余甘果的医疗保健作用

余甘果是亚热带植物余甘子的果实,含有丰富维生素C,民间广泛用作保健和医疗食品。国内最近的研究证明,余甘果能阻断强致癌物N-亚硝基化合物在动物、人体内外的合成,阻断率皆为90％以上余甘果含有对人体有益的活性物质——超氧物歧化酶(SOD),每克含SOD活力为482.14u。15名老年受试者,饮用余甘果汁后红细胞SOD活力明显高于服用前(P<0.01),上升率100％,血浆中脂质过氧化物(LPO)的含量下降,下降率为73％。     

检疫性害虫苹果异胫小卷蛾的形态特征及危害

苹果异胫小卷蛾Thaumatotibia(=Cryptophlebia)leucotreta(Meyrick)已成为非洲亚撒哈拉的大部分地区,南非、大西洋和印度洋岛屿上的重要经济害虫,严重危害玉米、棉花、柑橘、澳大利亚坚果、桃、李等果树和田间作物。本文对苹果异胫小卷蛾的分类地位、形态特征、分布、寄主、危害、生物学特性等进行简要介绍。     

余甘子天然居群果实形态变异研究

为了从数量性状上分析余甘子天然居群果实表型性状在居群间和居群内的变异,在云南省选取了6个余甘子天然居群,分别测量了其8个果实表型性状并作比较分析。结果显示:(1)余甘子果实表型性状在居群间和居群内存在着较丰富的变异,8个果实性状在居群间的F值为20.17～35.21,部分差异达到显著水平;居群内的F值为1.27～3.07,差异均达到极显著水平。(2)余甘子居群内的平均表型变异接近90%,是余甘子果实表型遗传变异的主要来源。(3)余甘子表型性状的变化与生态和地理因子显著相关;主成分分析结果显示,单果重、果实横径、外果皮重、果核宽、果核重等5个表型性状指标是反映滇西北余甘子果实表型差异的主要因素。     

余甘子果实水溶性多糖抑菌及群体感应抑制活性初探

以余甘果实(粉甘)水溶性多糖为材料,采用比浊法测定余甘多糖对5种细菌的抑菌活性及对改造型紫色杆菌紫色杆菌素生成量的影响。结果显示,余甘多糖对供试菌的抑菌活性大小顺序为：金黄色葡萄球菌＞枯草芽孢杆菌＞改造型紫色杆菌CV026＞红色粘质沙雷氏菌＞大肠杆菌;余甘多糖终浓度为20 mg·mL-1时,对紫色杆菌素生成量的抑制作用最大,抑制率达(53.47 ± 3.10)%。因此,余甘多糖具有抑菌活性及群体感应抑制活性。     

余甘子活性成分含量与抗氧化性研究

研究了不同产地余甘子的总多酚、黄酮和多糖含量,同时测定了各产地余甘子提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明,广东野生品种鲜果的总多酚含量、总黄酮含量和水溶性多糖含量最高,它们在每克干果中的含量分别为(204.15±6.85)mg没食子酸当量、(81.11±8.67)mg芦丁当量和(19.78±1.22)mg葡萄糖当量。广东野生品种提取物的抗氧化活性较高,其还原力为1.344±0.14,羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除力分别为91.50%±3.53%,92.31%±1.30%。广东栽培种提取物的DPPH自由基清除力最高,达到92.09%±1.52%。     

余甘子总黄酮超声波辅助提取工艺的优化

以余甘子干粉为材料,利用超声波辅助提取余甘子总黄酮。单因素试验分析液料比、乙醇浓度、超声时间、超声功率对余甘子总黄酮提取率的影响,在此基础上,利用响应面分析法对提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,余甘子总黄酮最佳提取条件为：液料比82:1(V/W)、乙醇浓度45%、超声时间41 min、超声功率210 W,在此条件下余甘子总黄酮的实际提取率为6.12%。     

余甘果汁饮料的研究

选用部分破碎热水浸提工艺提取余甘果汁，经澄清精制后，Ｖｃ保留率高达８５％，配制的饮料富含Ｖｃ，是一种较有前途的新型果汁饮料。     

余甘子的化学成分和保健功能作用

余甘子是一种具有较高的食用和药用价值的野生植物资源．风味独特．营养丰富,保健功能强,含有多种对人体有益的活性物质,具有补益、抗肿瘤、抗衰老等保健作用,这一特性使余甘子得到广泛关注,成为联合国卫生组织指定在全世界推广种植的三种保健植物之一。本文介绍余甘子的化学成分和保健功能作用,旨在促进余甘子的开发利用。     

