COPD大鼠模型在不同时期细胞转录因子NF-κB变化及意义

目的：建立分别由吸烟以及气管内滴注脂多糖导致慢性阻塞性肺病小鼠模型,并研究核因子-κB在（COPD）的作用。方法：我们将50只wistar鼠随机分成2组,1组为正常对照组,2组为COPD进展组。COPD进展组又进一步分为暴露香烟烟雾及气管内滴注脂多糖1周、2周、3周、4周、5周。预备好的小鼠被解剖观察,肉眼观察小鼠外形及肺组织标本,显微镜下观察肺脏的病理改变。分析PH、氧分压、二氧化碳分压,NF-κB的活性被测量。结果：COPD小鼠模型肺组织的病理改变如同COPD患者,不同暴露组的实验小鼠细胞总数结果表明,实验小鼠COPD肺组织的病理改变和人类COPD的病理改变是一致的。动脉血气分析结果显示暴露与烟雾及气管内滴注脂多糖4周的小鼠与正常对照组比较血PH、氧分压是降低的,而二氧化碳分压是升高的。结论：NF-κB在促进肺部炎症反应中起着重要的作用,通过活化肿瘤坏死因子及肺泡巨噬细胞。     

内皮祖细胞移植在慢性阻塞性肺疾病小鼠体内分布

目的:观察经气管移植内皮祖细胞(EPCs)在烟雾暴露所致慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型小鼠中的分布及分化.方法:体外分离小鼠骨髓单个核细胞于EGM-2MV培养基中培养并鉴定.24只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常对照组、COPD+PBS干预组及COPD+EPCs干预组;香烟烟雾暴露90 d建立慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)小鼠模型;烟雾暴露结束后,COPD+PBS干预组及COPD+EPCs干预组分别经气管注入30 μ LPBS和30 μ L细胞悬液(含1×105个CM-DiI标记EPCs).移植后观察30 d处死小鼠,通过荧光显微镜观察移植细胞在肺内的分布及通过免疫荧光检测广谱细胞角蛋白的表达水平.结果:EPCs移植后30d可见EPCs分布于肺血管及气道,部分细胞表达上皮特异标志广谱细胞角蛋白.结论:EPCs移植后可定植COPD模型小鼠肺血管及气道,且可能转化为支气管及肺泡上皮细胞.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠模型病变特点的研究

目的 研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)大鼠模型肺表面活性物质相关蛋白A(Surfactant protein A, SP-A)表达及肺组织超微结构变化特点.方法 运用气管内滴注脂多糖加烟熏28天法建立COPD大鼠模型.观察大鼠一般状态、用免疫组化法检测SP-A表达及透射电镜观察肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞超微结构变化.结果 各组SP-A平均肺泡阳性细胞数与空白组比较有显著差异(P＜0.01).结论 用气管内滴注脂多糖加烟熏28天法建立的COPD大鼠模型可靠,造模停止两周后模型稳定.     

香烟烟雾和脂多糖对大鼠肺组织热休克蛋白70表达的影响

目的观察香烟烟雾和脂多糖对大鼠肺组织Hsp70表达的影响。方法48只成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为6组:健康对照30d组、健康对照3个月组、单纯薰香烟30d组、单纯薰香烟3个月组、单纯气管注入脂多糖组、薰香烟30d加气管注入脂多糖组,每组8只。采用SABC免疫组化法观察Hsp70在各组大鼠肺组织中的表达。结果(1)健康对照30d组、健康对照3个月组、单纯薰香烟30d组、单纯薰香烟3个月组Hsp70阳性产物的平均吸光度值分别为0·194±0·027,0·189±0·025,0·339±0·049,0·147±0·033。单纯薰香烟30d组与健康对照组30d相比大鼠肺组织Hsp70水平显著升高(P<0·05);单纯薰香烟3个月组与健康对照3个月组相比大鼠肺组织Hsp70水平显著降低(P<0·05);单纯薰香烟3个月组与单纯薰香烟30d组相比大鼠肺组织Hsp70水平显著降低(P<0·05)。(2)健康对照30d组、单纯气管注入脂多糖组、薰香烟30d加气管注入脂多糖组Hsp70阳性产物的平均吸光度值分别为0·194±0·027,0·285±0·059,0·143±0·024。单纯气管注入脂多糖组与健康对照30d组相比大鼠肺组织Hsp70水平显著升高(P<0·05);薰香烟30d加气管注入脂多糖组与健康对照30d组相比大鼠肺组织Hsp70水平显著降低,差异具有显著性(P<0·05);薰香烟30d加气管注入脂多糖组与单纯气管注入脂多糖组相比大鼠肺组织Hsp70水平显著降低(P<0·05)。结论香烟烟雾或脂多糖短期暴露使大鼠肺组织Hsp70表达升高;香烟烟雾长期暴露或香烟烟雾与脂多糖短期联合暴露使大鼠肺组织Hsp70表达降低。提示Hsp70可能与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发病有一定关系。     

