内蒙古典型草原马粪分解过程中氮素组分的变化

2008年6月至2009年9月,在野外条件下,采用堆置于地表和埋入地下2种处理方式,研究了内蒙古典型草原马粪分解过程中氮素组分的变化特征.结果表明:2种处理残留马粪中,氨态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮在分解前期(0～90 d)维持较高浓度,后期(330～ 450d)浓度显著降低;酸解未知氮和非酸解未知氮浓度随分解呈升高趋势,分解后期升高幅度更为明显.鲜马粪中,铵态氮是无机氮的主要存在形态,随分解呈逐渐降低趋势;鲜马粪中的硝态氮浓度较低,其在残留马粪中的淋溶损失较低,随分解逐渐累积.马粪埋入地下,对铵态氮以气态氨的挥发过程有显著影响,对其他氮素组分的影响不明显.马粪分解前期,氮素矿化的主要有机氮源为氨态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮,后期主要为酸解未知氮和非酸解未知氮.铵态氮的生物有效性主要体现在马粪分解前期,硝态氮则体现在分解后期.     

内蒙古典型草原马粪分解过程中氮素组分的变化

2008年6月至2009年9月,在野外条件下,采用堆置于地表和埋入地下2种处理方式,研究了内蒙古典型草原马粪分解过程中氮素组分的变化特征.结果表明： 2种处理残留马粪中,氨态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮在分解前期(0~90 d)维持较高浓度,后期(330~450 d)浓度显著降低;酸解未知氮和非酸解未知氮浓度随分解呈升高趋势,分解后期升高幅度更为明显.鲜马粪中,铵态氮是无机氮的主要存在形态,随分解呈逐渐降低趋势;鲜马粪中的硝态氮浓度较低,其在残留马粪中的淋溶损失较低,随分解逐渐累积.马粪埋入地下,对铵态氮以气态氨的挥发过程有显著影响,对其他氮素组分的影响不明显.马粪分解前期,氮素矿化的主要有机氮源为氨态氮、氨基酸态氮和氨基糖态氮,后期主要为酸解未知氮和非酸解未知氮.铵态氮的生物有效性主要体现在马粪分解前期,硝态氮则体现在分解后期.     

荒漠草原马粪中粪金龟子组成及分解作用

2007年4-10月,采用野外和室内实验相结合的方法,研究了荒漠草原马粪中的粪金龟子群落组成和对马粪分解的影响.共捕获粪金龟子13528头,隶属于3科4属26种,优势种为符号蜉金龟(Aphodius comma),占总捕获量的88.5%,不同季节粪金龟子群落组成明显不同;在鲜马粪中活动的粪金龟子以粪居型蜉金龟为主,在鲜马粪堆置3d时种数和个体数达到最高,6d后全部离开;马粪经过136 d分解,残留率为52.5%,残留粪样中氮和磷释放较慢,钾释放较快;结合室内分解实验的结果,认为粪金龟子主要通过在马粪中活动对其分解产生影响,并与风蚀作用成为荒漠草原马粪块破碎的重要动因,主要发生在春季和秋季.     

武夷山甜槠生态系统的养分平衡研究（英文）

本文通过比较大气降水的养分输入与由地表径流和地下渗流的养分输出,对武夷山甜槠林生态系统的养分平衡进行了研究。结果表明：在1993年4月至1994年4月期间,通过大气降水进入甜槠林的养分元素以N最高,为34.207kg·hm-2,其余依次为Ca(22.99kg·hm-2)、S(12.722kg·hm-2)、Na(6.679kg·hm-2)、K(3.558kg·hm-2)和Mg(2.057kg·hm-2),以P的输入最低,仅1.779kg·hm-2;由地表径流和地下渗流的养分输出总量N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Na分别为5.68、1.016、7.345、3.430、0.620、0.534、0.576kg·hm-2,以K的输出量最高,S的输出最少。其中,通过地下渗流的养分损失占输出总量的85.97％～96.38％,而地表径流的养分输出仅占总输出的3.62％～14.03％;在该系统中,N、Ca和S有大量的积累(分别为28.527、19.560和12.188kg·hm-2),Mg和Na有少量积累(分别为 1.437和6.103kg·hm-2),P基本上处于平衡状态(0.763kg·hm-2),而K则为净的输出损失(-3.787kg·hm-2)。岩石风化对于该生态系统K的补偿可能起重要作用,而其他养分元素仅通过降水输入即可得到补充。     