应用超声波技术强化提取余甘多糖

通过单因素和正交实验研究了超声波时间、超声波功率、超声波提取温度和料液比对余甘(Phyllanthus emblica L.)多糖收率的影响。结果表明,多糖收率的主要影响因素为超声波功率、超声波时间、料液比、超声波提取温度。余甘多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为:超声波功率475W、超声波时间70min、料液比1:20、超声波提取温度80℃,余甘多糖收率为95.86mgg-1DW。紫外和红外光谱分析表明,余甘多糖是含有糖醛酸的α型吡喃酸性杂多糖,超声波处理没有改变多糖结构。     

响应面法优化余甘叶中黄酮提取工艺

以余甘叶为试材,利用超声波辅助提取余甘叶黄酮,研究料液比、乙醇浓度、超声时间、超声功率对黄酮提取率的影响,并在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面分析法优化提取工艺。结果表明,余甘叶中黄酮最佳超声提取条件为：料液比1∶73、乙醇浓度50%、超声时间30 min、超声功率210 W,在此条件下黄酮实际提取率为19.51%。     

黄山安徽小檗一些分类学性状的变异式样研究

在安徽黄山以安徽小檗(Berberis anhweiensis Ahrendt)为例,对中国小檗属重要分类学性状的变异式样进行了研究.结果表明:在25株安徽小檗各10个果序中,每个果序的果实数目为3～18个,平均为10.12±3.26 个,不同植株之间差异极显著(P＜0.01).成熟果实形状为椭圆形或长圆形,并未见到原始文献描述的倒卵形.在总计2 529个果实中,果实内种子数为1～2个,其中含2粒种子与含1粒种子的果实数分别为1 575个和954个.各果序中含2粒种子果实及含1粒种子果实所占的比例均为0～100%,平均值分别为55.96%±22.94%和40.04%±22.94%,差异极显著(P＜0.01).在25株安徽小檗各2个1年生枝条上,共有427个叶刺,其中单刺所占的比例为76.35%,并且都位于枝条的顶端,2叉刺占5.39%,3叉刺占18.27%,3种类型叶刺在数目上差异极显著(P＜0.01).     

The fate of flowers and fruits of Cornus sanguinea L. in three contrasting Mediterranean habitats

Summary In the Mediterranean region of southern France, the fate of flowers and fruits of Cornus sanguinea, a deciduous shrub, was studied in three contrasting habitats: (1) an abandoned olive grove, (2) the edge and (3) the interior of a deciduous forest. Abundance of flowering and fruiting of C. sanguinea differed widely between the three habitats. The fate of the flowers, on the other hand, did not differ significantly between habitats. Taking all three habitats together, 77% of the flowers aborted, 23% initiated fruits, 6% developed mature fruits, and 3% produced ripe fruits that were eaten by birds. Likewise, there were for the most part no significant differences in the fate of immature and mature fruits between the habitats. On average, 58% of the immature fruits were abscised undamaged, 24% matured, 10% were damaged by insects and 8% dried up. Of the mature fruits, on average, 51% were eaten by birds, 23% damaged by insects, 20% dried up and 6% fell to the ground undamaged. Independent of habitat conditions, C. sanguinea seems to regulate the quantity of its seed crop primarily by limiting the number of flowers and secondarily by aborting surplus immature fruits, and the number of flowers is mainly controled by resource availability and genetic factors. In the case of C. sanguinea, both the fruit/flower ratio and the proportion of flowers producing mature fruits that are eaten by birds remain constant over a wide range of environmental conditions.     

热杀菌剂处理对“紫花”和“留香”杧果贮藏品质影响?

52±1℃热杀菌剂苯来特或 TBZ等溶液浸果处理,对“留香”和“紫花”品种杧果采后炭疽病和蒂腐病有显著控制效果,改善果实外观,延长贮藏寿命,提高贮藏品质,减少病害的腐烂损失 60％,获得在常温下贮藏 18d的采后寿命和 100％的商品率。在热杀菌剂处理后,贮藏于低温13±1℃下的 杧果,显著减慢果皮转黄和后熟软化,降低呼吸速率,延长贮藏寿命2～3周以上,并且,显著减少病害和腐烂损失,有利于提高采后杧果的商品率和远途运输及销售。     