加味参苓白术散对COPD大鼠血清IL-8和TNF-α的影响

目的:观察加味参苓白术散对COPD肺脾气虚证大鼠血清IL-8和TNF-α的影响。方法:将大鼠随机分为空白组、模型组及加味参苓白术散低、中、高剂量组。除空白组外,其余四组采用气管滴注脂多糖加烟熏28天的方法复制COPD模型,大黄水煎液灌胃8天的方法复制肺脾气虚证的模型,药物干预组给予加味参苓白术散治疗。HE染色观察肺组织病理情况,酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清中IL-8、TNF-α的表达情况。结果:药物干预组大鼠炎性细胞浸润以及肺大泡融合等症状相较于模型组明显缓解,血清IL-8、TNF-α的表达降低。结论:加味参苓白术散能够改善COPD肺脾气虚证大鼠肺组织病理损伤,降低血清炎症因子IL-8、TNF-α的表达,改善炎症。     

PRMT6过表达在NF-κB/p65介导小鼠肺气肿炎症反应中的作用

[目的]观察蛋白精氨酸甲基转移酶6(PRMT6)过表达在NF-κB/p65介导小鼠肺气肿模型炎症反应中的作用及机制。[方法]80只Balb/c小鼠暴露于香烟烟雾建立肺气肿模型,随机分为阴性对照组、模型组、阳性对照组(空白慢病毒载体气管内滴注)和PRMT6过表达组(PRMT6慢病毒载体气管内滴注)各20只。HE法观察肺组织形态学,Western Blot测定肺组织PRMT6表达。ELISA测定肺泡灌洗液(BALF)和肺组织匀浆中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-8(IL-8)水平。[结果]与阴性对照组比较,模型组和阳性对照组小鼠气道阻力、BALF和肺组织匀浆TNF-α及IL-8水平、肺组织NF-κB/p65表达均升高,动态肺顺应性、肺组织PRMT6相对表达量降低(P<0.05);与模型组和阳性对照组比较,PRMT6过表达组小鼠气道阻力、BALF和肺组织匀浆TNF-α及IL-8水平、肺组织NF-κB/p65表达降低,动态肺顺应性、肺组织PRMT6相对表达水平升高(P<0.05)。[结论]PRMT6过表达可能通过抑制肺气肿小鼠肺组织NF-κB/p65核转位,发挥抗炎作用,改善肺功能。     

大气细颗粒物致炎动物模型系统评价

目的 探索大气污染对动物的致病机制,对BALB/c小鼠采用无创性气管滴注PM2.5颗粒悬浮液的方法,构建大气污染致炎动物模型。方法 将150只SPF级BALB/c小鼠随机分成空白对照组、生理盐水组、PM2.5低度组(2.5 mg/kg)、PM2.5中度组(5 mg/kg)和PM2.5高度组(10 mg/kg)共5组,各剂量组气管滴注第3天,第7天、第21天、第35天、第49天,气管滴注操作完成后24 h采取组织样本,采用ELISA、肺组织病理HE染色的方法,来验证无创性气管滴注方法的可行性和致炎模型构建成功与否。结果 本建模方法,成功率高达96%。采用气管滴注法,建模小鼠肺组织炎症评分与气道滴注时间的延长和剂量呈正相关。PM2.5暴露后,肺内有大量淋巴细胞聚集及吞噬颗粒的巨噬细胞浸润,肺泡间隔增宽。各暴露组分别与生理盐水对照组、空白组比较,肺泡灌洗液中炎症因子IL-6、肺组织匀浆中TNF-α水平增高,高剂量组差异最显著。结论 本实验用气管滴注法建立小鼠致炎模型成功,并证明此方法简单、可靠,可广泛用于小鼠呼吸系统重复滴注,有利于进一步研究大气污染及其他致炎机制。     

