半湿润地区氮磷钾配施对强筋小麦功能叶光合速率的影响

选用优质强筋小麦品种陕253为材料,研究了不同氮磷钾肥水平及组合对小麦生育后期主茎、主茎分蘖Ⅰ和主茎分蘖Ⅱ功能叶净光合速率的影响,结果表明:在不同的NPK肥配比处理中,功能叶净光合速率在蘖位、叶位间差异均极其显著,不同生育期间存在明显差异,具体表现为:孕穗期高于灌浆期,主茎>主茎分蘖Ⅰ>主茎分蘖Ⅱ,旗叶高于倒二叶.孕穗期以N225P120K120处理对茎蘖功能叶光合速率影响最为明显,分别比CK1和CK2增加20.41%和25.76%;灌浆期以N135P225K120处理对茎蘖旗叶净光合速率作用显著,分别比CK1和CK2增加43.48%和10.83%.研究发现,在一定磷钾肥基础上通过调节氮肥可以调节孕穗期茎蘖功能叶净叶光合速率,提高钾肥用量有利于提高灌浆期各茎蘖功能叶的净光合速率.     

谷子孕穗期抗旱指标筛选

为研究谷子孕穗期在干旱环境的形态、生理、生化性状变化趋势,筛选谷子孕穗期抗旱性鉴定指标,以20个谷子品种为试验材料,在模拟干旱棚中分析了谷子孕穗期干旱胁迫条件下形态和生理、生化指标的变化。试验表明:单穗重、单穗粒重、株高、穗下茎长、千粒重与抗旱指数的相关性显著,可作为孕穗期抗旱性的形态指标;叶绿素含量、可溶性糖、丙二醛含量和超氧化岐化酶活性(SOD)4个指标与抗旱指数的相关性显著,可作为孕穗期的生理、生化指标。通过主成分分析确立了千粒重、单穗重、叶绿素和SOD等4个指标的相对值为谷子孕穗期抗旱性综合指标,以抗旱指数为因变量,4个综合指数为自变量建立的回归方程对供试品种的抗旱性进行预测具有高的准确性。     

东北地区谷子地方品种和育成品种表型比较分析

我国东北地区谷子育种经历了从地方品种到育成品种的转变,但其具体表型性状等变化尚不清楚。本研究在敖汉旗对我国东北地区120个谷子地方品种和育成品种进行表型鉴定,并分析了遗传多样性,结果表明:东北地区谷子品种以绿幼苗、绿叶鞘、纺锤松散穗、黄粒、黄米型为主。育成品种晚熟、生物量大且高产,表现在出苗至抽穗、开花、成熟的时间以及播种至成熟的时间均极显著大于地方品种;主茎直径、叶片数、旗叶宽度均极显著大于地方品种;主穗重、主穗粒数极显著大于地方品种,主穗粒重和产量显著大于地方品种,但千粒重极显著小于地方品种,说明育成品种主要通过增加穗粒数来实现产量提升。遗传多样性指数分析发现,参试品种各性状遗传多样性指数大小顺序为:产量性状(2.0063)形态性状(1.9655)生育期(1.7238)质量性状(0.6370);地方品种护颖颜色、粒色、米色遗传多样性指数明显高于育成品种,说明谷子育种使粒色米色越来越趋于一致。基于30个性状的标准化数据,将参试品种聚为两类,聚类结果与品种来源地没有明显关联。类群Ⅰ为早熟、低产品种,且幼苗叶色、米色均为绿色和黄色;类群Ⅱ为晚熟、高产品种。根据10个主要表型性状,筛选出综合性状优良的红谷子、燕谷18等种质资源,可供东北地区谷子育种重点利用。     