Fruit abortion and the regulation of fruit number in Yucca whipplei

Summary Flowering and fruiting patterns of Yucca whipplei (Agavaceae), a monocarpic perennial of the southern California chaparral, were studied to determine the role of fruit abortion in the regulation of seed yield. Data on reproductive expenditure, fruit abortion and fruit maturation were obtained for 108 flowering individuals at two sites. The proportion of flowers maturing fruits was less than 10% at both sites. Inflorescences produced an average of 2,045±111 and 1,743±77 flowers at the two sites, initiated an average of 439±48 and 304±21 fruits, and matured an average of 194±16 and 162±10 fruits, respectively. Overall, 51% of the fruits which initiated development were aborted and abscized in an early stage of development.The hypothesis that fruit abortion serves to regulate seed yeild, matching fruit production to the available resources, yields three predictions which are borne out by our findings: (1) the proportion of initiated fruits which abort is an increasing function of the number of fruits initiated, (2) the number of fruits matured is an increasing function of estimates of the amount of resources available to support fruits, and (3) on any inflorescence, fruits initiated early have a lower probability of aborting than fruits initiated late.These results suggest that low fruit set in Yucca whipplei is caused by shortage of resources to support developing fruits, rather than by a shortage of pollinators. Possible explanations of the adaptive significance of regulating maternal investment via fruit abortion are mentioned, but further experimentation is required before any conclusions can be drawn.     

Fruit size in a tropical tree species: variation,preference by birds,and heritability

Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae), an understory bird-dispersed tree, produces single-seeded fruits that vary in diameter from 1.4 to 2.4 cm. Much of the variation within a population at Monteverde, Costa Rica occurred within individual trees. The relative size of fruits produced by different trees remained generally constant over an 11-year period despite slight differences between years in the average size of fruits produced by a given tree.Fruit-eating birds could thus express their preferences for particular fruit size characteristics by choosing among trees that have distinct distributions of fruit diameters, and between individually variable fruits within trees. In a field study of individually marked fruits, birds removed 46.2% of fruits; the rest of the fruits were destroyed by invertebrate (25.3%) and vertebrate (4.3%) pulp-feeders or aborted by the plant after remaining ripe but uneaten for as long as 100 days (24.2%). The four major avian seed dispersers of O. tenera each have gape widths exceeding all but the largest fruits. Birds preferred plants with greater-than-average-sized fruits; within trees, they favored larger fruits, apparently because net pulp mass increases with fruit diameter. Fruits that ripened early in the season were more likely to be removed and were removed more quickly than late-ripening fruits.Based on mother-offspring regressions of mean fruit size, the phenotypic variation in fruit diameter in O. tenera is highly heritable, indicating the potential for an evolutionary response to selection by birds. Nonetheless, directional selection on fruit size or shape is likely to be inconsistent, constrained by genetic correlations, and weak compared to selection on traits like fecundity or phenology.     

Effect of eco-safe compounds on postharvest quality preservation of papaya (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Carica papaya</Emphasis> L.)

Early ripening and susceptibility to microbial infection are major postharvest problems in papaya fruits. Being a tropical climacteric fruit, low-temperature storage is not successful in papaya. In this study, we demonstrate the effect of aqueous salicylic acid (1 and 2 mM), nitric oxide (1 and 2 mM), and calcium chloride (1 and 2%) to enhance the papaya shelf life at the ambient conditions with reduced disease incidence. Calcium chloride 2% was the most effective for maintaining postharvest quality. The fruits had good firmness and maintained TSS, acidity, total chlorophyll, free radical scavenging activity and ascorbic acid on the 6th day during ambient storage. Moreover, the weight loss, yellow color development and disease incidence were minimum in calcium chloride 2%, followed by 1% solution of calcium chloride. The nitric oxide (2 mM) maintained higher antioxidant capacity and total phenol content in fruits that was followed by 1 mM salicylic acid during storage. The result suggests that application of calcium chloride 2% could be an easy and effective technique for extending the shelf life without impairing fruit quality during storage.     

Carbon and water relations for developing fruits of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller, including effects of drought and gibberellic acid

Growth, gas exchange rates, and carbohydrate content were studied for developing fruits of the cultivated cactus Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller, including effects of drought and exogenous gibberellic acid (GA3). Fruit development required 110 d from the time of bud differentiation to ripening at 80 d after anthesis, when the fruit mass averaged 67 g. Stomatal conductance and net CO2 uptake rates for fruits were higher during the night; they were maximal at 7 d before anthesis and decreased as development progressed. Fruits undergoing drought, imposed by detaching terminal stems bearing fruits, were 50% smaller than the control at 80 d after anthesis and did not ripen. Fruits injected with 2 ml of 500 ppm GA3 were 30% smaller than the control at 80 d after anthesis; they contained a large proportion of aborted seeds that produced a weak sink signal for dry mass accumulation. Gas exchange was higher at 21 d after anthesis for fruits treated with GA3. Total soluble sugars represented 40% of the fruit's dry mass until 45 d after anthesis, when the sugar content rapidly increased, reaching 90% at 73 d after anthesis. Such an increase was not observed for fruits treated with GA3, and the sugar content for fruits undergoing drought remained low throughout development. Starch content increased for developing fruits of O. ficus-indica until 14 d after anthesis and, except for the fruits undergoing drought, decreased thereafter. Fruit development for O. ficus-indica is apparently regulated by water availability as well as hormonal signals originating both within and outside the fruit.     

