彩色多普勒超声联合血清β2-微球蛋白评估血管通路动静脉内瘘的临床价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨与分析彩色多普勒超声联合血清β2-微球蛋白评估血管通路动静脉内瘘的临床价值。方法：选择2019年1月-2022年6月在本院进行建立动静脉内瘘的血液透析患者210例作为研究对象,所有患者都在造瘘术前1d、术后3个月进行彩色多普勒超声检查与血清β2-MG检测,判断血管通路状况并进行相关性分析。结果：210例患者术后3个月的头静脉、桡动脉、内瘘口的内径、血流速度、血流量都明显高于术前1 d（P<0.05）。210例患者术后3个月的血清β2-微球蛋白含量明显低于术前1 d（P<0.05）。210例患者经过手术判定为动静脉内瘘异常22例,占比10.5 %,其中吻合口狭窄10例、内瘘头静脉端闭塞6例、静脉段血栓2例、吻合口血栓2例、静脉段狭窄2例。Spearsman分析显示动静脉内瘘异常与内瘘口血流速度、头静脉血流量、桡动脉内径、血清β2-微球蛋白含量存在相关性（P<0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示内瘘口血流速度、头静脉血流量、桡动脉内径、血清β2-微球蛋白含量为导致动静脉内瘘异常的重要因素（P<0.05）。结论：彩色多普勒超声可明确内瘘血流动力学和血管形态的变化,联合血清β2-微球蛋白检测可有效评估动静脉内瘘血管通路状况,监测内瘘使用功能与状态,为改善患者预后提供参考依据。     

彩色多普勒超声在血液透析动静脉内瘘功能评估及病变检测中的应用探究

目的:探讨彩色多普勒超声在血液透析动静脉内瘘功能评估及病变检测中的应用价值。方法:选取2013年3月至2016年3月于我院接受血液透析的终末期肾病患者62例作为研究对象,采用二维超声观察动静脉内瘘的一般情况,采用彩色多普勒观察血流方向、速度以及充盈情况,对检测结果进行比较。结果:自体动静脉内瘘成形术后桡动脉管径(RAD)、桡动脉血流量(RVF)、头静脉管径(CVD)均较术前有所提高,各项指标随时间延长而逐渐增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。62例血液透析患者中,共有41例(66.13%)患者动静脉内瘘通畅,21例(33.87%)患者出现动静脉内瘘并发症,其中血栓形成9例(14.52%)、动静脉瘘狭窄7例(11.29%)以及静脉瘤状扩张5例(4.84%)。血栓形成组头静脉血管内径(D)、吻合口D、最大峰值流速(PSV)及血流阻力指数(RI)、桡动脉D、PSV及RI均较正常组有显著差异。血栓形成、动静脉瘘狭窄患者上述参数及血流量与正常组比较有显著差异(P0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒超声可有效监测血液透析患者动静脉内瘘病变发生情况,对其结构功能进行直接观察的同时还可明确诊断动静脉内瘘并发症。     

选择性冠状静脉动脉化搭桥术中不同移植物的应用疗效比较

目的:对比选择性冠状静脉动脉化(SCVBG)搭桥治疗弥漫性右冠状动脉狭窄病变中选择乳内动脉和大隐静脉作为桥血管的治疗效果。方法:选择2008年10月到2014年10月在我院行SCVBG搭桥的84例患者资料,其中选择大隐静脉作为桥血管进行冠状静脉动脉化搭桥患者46例(大隐静脉桥组),选择乳内动脉作为桥血管进行冠状静脉动脉化搭桥患者38例(乳内动脉桥组)。随访记录两组患者的生存情况、近期复查超声心动图、冠状动脉CTA及心绞痛复发率。结果:乳内动脉桥组患者总生存率(100%)明显高于大隐静脉桥组(82.6%)(P0.05)。乳内动脉桥组患者桥血管和心中静脉通畅率(100%)明显大于大隐静脉桥组(54.35%)(P0.05)。两组患者左心室射血分数(LVEF)较治疗前明显增加,左心室舒张期末内径(LVEDD)较治疗前明显减小(P0.05)。治疗后,乳内动脉桥组患者心绞痛复发率明显小于大隐静脉桥组(P0.05)。结论:SCVBG搭桥治疗弥漫性右冠状动脉狭窄病变中,选择乳内动脉桥效果优于大隐静脉桥,能明显提高桥血管和心中静脉通畅率,降低心绞痛复发率。     