蚯蚓对麦秸分解速率的影响及其对氮矿化的贡献

蚯蚓在有机物分解和土壤的碳氮循环中起着重要作用.研究采用室内微宇宙模拟试验,研究接种不同密度的蚯蚓对秸秆分解和土壤氮素矿化的贡献.设置3个处理,HDT为接种6条蚯蚓,LDT为接种2条(相当于田间蚯蚓密度水平),ZDT为不接种作为对照.结果表明:整个分解过程中,蚯蚓的引入加速了秸秆的分解,尤其在分解前期,处理ZDT与HDT、LDT处理之间无论是分解率还是分解速率差异显著(P < 0.05),随着蚯蚓密度的增加,蚯蚓在分解过程中的作用比例增大.秸秆分解的整个过程中,蚯蚓对氮的矿化速率,HDT、LDT两个处理都递减,并且到后期两个处理趋于一致(HDT处理为24.2～14.0 kg · hm-2 · a-1,LDT处理为20.3～10.7 kg · hm-2 · a-1),说明从长期来看,在田间蚯蚓密度水平上增大蚯蚓的密度并不能增大基于地下食物网的蚯蚓对氮的矿化速率.     

季节性冻融期间亚高山森林凋落物的质量损失及元素释放

季节性冻融期间的凋落物分解对季节性冻土区的森林生态系统过程可能具有重要的影响,但已有的研究报道很少.因此,采用凋落物分解袋法研究了岷江冷杉 (Abies faxoniana Rehder & E. H. Wilson)林和白桦(Betula platyphylla Sukaczev)林凋落叶的分解.一个季节性冻融期间,冷杉林和白桦林凋落物的质量损失率分别为(19.4 ±2.0)%和(21.5±3.5)%,约为1a中凋落物分解的64.5%和65.6%,表明季节性冻融对亚高山森林凋落物分解影响显著.冷杉凋落物中C、N、P、K、Ca和Mg的释放率为(15.0±1.0)%、(34.1±3.6)%、(17.0±0.9)%、(22.8±5.9)%、(20.1±0.1)%和(36.3±2.1)%,白桦凋落物中C、N、P、K、Ca和Mg的释放率为(20.7±0.1)%、(29.4±3.4) %、(15.7±1.3)%、(16.8±5.1)%、(21.3±1.8)%和(20.5±2 8)%.结合叶凋落物产量可以推断,冷杉林凋落物在一个季节性冻融期间释放到土壤的N、P、K、Ca、Mg为(10.17±1.14) kg · hm-2、(0.68±0.08) kg · hm-2、(4.08±0.46) kg · hm-2、(0.46±0.05) kg · hm-2、(0.09±0.01) kg · hm-2,白桦林为(5.61±1 12) kg · hm-2、(0.34±0.07) kg · hm-2、(1.21±0.24) kg · hm-2、(0.300±0.059) kg · hm-2、(0.051±0.010) kg · hm-2,这对于春季亚高山森林植物生长具有重要的生态学意义.     

种植密度和施氮水平对小麦吸收利用土壤氮素的影响

2011-2013小麦季,在大田条件下设置2个氮肥水平(180和240kgN· hm-2)和3个种植密度(135、270和405万·hm-2),并将15N-尿素分别标记在20、60和100 cm土层处,研究种植密度-施氮互作对小麦吸收、利用土壤氮素及硝态氮残留量的影响.结果表明:种植密度从135万·hm-2增加至405万·hm-2,小麦在20、60和100 cm土层的15N吸收量分别增加1.86、2.28和2.51 kg·hm-2,地上部氮素积累量和吸收效率分别提高12.6％和12.6％,氮素利用效率降低5.4％;施氮量由240 kg N·hm-2降至180 kg N·hm-2,小麦在20、60 cm土层的15N吸收量分别降低4.11和1.21 kg·hm-2,在100 cm土层的15N吸收量增加1.02 kg·hm-2,地上部氮素积累量平均降低13.5％,氮素吸收效率和利用效率分别提高9.4％和12.2％.施氮180kg N·hm-2+种植密度为405万·hm-2处理与施氮240 kg N·hm-2+种植密度为270或405万·hm-2处理相比,其籽粒产量无显著差异,深层土壤氮素的吸收量显著提高,氮素吸收效率和利用效率分别提高13.4％和11.9％,O～ 200 cm土层的硝态氮积累量及100～ 200 cm土层硝态氮分布比例降低.在适当降低氮肥用量条件下,通过增加种植密度可以促进小麦吸收深层土壤氮素,减少土壤氮素残留,并保持较高的产量水平.     

