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)幼鱼, 摘取微耳石进行耳石微结构分析, 推算了翘嘴鲌幼鱼的日龄及孵化日期, 探讨其早期生活史阶段的生长特征。结果显示, 采集 97 尾翘嘴鲌幼鱼, 体长范围为 4098 mm。翘嘴鲌幼鱼的微耳石形状为不规则扁椭球形, 耳石横截面磨片上具有一个核和一个原基。耳石原基的直径为11.627.8 m, 平均值为(18.63.8) m。耳石核中心到第一个生长轮的距离为(13.04.7) m。翘嘴鲌幼鱼的日龄为 44104d, 推算其孵化日期为 2013 年 6 月 9 日至 8 月 17 日, 高峰期为2013 年7 月9 日至7 月22 日。耳石半径与体长、日龄与体长之间均呈显著的线性关系(P0.05)。耳石日轮宽度随着日龄的增加不断变化显示, 三峡库区翘嘴鲌早期生活史阶段的生长速率不断变化, 日平均生长率为0.774 mm/d。       

不同生态条件下油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)菌根根际土壤微生物群落

利用BIOLOG代谢指纹方法分析了陕南商南和陕北安塞不同生态条件下油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落。结果表明,安塞油松和商南油松菌根根际微生物对糖类和氨基酸类碳源较易利用,商南油松菌根根际微生物总体上代谢碳源的种类和活性远大于安塞油松,而且对同类碳源的代谢商南油松的AWCD比安塞油松均高出2倍多。安塞油松菌根根际微生物以氨基酸类代谢群为优势类群,商南油松以糖类代谢群为优势类群。微生物群落多样性指数和微生物群落主成分分析（PCA）指标均表明商南油松和安塞油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落有明显不同,起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类,其次是羧酸类和氨基酸类。商南油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落AWCD极显著高于安塞油松（P〈0．01）,细菌数量显著高于安塞油松（P〈0．05）,Shannon指数和丰富度指数达极显著性差异（P〈0．01）,商南油松和安塞油松菌根侵染率差异不显著,但菌根生物量差异达极显著水平（P〈0．01）。相关性分析表明,菌根生物量与丰富度指数、AWCD呈极显著正相关,与Shannon指数呈显著正相关,但是与菌根侵染率相关性不显著。在商南温暖潮湿丘陵区油松菌根根际微生物活性、群落大小和多样性高于安塞油松,在安塞黄土高原干旱区微生物群落稳定性强于商南油松。     

Changes in amino acids and lipids during embryogenesis of European lobster, Homarus gammarus (Crustacea: Decapoda)

We studied the amino acid and lipid dynamics during embryogenesis of Homarus gammarus. Major essential amino acids (EAA) in the last stage of embryonic development were arginine, lysine and leucine; major nonessential amino acids (NEAA) were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, valine and glycine. The highest percent of utilization occurred in respect to EAA (27.8%), mainly due to a significant decrease (p<0.05) of methionine (38.3%) and threonine (36.0%). NEAA also decreased significantly (p<0.05, 11.4%), namely serine (38.1%), tyrosine (26.4%) and glutamic acid (25.7%). In contrast, the free amino acid content increased significantly (p<0.05) during embryonic development, especially the free nonessential amino acids (FNEAA). In the last stage, the most abundant FNEAA were glycine, proline, alanine and taurine, and the major free essential amino acids (FEAA) were arginine, lysine and leucine. Lipid content decreased significantly (p<0.05) during embryonic development. A substantial decrease in all neutral lipid classes was observed (>80% of utilization). Major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Unsaturated (UFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) were used up at similar rates (76.5% and 76.3%, respectively). Within UFA, monounsaturates (MUFA) were consumed more than polyunsaturates (PUFA) (82.9% and 67.5%, respectively).     