新超声医学术语(十)

223、柏-查氏综合征(Budd-Chiari's Syndrome) 又称柏氏综合征、柏-查二氏综合征、肝静脉还流障碍综合征、肝静脉流出受阻、下腔静脉阻塞综合征、肝-腔静脉阻塞综合征等。病因为肝静脉与下腔静脉管腔狭窄,如管壁血栓形成、管壁肥厚、管壁炎症瘢痕形成、管旁肿块压迫、先天性膜状畸形等导致血液还     

儿童颈髓区巨大动静脉畸形1例(英文)

脑动静脉畸形(AVM)是复杂的血管病变,是由于没有毛细血管床的脑动脉和静脉之间的异常连接引起的病灶[1]。脑动静脉畸形的临床表现有大出血、癫痫、神经功能障碍或头痛,但大部分患者无特异性症状,因此容易漏诊、误诊。手术切除、血管内治疗和放射治疗是动静脉畸形的选择疗法。血管内治疗可以作为其他难以治愈的脑动静脉畸形,或者作为手术切除或放射治疗前的辅助治疗,以减少脑动静脉畸形的血供或促进其收缩,进而促进手术切除或消融[2]。该病引起的颈部疼痛在儿科未见报道。我们收治1例颈髓区巨大动静脉畸形患儿,表现为持续性颈部疼痛并出现癫痫和呕吐症状,经采取分段外科胶栓塞术(第一次部分栓塞术后观察1年再行第二次栓塞),达到动静脉畸形的治愈。     

彩色多普勒超声对尿毒症血液透析患者动静脉内瘘的术前及术后监测效果分析

目的:探讨与分析彩色多普勒超声对尿毒症血液透析患者动静脉内瘘的术前及术后监测效果。方法:选择2017年2月至2019年5月在本院诊治的尿毒症血液透析并行自体动静脉内瘘的患者90例,在术前1-3 d与术后3个月进行超声监测,记录超声特征。记录患者术后内瘘失功、并发症发生情况并进行相关性分析。结果:所有患者都顺利完成自体动静脉内瘘;术后3个月患者自体动静脉内瘘在超声上表现为"u"或"v"形管状结构,表现为高速低阻动静脉瘘血流频谱,瘘口处彩色血流均显示为五彩镶嵌紊乱血流。术后3个月患者的头静脉与桡动脉内径、血流量都高于术前(P0.05)。90例患者术后3个月发生血栓形成2例、狭窄1例和静脉瘤样扩张4例,并发症发生率为7.8%。同时发生8例动静脉内瘘失功,发生率为8.9%;Pearson相关分析法显示术后动静脉内瘘失功、并发症发生情况与头静脉、桡动脉内径与血流量存在显著相关性(P0.05)。结论:彩色多普勒超声应用于尿毒症血液透析患者及动静脉内瘘患者可监测内瘘血流动力学、血管形态学变化,能够客观评价内瘘失功与并发症发生情况。     

