臭氧与海藻酸钠涂膜对葡萄的保鲜效果及其贮藏生理特性的影响

以采后"红地球"葡萄果实为试材,分别设置对照(CK)、250μL/L臭氧处理(O3)、0.3%海藻酸钠涂膜处理(M)、250μL/L臭氧+0.3%海藻酸钠涂膜处理(O3+M),在(0±0.5)℃条件下贮藏,通过测定贮藏过程中葡萄可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、呼吸强度、硬度、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、几丁质酶(CHI)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(GLU)的活性以及膜脂过氧化物质丙二醛(MDA)和总酚含量等的变化,统计果实失重率与腐烂率情况,观察各处理对葡萄保藏效果的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,250μL/L臭氧处理、0.3%海藻酸钠涂膜及250μL/L臭氧+0.3%海藻酸钠涂膜复合处理均能显著降低葡萄果实的失重率和腐烂率,抑制葡萄果实的呼吸上升,延缓硬度下降,提高果实抗性相关酶(POD、SOD、GLU、CHI)的活性,减少膜脂的过氧化程度,延缓果实总酚含量下降,有效改善葡萄的贮藏品质,并以250μL/L臭氧+0.3%海藻酸钠涂膜复合处理对葡萄果实保鲜效果最佳。     

采后枸杞鲜果褐变与其活性氧代谢的关系

以采后'宁杞3号'枸杞鲜果为试材,研究其在(4±1)℃和(10±1)℃贮藏过程中果实褐变与活性氧代谢的关系.结果表明:枸杞果实褐变指数在两种贮藏温度下的贮藏初期(0～10 d)增加幅度均较小(分别为17.6%和5.1%),(10±1)℃下的果实从第15天显著增大(64.1%),而(4±1)℃下从第20天显著增大(67.9%).(4±1)℃贮藏果实的超氧歧化酶(SOD)活性和还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量在采后贮藏的前10 d增大,之后降低,贮藏后期又增大;超氧阴离子(O2-)产量在采后0～5 d降低,而后逐渐增大;过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量在采后0～5 d增大.之后前者降低又缓慢升高.与(10±1)℃贮藏果实相比,(4±1)℃下贮藏果实O2-产量显著降低,H2O2含量在贮藏第5天和第25天也显著降低,MDA含量在贮藏5～20 d显著降低;SOD活性在贮藏5～10 d显著提高.过氧化氢酶(cAT)活性和AsA含量明显提高;多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性在贮藏15～25 d显著下降,总酚含量在贮藏5～20 d显著增加.研究发现,枸杞果实褐变可能是细胞活性氧代谢失调,使PPO与酚类物质接触,导致酚类物质氧化的结果;(4±1)℃低温贮藏能通过调整鲜果活性氧代谢来有效延缓褐变进程.     

脱落酸对甜椒幼苗抗寒性的诱导效应及其机理研究

以砂培甜椒幼苗为材料,先用不同浓度脱落酸(ABA)进行灌根处理,再分两组分别于常温(25℃～30℃)生长7 d(常温苗)或低温驯化(10℃～15℃)30 d(驯化苗)之后进行低温胁迫(5℃)处理,分析幼苗的生长状况及其细胞质膜伤害、渗透调节物质、活性氧清除系统、内源激素的变化特征,以探讨脱落酸对甜椒抗寒性的诱导效应及机理.结果显示,(1)各浓度ABA对甜椒常温苗和驯化苗的株高、茎重均无显著影响,但显著促进驯化苗的侧根生长,在低温胁迫下,显著降低驯化苗叶片的呼吸速率;(2)常温苗的相对电导率仅在10 mg/L ABA处理中比对照显著降低,而驯化苗在各处理浓度下均显著降低,MDA含量表现出与此类似的变化;(3)叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、钾离子等渗透调节物质含量在各浓度ABA处理常温苗和驯化苗中均有所增加,但仅脯氨酸含量的增加达到显著水平.(4)各浓度ABA处理都一定程度上提高了常温苗的SOD活性,显著降低了常温苗的CAT和POD活性,H2O2积累量均显著降低,但对于驯化苗,1.0 mg/L和10 mg/L ABA处理却显著降低其SOD活性,POD和CAT活性无显著差异,H2O2积累量也无显著变化.(5)茎尖的ZR、JA-Me含量及IAA/ZR、均与对照无显著差异,但IAA、ABA含量、ABA/ZR比值明显提高,其中1.0和10 mg/L处理的内源ABA含量以及10 mg/L处理的ABA/ZR比值显著高于对照.研究表明,脱落酸能通过降低甜椒幼苗呼吸速率,提高叶片脯氨酸、可溶性糖、钾离子等渗透调节物质以及ABA的积累来诱导增强甜椒幼苗的抗寒性,减少活性氧自由基的产生和累积量,从而减轻低温胁迫造成的伤害,且低温驯化条件下比常温下效果更加明显.     