长白山北坡土壤氮矿化时空分异特征

利用土壤温度连续观测数据,基于文献报道的土壤氮矿化测定数据,对长白山主要林型的年矿化量进行模拟计算,同时修正了以往利用气温计算造成的偏差以及相关模型中的参数错误.根据长白山各植被带的土壤温度观测数据,对各植被带的矿化量进行估计.位于基带的针阔混交林的矿化量为58.5 kg · hm-2 · a-1,红松云冷杉林为34.5 kg · hm-2 · a-1,岳桦云冷杉林为28.5 kg · hm-2 · a-1,苔原为19.6 kg · hm-2 · a-1.建立了通用于各植被带的土壤矿化对温度(t)的综合回归模型(y=0 038255e(0.1392t)).同时用所建立的综合方程,模拟计算了各海拔高度土壤氮矿化季节变化,并指出海拔每升高100m矿化速率降低2.31 kg · hm-2 · a-1.     

京郊典型集约化"农田-畜牧"生产系统氮素流动特征

城郊畜牧业的集约化发展在满足人们日益增长的肉蛋奶等动物性产品需求的同时,也带来了巨大的环境压力。本文利用养分流动和模型分析的方法,分析北京市郊区某村三种不同类型"农田-畜牧"生产系统(大型集约化种猪场、种养结合小规模生态养殖园和集约化单一种植区)的氮素流动特征。结果表明:饲料是集约化种猪场和生态养殖园氮素输入的主要来源,饲料投入氮量分别为12469.0和9268.5 kg.hm-.2a-1);集约化种猪场农牧体系间生产脱节,致使农田氮素输入主要依赖于化肥投入,化肥氮输入量(435.0 kg.hm-.2a-1)占农田氮素输入量的82.7%。相反,生态养殖园农牧体系结合紧密,猪粪尿氮还田比例达28.6%,这使得园区化肥氮输入量仅为135.0 kg.hm-.2a-1,因此畜禽粪尿的合理循环利用可作为减少化肥投入的有效途径;集约化种猪场、生态养殖园和单一种植区农牧生产系统氮素利用效率分别为18.8%、20.6%和17.3%,均处于较低水平;集约化种猪场猪粪尿在猪舍和储藏处理过程的氮素损失率为15.8%和25.4%,分别低于小规模生态养殖园相应损失率约8.7和4.8个百分点;生态养殖园粪肥氮还田量高,导致农田氮素盈余量高达1962.8 kg.hm-.2a-1,未能实现生态型养殖的理想效果,优化氮素管理、确定合理的消纳畜禽粪尿的农田面积和调整畜禽养殖密度是解决该问题的关键。     

施硫肥对内蒙古典型草原放牧生态系统硫循环的影响及硫肥需要量的研究

应用总体平衡(mass-balance)法研究了施硫肥(0, 30及60 kg S/hm2)对内蒙古典型草原放牧生态系统硫循环的影响及在硫肥需要量上的应用.结果表明,施硫肥使牧草硫的吸收量提高了50%,并使放牧系统硫的生物循环速率提高了15%以上.1995和1996年两年内两种硫肥处理30 和 60 kg S/hm2的硫的利用效率分别为74.0% 和 37.6%.当其他硫的来源较低时,土壤中有机硫的矿化是草原有效硫的主要来源,约占整个有效硫输入量的70%.放牧家畜在物质循环中具有重要的生态功能,其硫采食量的90%左右以排泄物的形式返回到土壤,经过排泄物而释放的有效硫量约占硫的生物再循环量的30%.土壤中硫的淋溶损失是放牧系统中硫的主要输出形式;同时,家畜尿和粪中硫的损失(包括转移到非生产区和淋溶损失)也影响着放牧系统硫的平衡状况.因此,应该深入研究粪尿硫的再循环速率及其影响因素.基于总体平衡原则,该地区放牧系统中至少每年应施入10 kg S/hm2才能保持有效硫的平衡状态.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.