龙眼果实防腐保鲜技术研究

近几年来,我们探讨了不同的贮藏温度、化学防腐剂、气体组分、包装容器及包装方法对不同品种龙眼果实的防腐保鲜效果。结果表明:龙眼品种间的耐贮性有很大差异,按耐贮性排列:泉州本>乌龙岭>普明庵>福眼>赤壳>水涨;最佳的保鲜贮藏温度为3～4℃;仲丁胺、仲丁胺+赤霉素、多菌灵、甲基托布津、苯甲酸、特克多、FISB-1和FISB-2等不同化学防腐剂对泉州本的防腐效果,以FISB-1和FISB-2防腐效果最佳,贮藏40天,好果率分别为95.0％和95.2％,其他防腐剂处理的好果率为80.7％～86.5％;气调贮藏,CO_2为4％～6％,O_2为6％～8％的气体组分可延长贮藏寿命,降低龙眼果实自身损耗;包装容器以塑料周转箱套薄膜袋气调贮藏效果最佳。     

Weak interactions between avian and insect frugivores: the case of Pistacia terebinthus L. (Anacardiaceae)

Vertebrate frugivores often feed on fruits upon or within which insects also feed, yet little information exists on the potential magnitude of interactions between these consumers. The Mediterranean shrub Pistacia terebinthus, the birds that consume its fruits, and the wasps that feed upon its seeds are examined in this study. P. terebinthus produces a highly variable fraction of final-sized red fruits that never become mature (green-colored). Red fruits can be immature, parthenocarpic, aborted, or attacked by wasps, and their pulp is much less nutritious than that of mature fruits. A total of 20 bird species consumed the fruits in the study area. Legitimate dispersers accounted for 39% of the total fruit removal, while pulp eaters and seed predators accounted for the remainder. Birds strongly preferred the mature fruits (only 4% of the fruits consumed were red). The incidence of wasps in the seeds ranged from 0 to 42% of the crop in 1989 and from 0 to 24% in 1990. The influence of avian and insect frugivore guilds on each other appears to be quite low because of the narrow overlap in resource utilization by birds and wasps, and an overall low intensity of wasp seed predation. From an evolutionary perspective, the possible ability of wasps to preclude fruit maturation appears not to be attributable to the present interaction with avian frugivores.     

芒果不同部位挥发物及横线尾夜蛾对其触角电位反应

【背景】芒果横线尾夜蛾是严重危害芒果花序和嫩梢的重要害虫,其发生面积不断扩大,给我国南方芒果造成了巨大损失。【方法】通过气质联用仪（GC-MS）对芒果花、梢和成熟果实的挥发性物质及其相对含量进行分析;采用触角电生理方法,测定不同性别和交配状态的芒果横线尾夜蛾对12种芒果挥发物的触角电位反应。【结果】芒果3个部位的挥发性物质多为萜烯类化合物,主要物质（相对含量在O．06％以上）的数量分别为芒果花中22种、梢11种和成熟芒果13种。芒果花中含量较高的为d．水芹烯（43．64％）和异松油烯（29．33％）;芒果梢中α-古芸烯（23．63％）含量最高;成熟芒果中8-石竹烯含量最高,为29．47％。仅异松油烯和β-荜澄茄油烯在芒果3个部位中均被检测到,但其含量差异较大;异松油烯在花、梢、果实中的含量分别为29．33％、19．99％、0．59％,而β-荜澄茄油烯分别为3．51％、2．18％、6．05％。芒果横线尾夜蛾未交配雌、雄蛾和已交配雌、雄蛾对同一种化合物的触角电位相对值之间均无显著差异。4种成蛾对反-2-已烯醛的触角电位反应值与其他化合物相比均有显著差异。交配后雌、雄蛾的触角电位反应值均有所降低,但与交配前相比无显著差异。【结论与意义】筛选出的反-2-己烯醛可作为横线尾夜蛾信息素的增效物质,对性引诱剂的研制具有重要意义。本研究可为从化学信号角度阐明横线尾夜蛾寄主定向和雌、雄交配机理,以及其致害机理提供依据。