食管癌术后并发症及其处理

食管癌是我国一种常见的消化道恶性肿瘤,居世界癌症死因第7位,中国癌症死因第4位。其中以中段鳞状细胞癌多见,临床表现以晚期进行性吞咽困难为主,确诊主要以胃镜病理活检为金标准,其治疗方法主要有手术、放疗、化疗及分子靶向治疗等。但目前治疗上仍然以手术为主,术前术后放化疗为辅。然而,随着手术在食管癌治疗中适应症的不断扩大、根治性手术淋巴结的扩大清扫及拥有基础疾病高龄患者的增多,术后并发症的发生率不可避免的随之增加。本文将重点阐述吻合口瘘、吻合口狭窄、呼吸及心血管并发症、乳糜胸、胃排空障碍、膈疝、喉返神经损伤及单纯脓胸、严重腹泻、呕血等食管癌术后常见、严重并发症的病因、临床表现与诊断、治疗及其预防。通过对食管癌术后并发症的充分认识及有效预防,从而对食管癌手术成功率及患者术后生存质量的提高、肿瘤预后的改善起到了重要作用。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后大隐静脉桥再狭窄机制

冠状动脉旁路移植术是冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病的常规治疗方法之一.动脉血管作为移植血管材料有其自身优势,但对大多数患者而言,自体大隐静脉仍然是最常用的移植血管材料.新内膜形成和粥样硬化导致的静脉桥再狭窄已成为一个亟待解决的问题.目前认为静脉桥再狭窄的病理机制包括:早期桥血管闭塞,主要由于急性血栓形成;中期血管闭塞,主要由于血管内膜纤维化增生;晚期闭塞,主要由于静脉粥样硬化.     

血管内血栓形成发病机制的现代概念

近年来,各种疾病并发血栓栓塞症的现象日益增多。血栓形成是术后和产后以及心脏血管系统疾病时最常见的死亡原因之一。血管内血栓形成的发病机制,尚未完全阐明。前一世纪已提出它是血流速度减慢、血管壁和血液成分的改变的后果。这设想目前仍得到承认。一、各种原因在血管内血栓形成的发病机制中的意义1.血管壁损害和血管内血栓形成:根据Cop-ley 的意见,血管内皮经常复有一层纤维蛋白簿膜,并且不断生成和破坏。这层薄膜可降低血液的粘滞性和凝固性,并阻止血液有形成分粘附于血管壁,从而保证血液循环。有人发现,纤维蛋白在血管的生理性损伤部位不断生成。Nolf 指出,     

磁共振血管造影对颈部静脉系统疾病诊断的应用价值

目的：探讨三维动态增强磁共振血管成像（30 DCE MRA）对于颈部静脉系统疾病的临床应用价值。方法：对7例疑有颈部静脉病变的病人进行了3D DCE MRA检查,观察对病变血管及正常血管显示情况。结果：7例检查图像都能清晰显示正常血管结构及病变情况。其中2例正常,2例颈静脉血栓,1例颈静脉癌栓,1例颈静脉扩张,2例动静脉瘘。所有病例均经手术及（或）DSA证实。结论：3D DCE MRA是一种简便,易行,有效的血管检查方法,分辨率高,假阳性率低,在临床上已广泛应用,但临床上多限于动脉系统疾病的诊断。只要选择合适的序列、扫描时间及对比剂的剂量就能较好显示静脉血管情况。此项技术的应用,在颈部静脉病变诊断中有很大的实用价值。     

Increased Inlet Blood Flow Velocity Predicts Low Wall Shear Stress in the Cephalic Arch of Patients with Brachiocephalic Fistula Access

BackgroundAn autogenous arteriovenous fistula is the optimal vascular access for hemodialysis. In the case of brachiocephalic fistula, cephalic arch stenosis commonly develops leading to access failure. We have hypothesized that a contribution to fistula failure is low wall shear stress resulting from post-fistula creation hemodynamic changes that occur in the cephalic arch.MethodsTwenty-two subjects with advanced renal failure had brachiocephalic fistulae placed. The following procedures were performed at mapping (pre-operative) and at fistula maturation (8–32 weeks post-operative): venogram, Doppler to measure venous blood flow velocity, and whole blood viscosity. Geometric and computational modeling was performed to determine wall shear stress and other geometric parameters. The relationship between hemodynamic parameters and clinical findings was examined using univariate analysis and linear regression.ResultsThe percent low wall shear stress was linearly related to the increase in blood flow velocity (p < 0.01). This relationship was more significant in non-diabetic patients (p < 0.01) than diabetic patients. The change in global measures of arch curvature and asymmetry also evolve with time to maturation (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe curvature and hemodynamic changes during fistula maturation increase the percentage of low wall shear stress regions within the cephalic arch. Low wall shear stress may contribute to subsequent neointimal hyperplasia and resultant cephalic arch stenosis. If this hypothesis remains tenable with further studies, ways of protecting the arch through control of blood flow velocity may need to be developed.     