纽荷尔脐橙留树和低温贮藏效果比较

以纽荷尔脐橙(citrus sinensis'Newhall')果实为试材,对50%留果量的留树贮藏和果实6℃低温贮藏过程中不同时期的果肉硬度、果皮总色差、O2产生速率、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量及脂氧合酶(LOX)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性进行测定.结果表明:两种贮藏方式下果肉硬度均下降,果皮总色差上升;LOX活性增加,SOD、CAT活性下降;O2、MDA、Pro积累,细胞膜受到伤害,导致胞内物质外流,细胞电导率增加.贮藏47d时,两种贮藏方式各指标基本上没有显著差异;贮藏47d至75d,留树贮藏的果实无论外观(果肉硬度、色泽)还是细胞膜的完整性都显著优于低温贮藏.     

低温和长时间储藏对烟草种子萌发及幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

以长时间贮藏和当年收获的烟草品种‘红花大金元’裸种为材料, 研究了16℃条件对烟草种子萌发、幼苗生长和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明, 当年收获种子在25℃下萌发率最高, 为95.9%, 长时间贮藏(15 年)种子在16℃下最低, 为67.8%; 长时间贮藏和低温均能显著降低种子的发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数。当年收获种子在25℃下根长度最长, 为2.71 cm, 长时间贮藏(15 年)种子在16℃下最低, 为0.91 cm, 长时间贮藏和低温均能抑制幼苗的根系生长。同一温度(16℃)下, 长时间贮藏和当年收获种子的SOD 和POD 活性差异不显著; 同一贮藏时间下, 低温和常温条件下种子幼苗SOD 和POD 活性均达差异显著水平。由此可见, 低温和长时间贮藏都能抑制种子的萌发和生长, 低温能显著降低幼苗抗氧化酶活性。     

不同贮藏条件对马铃薯微型种薯活力及生理特性的影响

以‘大西洋’、‘夏波蒂’2个品种的脱毒微型种薯为试验材料,分别在冷藏(4~6℃)、窖藏(8~12℃)和常温(18~22℃)条件下贮藏110 d,研究不同贮藏条件和温度对马铃薯微型种薯活力及生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)低温冷藏能显著提高微型种薯的活力,2个品种的活力指数分别比窖藏和常温贮藏高20.44%、20.28%和33.51%、35.46%。(2)冷藏与窖藏和常温贮藏相比,CAT活性高35.37%~48.25%、91.68%~125.23%,SOD活性高5.79%~6.60%、10.53%~12.81%,而MDA含量却降低30.47%~47.79%、85.54%~87.09%。(3)随着微型种薯的重量增加其活力指数显著提高,CAT和SOD活性也增加,而MDA含量逐渐降低。(4)经不同条件贮藏后,微型种薯的含水量呈下降趋势,以冷藏条件的含水量降低最少;可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,冷藏比窖藏和常温贮藏分别高14.63%~24.67%和25.5%~35.04%;淀粉含量表现为不同程度降低,以窖藏降低最少;可溶性糖含量虽有明显降低,但其含量变化无显著差异。说明低温贮藏可以使马铃薯微型种薯保持较高的活力,适合贮藏条件的顺序依次为:冷藏>窖藏>常温贮藏。     