Effects of amino acids on maturation, fertilization and embryo development of pig follicular oocytes in two IVM media

This study was conducted to develop a serum-free, defined medium for IVM of pig oocytes. Modified North Carolina State University (mNCSU)-23 media with or without supplementation with both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and gonadotrophin were used as base media. In separate experiments, each base medium was supplemented with porcine follicular fluid (pFF), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), PVA and essential amino acids (EAA), PVA and nonessential amino acids (NEAA) or PVA with both EAA and NEAA. Averaged across these five treatments, the percentage of blastocyst formation was higher (P < 0.05) in the base medium supplemented with EGF and gonadotrophins. In both base media, the addition of NEAA yielded similar percentages of maturation (81-82% versus 75-80%), sperm penetration (89-93% versus 80-86%) and blastocyst formation (4-18% versus 4-13%) as media supplemented with pFF. Although similar benefits were found after the addition of EAA, their addition was associated with lower (P < 0.05) maturation (66%) and sperm penetration (58%) than when pFF was added to the base medium without EGF and gonadotrophins. However, decreased maturation after EAA addition was not detected in the base medium containing EGF and gonadotrophins. Within the same base medium, monospermy, male pronucleus formation, cleavage and blastocyst formation were not affected by the treatments; and combined addition of EAA and NEAA did not further improve oocyte development. In conclusion, a maturation system using a defined mNCSU-23 medium supplemented with EGF, gonadotrophins and EAA or NEAA was developed which yielded a similar number of blastocysts compared with a pFF-containing medium.     

Citrulline modulates muscle protein metabolism in old malnourished rats

Protein energy malnutrition is common in the elderly, especially in hospitalized patients. The development of strategies designed to correct such malnutrition is essential. Our working hypothesis was that poor response to nutrition with advancing age might be related to splanchnic sequestration of amino acids, which implies that fewer amino acids reach the systemic circulation. Administration of citrulline, which is not taken up by the liver, can offer a means of increasing whole body nitrogen availability and, hence, improve nutritional status. Thirty old (19 mo) rats were submitted to dietary restriction (50% of food intake) for 12 wk. They were randomized into three groups: 10 rats (R group) were killed and 20 others refed (90% of food intake) for 1 wk with a standard diet (NEAA group) or a citrulline-supplemented diet (Cit group). Before being killed, the rats were injected with [(13)C]valine, and the absolute protein synthesis rate (ASR) was measured in the tibialis using the flooding-dose method. When the rats were killed, the tibialis was removed for protein content analysis. Blood was sampled for amino acid and insulin analysis. The standard diet did not have any effect on protein synthesis or on the protein content in the muscle. Citrulline supplementation led to higher protein synthesis and protein content in muscle (117 +/- 9, 120 +/- 14, and 163 +/- 4 mg/organ for protein content in R, NEAA, and Cit groups, P < 0.05). The ASR were 0.30 +/- 0.04, 0.31 +/- 0.04, and 0.56 +/- 0.10 mg/h in the three groups, respectively (R and NEAA vs. Cit, P < 0.05). Insulinemia was significantly higher in the Cit group. For the first time, a realistic therapeutic approach is proposed to improve muscle protein content in muscle in frail state related to malnutrition in aging.     

Subspecies validity for genus Culter (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) based on morphometrics analysis

The genus Culter, found only in East Asia (China, Vietnam, Korea and Russia), is a primary group of freshwater fishes in the subfamily Cultrinae (Cyprinidae). Of a total of 517 specimens studied, 235 were Culter alburnus from different localities and were used for morphometric analysis in this study. 17 landmarks were used in geometric morphometrics (GM) analysis of shapes. 13 traditional morphometrics (TM) and 21 truss-based morphometrics (TBM) characteristics were measured. The results of discriminant analysis and cluster analysis showed that four species-groups could be divided into separate groups. They were (1) C. alburnus + C. recurviceps, (2) C. dabryi dabryi + C. oxycephalus + C. dabryi shinkainensis, (3) C. oxycephaloides, (4) C. mongolicus mongolicus + C. mongolicus elongates + C. mongolicus qionghaiensis. The six populations of C. alburnus (Basilewsky, Nouv Mém Soc Imp Nat Moscou, 10:215–263, 1855), from Lake Poyanghu, River Songhuajiang, River Liaohe, River Jialingjiang, River Lijiang and Lake Taihu, should be classified as different geographical populations, but not subspecies. C. mongolicus elongates (He and Liu, Zool Res, 1(4):483–485, 1980) from Lake Chenghaihu and C. mongolicus qionghaiensis (Ding, Acta Zootaxon Sin, 15(2):246–250, 1990) from Lake Qionghaihu should be classified as subspecies. C. dabryi shinkainensis differed greatly from C. dabryi dabryi in body forms, and we suggest that C. dabryi shinkainensis should be changed to species, instead of subspecies, namely Culter shinkainensis (Yih and Chu, Acta Hydrobiol Sin, 2:170–199, 1959).     