超声引导下动静脉内瘘球囊扩张术疗效及通畅率影响因素分析

摘要 目的：观察超声引导下动静脉内瘘球囊扩张术疗效及通畅率的影响因素。方法：选择2018年6月-2020年12月在安徽医科大学第二附属医院行超声引导下自体动静脉内瘘球囊扩张患者230例作为研究对象,根据患者术前血镁水平将患者为低镁血症组87例、正常及高镁血症组143例。分析患者一般人口学资料、术前实验室检查及超声记录指标,随访预后疗效。结果：手术技术成功率98.12 %,平均随访443±100天。两组术后3个月的血管内径与透析血流量高于术前,正常及高镁血症组高于低镁血症组（P<0.05）。术后3个月正常及高镁血症组的总有效率高于低镁血症组（P<0.05）。正常及高镁血症组术后3个月、6个月与1年的血管通畅率分别为90.9 %、77.62 %、67.83 %,明显高于低镁血症组的80.46 %、64.37 %、51.72 %（P<0.05）。COX多因素分析影响随访血管1年通畅率的因素主要为镁、血管内径、肱动脉血流量、年龄等（P<0.05）。结论：超声引导下动静脉内瘘球囊扩张术对自体动静脉内瘘狭窄或血栓具有很好的效果,低镁血症、血管内径、肱动脉血流量是影响血管通畅率的重要因素。     

Radial artery wall shear stress evaluation in patients with arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis access

It has been extensively documented that changes in blood flow induce vascular remodeling and this phenomenon seems to be correlated to the shear forces imposed on the vessel wall by motion of blood. Wall shear stress, the tractive force that acts on the endothelium, has been shown to influence endothelial cell function. To study changes in wall shear stress that develop on the vessel wall upon changes of blood flow, we set up a technique that allows estimation of shear stress in the radial artery of patients on chronic hemodialysis therapy. The technique is based on color-flow Doppler examination of the radial artery before and after surgical creation of radiocephalic fistula for hemodialysis. Calculation of time function wall shear stress and blood flow rate in the radial artery is performed on the basis of arterial diameter, center-line velocity waveform and blood viscosity, using a numerical method developed according to Womersley's theory for pulsatile flow in tubes. The results presented confirm that the model developed is suitable for calculation of the wall shear stress that develops in the radial artery of patients before and after surgical creation of an arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis. This methodology was developed for characterization of wall shear stress in the radial artery but may be well applied to other vessels that can be examined by echo-Doppler technique.     

128排CT对股骨头置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的诊断价值分析

摘要 目的：探讨与分析128排电子计算机断层扫描(Computed Tomography,CT)对股骨头置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的诊断价值。方法：2015年1月到2020年7月选择在本院诊治的股骨头置换术后疑似下肢静脉血栓形成患者78例作为研究对象,所有患者都给予128排CT检查,记录影像学特征并判断诊断价值,分析下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响因素。结果：在78例患者中,128排CT判断图像优69例,良9例,优良率为100.0 %。静脉造影判定为术后发生下肢深静脉血栓形成11例(DVT组),发生率为14.1 %,检出病变血管45支。二分类多因素Logistic回归分析显示术中出血量、手术时间、使用激素、年龄是导致股骨头置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的重要因素(P<0.05)。DVT组的血容量(cerebral blood volume,BV)与达峰时间(time to peak,TTP)值高于非DVT组(P<0.05),血流量(blood flow, BF)与平均通过时间(mean transit time,MTT)值低于非DVT组(P<0.05)。DVT组的血管狭窄评分低于非DVT组(P<0.05)。128排CT对股骨头置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的诊断敏感性与特异性为100.0 %和97.0 %。结论：术中出血量、手术时间、使用激素、年龄是导致股骨头置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的重要因素,128排CT能有效检出下肢深静脉血栓形成情况,具有方便、快捷、无创的特点,可为临床诊治提供可靠依据。     