1-甲基环丙烯采后处理对樱桃番茄果实成熟过程的影响

研究了不同浓度(0、0.035、0.07和0.11μL/L)的乙烯受体竞争性抑制剂1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)采后处理对绿熟期樱桃番茄的乙烯合成、果实软化、果实色素(叶绿素、茄红素、β-胡萝卜素)含量消长的影响.0.07 μL/L及其以上浓度的1-MCP降低了前期乙烯合成,同时推迟了乙烯释放高峰,但0.035 μL/L浓度的1-MCP处理并不能抑制内源乙烯合成.1-MCP显著延迟了果实软化和叶绿素降解,但并不影响这两个过程的启动.茄红素合成的启动和积累均受到了1-MCP抑制,而1-MCP并不推迟β-胡萝卜素合成的启动,只抑制其积累.这些结果提示了乙烯调节成熟生理过程的不同机制.对于绿熟期的樱桃番茄,0.07～0.11μL/L的1-MCP是实用的有效处理浓度.1-MCP有效浓度可能用于了解果实的乙烯受体水平和乙烯敏感性.     

百合珠芽与鳞茎营养成分及活性成分研究

对百合珠芽及鳞茎的营养成分及活性成分进行了分析和比较。采用国标法对百合珠芽及鳞茎的营养成分进行了分析;采用比色法对百合珠芽及鳞茎的活性成分进行了分析。基本营养成分分析表明,与百合鳞茎相比,百合珠芽中粗纤维和粗脂肪含量具有显著性差异(P0.05),粗脂肪含量低,粗纤维含量高,总糖、粗蛋白和灰分含量无显著性差异;元素分析结果表明,百合珠芽和鳞茎富含多种营养元素,其中钾含量较高,分别为1 943.52 mg/100g(DW)和2 026.15 mg/100g(DW);氨基酸分析表明,百合珠芽及鳞茎中氨基酸组成基本一致,脯氨酸含量最高,分别为2 260 mg/100g(DW)和2 010 mg/100g(DW);活性成分分析结果表明,与百合鳞茎相比,百合珠芽中总酚、总黄酮、生物碱及皂苷含量具有显著性差异(P0.05),珠芽中总酚、总黄酮及皂苷含量高,生物碱含量低,珠芽及鳞茎中总酚含量分别为1 025.86 mg/100g(DW)和875.52 mg/100g(DW)。百合珠芽和鳞茎皆营养丰富,从资源开发利用与营养学角度分析,百合珠芽具有重要的开发价值与应用前景。     

采收期和贮藏温度对金艳猕猴桃品质的影响

研究了金艳猕猴桃(Actinidia chinensis ×A. eriantha) 4个不同采收期(Ⅰ~Ⅳ)在常温[(23±1)℃]贮藏60 d,以及低温(4℃)贮藏2、4、6月后常温货架14 d内果实品质和果肉色彩的变化。结果表明：采收期Ⅰ和Ⅳ的果实在常温贮藏过程中呼吸高峰出现早、失重快,可滴定酸(TA)、维生素C(Vc)含量和果肉硬度迅速下降;而采收期Ⅱ和Ⅲ的果实呼吸高峰出现晚,保持了较高的TA、Vc含量和果肉硬度。4个采收期猕猴桃果实在常温贮藏期间,果实亮度L*、色度C*和色彩角h显著降低;而在低温贮藏后常温货架期间,果实色彩角h相对于亮度L*和色度C*变化更加明显。研究表明,采收期Ⅱ和Ⅲ为金艳猕猴桃的适宜采收期,色彩角h可以作为适宜的指标反映猕猴桃果实的后熟与衰老,而低温贮藏6个月金艳猕猴桃仍能保持较好的食用品质和色彩。     

钙对黄果柑果实3种抗氧化酶活性的影响

黄果柑为桔和橙的天然杂交种。以5年生黄果柑果树为材料,设置9个不同钙处理,研究钙对黄果柑果实成熟后期3种抗氧化酶(CAT、POD和SOD)活性的影响。结果表明:叶面、果面喷钙后增大了黄果柑成熟后叶片、果皮和果肉中钙的含量,且显著高于CK。钙处理后黄果柑果实抗氧化酶活性显著高于CK,果实成熟后10 d CAT和SOD活性出现一个高峰,之后迅速降低。果实成熟后POD活性显著低于对照,但始终保持较高水平。表明钙能有效地调控黄果柑果实3种抗氧化酶的活性,增强黄果柑果实活性氧清除能力。综合比较不同钙处理对黄果柑果实SOD、POD和CAT活性影响可见,以1.0 g/L氯化钙对3种抗氧化酶活性的调控作用最有效。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。