小鼠烟雾吸入伤后肺组织中IKK／NF-KB表达的变化及意义

目的：探讨IKK／NF—kB调控的炎症反应在小鼠烟雾吸入伤后早期肺组织损伤中的作用。方法：建立小鼠烟雾吸入伤模型,将60只C57BL／6小鼠随机分成正常对照组,烟雾吸入性损伤后2h、8h和24h组,观察肺组织病理改变,免疫组织化学测定肺组织NF-kBp65,IKK1和IKK2的表达,酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定肺组织TNF-α,IL-6和IL-1β含量。结果：病理切片显示正常对照组小鼠肺组织无明显异常,烟雾吸入后2h,8h,24h组肺部出现不同程度的炎细胞浸润、出血、水肿等;伤后2h组、8h组、24h组肺组织NF—KBp65、IKK1、IKK2免疫组化评分均高于正常组小鼠（P〈0．05）;肺组织TNFa、IL-6和IL-18含量在烟雾吸入后2h、8h、24h均高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：NF—KB信号通路与烟雾吸入伤早期肺内大量炎症因子的释放密切相关,可能是导致伤后肺组织病理性损伤的重要因素。     

虫草提取物对肺纤维化小鼠的抗氧化作用研究

目的：探讨虫草提取物对小鼠肺纤维化过程中脂质过氧化的影响。方法：昆明种小鼠144只,随机分为假手术组、模型组、虫草提取物高、中、低剂量组和醋酸泼尼松组,每组24只。除假手术组外其余各组小鼠采用气管内一次性滴注盐酸博莱霉素,假手术组小鼠气管内一次性滴注等体积生理盐水。造模后第二天开始给药,假手术组和模型组分别灌服等体积的生理盐水。各组动物于7,14,28d随机处死8只,分别观察各组小鼠肺系数、肺组织羟脯氨酸（HYP）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性及血清中MDA的含量和SOD的活性,并取固定部位肺组织做病理组织学检查。结果：虫草提取物能明显降低肺纤维化小鼠肺系数和肺组织HYP的含量,并可提高血清和肺组织中SOD的活性,降低血清和肺组织中MDA的含量。病理组织学检查表明,虫草提取物明显改善实验性小鼠肺纤维化。结论：虫草提取物对小鼠肺纤维化具有一定的干预作用,其机制可能与抗脂质过氧化有关。     

气管内反复滴入脂多糖法建立大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病模型

目的评价脂多糖(LPS)诱发大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)模型的可行性。方法气管内滴入脂多糖或生理盐水,每周1次,共8周。测定大鼠的气道阻力(RL)和肺动态顺应性(Cdyn),计数大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中白细胞总数及分类,肺组织病理切片行HE和AB-PAS染色,并测定肺组织粘蛋白(MUC5AC)的含量。结果模型组大鼠RL明显升高(87.5%),Cdyn显著下降(16.4%);BALF中白细胞总数及分类中的中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞和单核巨噬细胞数均明显高于对照组;光镜下可见病变呈慢性支气管炎及肺气肿样改变。结论反复气管内滴入LPS可用于制备大鼠COPD模型,其肺功能、BALF细胞学及病理学改变符合人类COPD表现,可以用于实验研究。     

N-myc 下游调节基因-2 过表达对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:研究N-myc下游调节基因-2(NDRG2)过表达对大鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:以肺缺血再灌注损伤为模型,将已转染的过表达NDRG2重组腺病毒经气管滴注的方法使大鼠肺泡上皮细胞NDRG2过表达。用Western-blot法检测大鼠肺组织内目的蛋白过表达情况。用ELISA法检测白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)以及白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的水平,肺组织湿干重比值(W/D)检测肺组织的水肿,双荧光素酶报告系统检测核转录因子kappa B(NF-κB)的活性,HE染色检测肺组织病理变化。结果:在肺缺血再灌注损伤中,过表达NDRG2可抑制炎症因子l L-1β、TNF-α以及IL-6的表达,明显减轻肺水肿,抑制NF-κB的活性和病理组织的炎性改变。结论:NDRG2过表达可减轻缺血再灌注所致急性肺损伤,这可能与其抑制炎症反应有关。     