Nitric Oxide Resistance Reduces Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation in Chronic Kidney Disease in Rats

Background

Autologous arteriovenous (AV) fistulas are the first choice for vascular access but have a high risk of non-maturation due to insufficient vessel adaptation, a process dependent on nitric oxide (NO)-signaling. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with oxidative stress that can disturb NO-signaling. Here, we evaluated the influence of CKD on AV fistula maturation and NO-signaling.

Methods

CKD was established in rats by a 5/6^th nephrectomy and after 6 weeks, an AV fistula was created between the carotid artery and jugular vein, which was followed up at 3 weeks with ultrasound and flow assessments. Vessel wall histology was assessed afterwards and vasoreactivity of carotid arteries was studied in a wire myograph. The soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activator BAY 60–2770 was administered daily to CKD animals for 3 weeks to enhance fistula maturation.

Results

CKD animals showed lower flow rates, smaller fistula diameters and increased oxidative stress levels in the vessel wall. Endothelium-dependent relaxation was comparable but vasorelaxation after sodium nitroprusside was diminished in CKD vessels, indicating NO resistance of the NO-receptor sGC. This was confirmed by stimulation with BAY 60–2770 resulting in increased vasorelaxation in CKD vessels. Oral administration of BAY 60–2770 to CKD animals induced larger fistula diameters, however; flow was not significantly different from vehicle-treated CKD animals.

Conclusions

CKD induces oxidative stress resulting in NO resistance that can hamper AV fistula maturation. sGC activators like BAY 60–2770 could offer therapeutic potential to increase AV fistula maturation.     

尿毒症血液透析患者血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23与自体动静脉内瘘成熟不良的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨尿毒症血液透析患者血清脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2（Lp-PLA2）、成纤维细胞生长因子-23（FGF-23）与自体动静脉内瘘（AVF）成熟不良的关系。方法：选取2021年2月～2022年12月联勤保障部队第908医院肾内科收治的170例接受血液透析的尿毒症患者,根据AVF成熟情况分为成熟不良组57例和成熟组113例。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平。通过多因素Logistic回归分析尿毒症血液透析患者AVF成熟不良的影响因素,受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平对尿毒症血液透析患者AVF成熟不良的预测效能。结果：成熟不良组血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平高于成熟组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,血磷、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、Lp-PLA2、FGF-23升高为尿毒症血液透析患者AVF成熟不良的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平单独和联合预测尿毒症血液透析患者AVF成熟不良的曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.725、0.763、0.822,血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平联合预测的AUC最大。结论：尿毒症血液透析患者血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平升高与AVF成熟不良独立相关,血清Lp-PLA2、FGF-23水平联合对AVF成熟不良的预测效能良好。     