不同生态条件下油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)菌根根际土壤微生物群落

利用BIOLOG代谢指纹方法分析了陕南商南和陕北安塞不同生态条件下油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落。结果表明,安塞油松和商南油松菌根根际微生物对糖类和氨基酸类碳源较易利用,商南油松菌根根际微生物总体上代谢碳源的种类和活性远大于安塞油松,而且对同类碳源的代谢商南油松的AWCD比安塞油松均高出2倍多。安塞油松菌根根际微生物以氨基酸类代谢群为优势类群,商南油松以糖类代谢群为优势类群。微生物群落多样性指数和微生物群落主成分分析（PCA）指标均表明商南油松和安塞油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落有明显不同,起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类,其次是羧酸类和氨基酸类。商南油松菌根根际土壤微生物群落AWCD极显著高于安塞油松（P<0.01）,细菌数量显著高于安塞油松（P<0.05）,Shannon指数和丰富度指数达极显著性差异（P<0.01）,商南油松和安塞油松菌根侵染率差异不显著,但菌根生物量差异达极显著水平（P<001）。相关性分析表明,菌根生物量与丰富度指数、AWCD呈极显著正相关,与Shannon指数呈显著正相关,但是与菌根侵染率相关性不显著。在商南温暖潮湿丘陵区油松菌根根际微生物活性、群落大小和多样性高于安塞油松,在安塞黄土高原干旱区微生物群落稳定性强于商南油松。     

香溪河鱼类群落组成及资源评价

采用定置刺网的捕捞方法,于2005年3—4月在香溪河官庄坪库湾连续捕捞20次,共调查到21种鱼类。对采集的渔获物数据,分析了多样性和种群优势度。确定上层、中上层、中下层和底层的优势类群分别是贝氏、蒙古、翘嘴、鲫、鲤、蛇、鲇。三峡水库蓄水对官庄坪鱼类群落构成影响显著:鲤科鱼类种类组成比例占总种数76.2%,其中亚科有7种,占鲤科总数的43.8%。静水性生活的鱼类所占比重较大,已经形成优势种群。经济鱼类在生物量上占有举足轻重地位,上层肉食性鱼类以蒙古、翘嘴为主。鳅科鱼类基本绝迹。     

枯萎病不同抗性黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)根系分泌物氨基酸组分与抗病的相关性

以5种对枯萎病不同抗性黄瓜品种为试材,对其根系分泌物氨基酸组分进行测定,并对氨基酸组分与黄瓜品种枯萎病抗病性之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：在中抗品种根系分泌中检测到的16种氨基酸：半胱氨酸Cys、苏氨酸Thr、丙氨酸Ala、缬氨酸Val、异亮氨酸Lle、天冬氨酸Asp、亮氨酸Leu、苯丙氨酸Phe、甘氨酸Gly、甲硫氨酸Met、组氨酸His、谷氨酸Glu、酪氨酸Tyr、赖氨酸Lys、丝氨酸Ser和精氨酸Arg。其中的精氨酸在感病品种中没有被检出,组氨酸和精氨酸组分在抗病品种中没有被检出。根系分泌物中总氨基酸含量随品种抗性的增加而降低;精氨酸、丝氨酸和赖氨酸的含量与品种对枯萎病的病情指数呈负相关,其他13种氨基酸组分含量与品种对枯萎病的病情指数呈正相关,其中苯丙氨酸含量与病情指数呈显著正相关。丝氨酸与苯丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸、甘氨酸的比值均与品种对枯萎病的病情指数呈显著负相关,其中Ser／Phe与品种对枯萎病的病情指数呈极显著负相关。