脂多糖和石墨粉诱导小鼠急性肺损伤病理形态学比较

目的通过比较脂多糖（LPS）和石墨粉颗粒分别诱导小鼠急性肺损伤的病理形态学差异,探讨不同来源细颗粒物成分导致急性肺损伤的可能机制。方法将140只SPF级18~20 g雄性KM小鼠随机分为7组,除正常对照组外其他组经气管内分别滴注LPS溶液及石墨粉混悬液制备急性肺损伤小鼠。记录各组动物死亡率,光镜和透射电镜下观察各组小鼠不同时间点肺组织病理变化。Western Blot检测肺组织中NE的蛋白表达,实时定量PCR法检测肺组织中MCP-1的mRNA表达。结果与正常对照组相比,G（石墨粉）组和L（LPS）组均有不同程度病理学改变,G组小鼠肺部有大量巨噬细胞渗出,L组小鼠肺部渗出物以中性粒细胞为主;肺组织中NE蛋白表达均高于正常对照组（P〈0.05）,且L组与G组之间差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;肺组织中MCP-1mRNA表达均高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,且L组与G组之间也有显著差异（P〈0.01）。结论不同来源颗粒物引起肺部的病理损伤不同,可能引起炎症反应的机制也存在差异,即成分复杂的细颗粒物导致急性肺损伤的机制可能存在混合性。     

Bach1与Nrf2调控γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶对大鼠慢性阻塞性肺疾病的作用

为了探讨Bach1 (BTB and CNC homology 1)与红系衍生的核因子相关因子2（Nrf2）和γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶（γ-GCS）的表达变化在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）中的作用和意义,用气管内注入脂多糖及熏香烟的复合刺激法建立大鼠COPD 模型．观察两组大鼠的肺组织病理学改变,测两组大鼠的肺功能指标;应用免疫组化、Western印迹、原位杂交和逆转录 聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）等方法检测Bach1与Nrf2及γ GCS 在两组大鼠的肺组织中的表达．结果显示,COPD组的肺功能指标（FEV_0.3、FEV_0.3/FVC%、PEF）明显恶化;光镜下肺组织病理改变符合COPD的特征性改变;γ GCS与Nrf2 的mRNA及蛋白质表达在COPD组大鼠肺组织中明显增强;而Bach1 mRNA及蛋白质在COPD组和对照组的表达无明显差别．且核/胞浆分离技术表明,Nrf2蛋白在对照组主要表达于胞浆,胞核中表达水平较弱,在COPD组胞浆、胞核均有表达,但是在胞核中的水平明显升高;Bach1蛋白在对照组主要表达于胞核中,胞浆中无明显表达,在COPD组主要表达于胞浆,胞核中无明显表达．相关性分析表明,γ-GCS mRNA与FEV_0.3、FEV_0.3/FVC%、PEF均呈负相关;Nrf2蛋白表达与γ GCS mRNA呈正相关;Bach1蛋白与γ GCS mRNA呈负相关．上述结果提示,Bach1与Nrf2和γ-GCS可能均在大鼠COPD的发病中发挥作用,且Bach1和Nrf2可能通过竞争性机制调控γ-GCS的表达,影响COPD的发生和发展．     

Regulatory effects of estrogen on acute lung inflammation in mice

The role of estrogen in the regulation of the inflammatory response is not well defined. In this study, we investigated the effects of ovarian hormones on the acute inflammatory response in mouse lungs. Acute lung injury was induced by intratracheal instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in male, female, and ovariectomized (OVX) mice. End points of injury were polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) content in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids, myeloperoxidase activity in whole lung, and leak of albumin into the lung. After intratracheal instillation of LPS, all end points of injury were substantially increased in male and OVX mice compared with the female mice with intact ovaries. BAL fluids of all mice showed similar levels of chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein MIP-2, KC, and monocyte chemoattractant proteins MCP-1 and MCP-3) and TNF-, but enhanced levels of IL-1 were found in OVX and male mice. Serum levels of IL-6 and ICAM-1 levels in lung homogenates from OVX and male mice, compared with those in female mice with intact ovaries, were also enhanced after instillation of LPS. Albumin and PMN content in LPS-injured lungs were reduced to levels found in female mice after administration of estradiol in OVX mice and corresponded to reduced IL-1, IL-6, and ICAM-1 levels. These data suggest that estrogen suppresses lung inflammatory responses in mice through an effect on vascular cell adhesion molecules and proinflammatory mediators. lipopolysaccharide; vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; interleukin-1; interleukin-6     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠转录因子KLF2对Nrf2调控γ-GCS表达的影响