高通量血液透析对糖尿病肾病血液透析患者心脏功能及结构的影响及预后的影响因素分析

摘要 目的：探讨高通量血液透析对糖尿病肾病（DN）血液透析患者心脏功能及结构的影响,并分析预后的影响因素。方法：选取2017年5月~2018年11月期间我院收治的DN血液透析患者（n=172）,上述DN血液透析患者中普通透析治疗者60例（普通透析组）、高通量血液透析治疗者112例（高通量透析组）。普通透析组采用低通量透析治疗,高通量透析组采用高通量透析治疗,比较两组患者心脏功能及结构以及预后情况,采用单因素、多因素Logistic回归分析预后的影响因素。结果：高通量透析组治疗6个月后左心房内径（LAD）、左心室舒张末内径（LVDd）、左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI）低于治疗前和普通透析组（P<0.05）,高通量透析组治疗6个月后左心室射血分数( LVEF )高于治疗前和普通透析组（P<0.05）。高通量透析组的生存率高于普通透析组（P<0.05）。存活组年龄、上机前舒张压、上机前收缩压、血磷、全段甲状旁腺激素（iPTH）均低于死亡组（P<0.05）,存活组透析频率、白蛋白、血红蛋白均高于死亡组（P<0.05）,两组性别、血钙比较无差异（P>0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,上机前舒张压高、上机前收缩压高、血磷高、iPTH高、透析频率少、白蛋白低、血红蛋白低均是DN血液透析患者死亡的危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：高通量血液透析能减轻DN患者血液透析所引起的心脏功能及结构损伤,改善患者预后。影响DN血液透析患者预后的因素较多,其中上机前舒张压、上机前收缩压、血磷、iPTH越高,白蛋白、血红蛋白越低,透析频率越少,患者的死亡风险越大。     

Computational Study of Anastomosis Angle of Arteriovenous Fistula for Hemodialysis

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the endorsed method of vascular access for hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). However, more than 60% of AVF fail to mature for hemodialysis. Intimal hyperplasia leads to stenosis is the primary cause of fistula failure. Wall shear stress (WSS) is one of the important parameters that enact a crucial role in building of intimal hyperplasia. The prime purpose of this research work is to investigate the effect of anastomosis angle on WSS, pressure drop, venous outflow rate and identify the optimal angle of anastomosis of AVF, so that it helps to standardize the surgical technique. In this research work, three-dimensional idealized geometries of end-to-side type AVF for the four different angles of anastomosis are created. Numerical simulation performed using incompressible, Newtonian blood to calculate the WSS, blood flow rate at the distal end of the vein and pressure drop across the anastomosis for the three arterial inflow 350, 500 and 900 ml/min. For all three arterial inflow, the WSS is high at 75° compared to other angles and it is less at 60°. The WSS at 45° and 90° are moderate. The venous outflow is increasing with the increase in arterial inflow condition for all anastomosis angles except for 45°. The outflow rate at distal venous end is highest, 344.85 ml/min at 45° for 500 ml/min arterial inflow. Pressure drop high at 45° and lowest at 90°. The intensity of disturbed flow and recirculation zone was observed at the area of anastomosis and it is high at 75°. From the results and observations, it can be concluded that 45° angle is the best choice for the anastomosis of AVF. This finding will standardize the surgical technique and subsequently, it will help to mature the AVF early and for a long time.     

Structural and hydrodynamic simulation of an acute stenosis-dependent thrombosis model in mice

Platelet activation under blood flow is thought to be critically dependent on the autologous secretion of soluble platelet agonists (chemical activators) such as ADP and thromboxane. However, recent evidence challenging this model suggests that platelet activation can occur independent of soluble agonist signalling, in response to the mechanical effects of micro-scale shear gradients. A key experimental tool utilized to define the effect of shear gradients on platelet aggregation is the murine intravital microscopy model of platelet thrombosis under conditions of acute controlled arteriolar stenosis. This paper presents a computational structural and hydrodynamic simulation of acute stenotic blood flow in the small bowel mesenteric vessels of mice. Using a homogeneous fluid at low Reynolds number (0.45) we investigated the relationship between the local hydrodynamic strain-rates and the severity of arteriolar stensosis. We conclude that the critical rates of blood flow acceleration and deceleration at sites of artificially induced stenosis (vessel side-wall compression or ligation) are a function of tissue elasticity. By implementing a structural simulation of arteriolar side wall compression, we present a mechanistic model that provides accurate simulations of stenosis in vivo and allows for predictions of the effects on local haemodynamics in the murine small bowel mesenteric thrombosis model.