目的:研究肺Krüppel样转录因子(KLF2/LKLF)在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)大鼠肺组织中的表达,探讨KLF2与红系衍生因子2(Nrf2)之间的关系以及对抗氧化酶γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合酶(γ-GCS)表达的影响。方法:复制大鼠COPD模型,应用免疫组化、Western blot、原位杂交和RT-PCR方法检测KLF2、Nrf2、γ-GCS蛋白及mRNA的表达,并行相关分析。同时利用免疫共沉淀技术(CO-IP)研究KLF2与Nrf2蛋白之间的相互关系。结果:免疫组化及Western blot结果显示COPD组KLF2、Nrf2、γ-GCS蛋白水平较对照组明显升高(P<0.05);原位杂交及RT-PCR显示KLF2、γ-GCS mRNA水平在COPD组显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而Nrf2 mRNA在两组表达无明显差异(P>0.05);CO-IP结果显示在Nrf2抗体捕获的免疫沉淀中,KLF2抗体可杂交出明显的蛋白条带(P<0.01);直线相关分析发现KLF2蛋白与Nrf2蛋白呈正相关(P<0.05),KLF2、Nrf2蛋白与γ-GCS蛋白及mRNA均呈正相关(均P<0.05)。结论:KLF2在COPD肺组织中表达上调,可能通过活化Nrf2,促进Nrf2核积聚上调γ-GCS的基因表达,在氧化失衡中发挥作用。     

Intratracheal anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody attenuates ventilator-induced lung injury in rabbits.

To evaluate the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the pathogenesis of ventilator-induced lung injury, we 1) measured TNF-alpha production in the lung caused by conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) and 2) evaluated the protective effect of anti-TNF-alpha antibody (Ab) in saline-lavaged rabbit lungs. After they received saline lung lavage, rabbits were intratracheally instilled with 1 mg/kg of polyclonal anti-TNF-alpha Ab in the high-dose group (n = 6), 0.2 mg/kg of anti-TNF-alpha Ab in the low-dose group (n = 6), serum IgG fraction in the Ab control group (n = 6), and saline in the saline control group (n = 7). Animals then underwent CMV for 4 h. Levels of TNF-alpha in lung lavage fluid were significantly higher after CMV than before in both control groups. Pretreatment with intratracheal instillation of high and low doses of anti-TNF-alpha Ab improved oxygenation and respiratory compliance, reduced the infiltration of leukocytes, and ameliorated pathological findings. CMV led to TNF-alpha production in the lungs, and intratracheal instillation of anti-TNF-alpha Ab attenuated CMV-induced lung injury in this model.     

Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in allergic and endotoxin-induced airway inflammation in mice

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has recently been forwarded as a critical regulator of inflammatory conditions, and it has been hypothesized that MIF may have a role in the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Hence, we examined effects of MIF immunoneutralization on the development of allergen-induced eosinophilic inflammation as well as on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neutrophilic inflammation in lungs of mice. Anti-MIF serum validated with respect to MIF neutralizing capacity or normal rabbit serum (NRS) was administered i.p. repeatedly during allergen aerosol exposure of ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice in an established model of allergic asthma, or once before instillation of a minimal dose of LPS into the airways of mice, a tentative model of COPD. Anti-MIF treatment did not affect the induced lung tissue eosinophilia or the cellular composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the asthma model. Likewise, anti-MIF treatment did not affect the LPS-induced neutrophilia in lung tissue, BALF, or blood, nor did it reduce BALF levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha). The present data suggest that MIF is not critically important for allergen-induced eosinophilic, and LPS-induced neutrophilic responses in lungs of mice. These findings do not support a role of MIF inhibition in the treatment of inflammatory respiratory diseases.     

Successful establishment of primary small airway cell cultures in human lung transplantation

Background

Although both animal and human studies suggested the association between placenta growth factor (PlGF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), especially lung emphysema, the role of PlGF in the pathogenesis of emphysema remains to be clarified. This study hypothesizes that blocking PlGF prevents the development of emphysema.

Methods

Pulmonary emphysema was induced in PlGF knock-out (KO) and wild type (WT) mice by intra-tracheal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE). A group of KO mice was then treated with exogenous PlGF and WT mice with neutralizing anti-VEGFR1 antibody. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and VEGF were quantified. Apoptosis measurement and immuno-histochemical staining for VEGF R1 and R2 were performed in emphysematous lung tissues.

Results

After 4 weeks of PPE instillation, lung airspaces enlarged more significantly in WT than in KO mice. The levels of TNF-α and MMP-9, but not VEGF, increased in the lungs of WT compared with those of KO mice. There was also increased in apoptosis of alveolar septal cells in WT mice. Instillation of exogenous PlGF in KO mice restored the emphysematous changes. The expression of both VEGF R1 and R2 decreased in the emphysematous lungs.

Conclusion

In this animal model, pulmonary emphysema is prevented by depleting PlGF. When exogenous PlGF is administered to PlGF KO mice, emphysema re-develops, implying that PlGF contributes to the pathogenesis of emphysema.