‘寒富’苹果二倍体及其同源四倍体叶片超微结构和叶绿素荧光参数特征

采用扫描电镜和石蜡切片法,以‘寒富’苹果二倍体及经秋水仙素加倍获得的同源四倍体植株为材料,比较两种倍性植株叶片超微结构、叶绿素含量及叶绿素荧光参数的日变化规律。结果显示:(1)与二倍体植株相比较,其同源四倍体叶片厚度、栅海比、气孔长、气孔宽、分别增加了15.1%、16.1%、70.5%、27.2%,而气孔密度显著减少了58.7%;其同源四倍体叶保卫细胞中叶绿体数和叶绿素含量分别比二倍体植株高出125.3%、37.7%。(2)‘寒富’苹果同源四倍体与其二倍体的叶绿素荧光参数PSⅡ的原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ的潜在光化学效率(Fv/F0)和以吸收光能为基础的光合性能指数(PI)值的日变化趋势相似,但PI平均值比二倍体显著高出38.6%。研究表明,同源四倍体较二倍体叶片在形态上更大、更厚,气孔更大、密度更小,栅海比更大,表现出抗病的叶片结构;同时同源四倍体较二倍体含有更高的叶绿素含量,表现更优良的光合特性。     

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,在相同土壤含水量下,小麦旗叶SPAD值、光合速率、Fv／Fo和Fv／Fm均表现为随着施氮量的增加而升高;增加施氮量有利于提高穗数,但过多（300kg／hm^2）或过少（150kg/hm^2）施氮均不利于穗粒数和干粒重的提高,而导致减产。在相同施氮量下,均表现为花后土壤含水量60％～70％处理的旗叶SPAD值、光合速率、Fv／Fo和Fv／Fm最高,40％～50％处理最低,80％～90％处理居中,花后土壤含水量过高（80％～90％）或过低（40％-50％）导致穗粒数减少,千粒重降低,最终使产量降低。表明花后土壤含水量过高或过低均影响小麦旗叶的光合特性降低,而适当增施氮肥可以改善旗叶的光合特性,增加粒重,提高产量。     

黄瓜属不同倍性异源多倍体的形态及生理特性分析

以黄瓜属3种不同倍性异源多倍体为试验材料,比较分析它们的形态和生理特性与基因组剂量的关系,为进一步研究黄瓜属基因组剂量效应、探讨植物多倍体进化机理奠定基础。结果表明:(1)黄瓜属异源四倍体与种间杂种F1相比,其叶片厚度、主蔓直径等性状随基因组剂量的增加而增大,而果实大小、主蔓节间长以及果瘤果刺的大小随基因组剂量的增加而减小。(2)在异源三倍体中,叶片厚度和主蔓直径等表型性状也表现出一定的基因组剂量效应。(3)基因组剂量的变化会引起黄瓜属异源多倍体中叶绿素含量、POD活性以及IAAi、PA和ZR等内源激素的变化。     

不同品质类型小麦非叶光合器官光合荧光特性研究

以强筋(郑麦9023)、中筋(新麦13)和弱筋(豫麦50)型小麦品种为试材,测定了它们非叶光合器官的叶绿素含量、荧光动力学参数、净光合速率及对籽粒的贡献率.结果显示,不同品质类型小麦非叶光合器官叶绿素含量表现为旗叶鞘>穗下节间>芒>穗部颖片,各非叶光合器官开花18d后叶绿素含量均表现为弱筋小麦>中筋小麦>强筋小麦;弱筋小麦的非叶光合器官在灌浆前期具有较高的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ值,在灌浆后期其Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ值下降幅度显著小于强筋小麦并有较高的净光合速率;非叶光合器官对籽粒的相对贡献率依次为穗部>旗叶>节鞘,且对弱筋小麦籽粒的贡献率高于中筋和强筋小麦,其中节鞘和穗对弱筋小麦粒重的相对贡献率分别为15.7%和35.4%.研究表明,弱筋小麦豫麦50的非叶光合器官能维持较较强的光合能力,生产更多的光合产物,花后形成的光合产物对其粒重的增加起重要作用.     

间作对桑树和谷子生长和光合日变化的影响

以桑树和谷子为研究材料,探讨了大田条件下,桑树-谷子间作对桑树和谷子的干物质生产、土地利用率和光合日变化的影响.结果表明：桑树-谷子间作条件下,间作桑树的株高、地茎、根长和枝条数分别比单作桑树增加了6.0%、13.7%、6.8%和14.8%,且间作桑树的产叶量比单作桑树增加了31.3%;间作谷子与单作比较,其株高和根长的变化不大.桑树-谷子间作增加了土地当量比,提高了土地利用率.单作、间作桑树和谷子叶片在12:00时均表现出明显的光合午休现象,且单作桑树的光合午休现象比间作桑树严重.桑树-谷子间作提高了中午时桑树叶片气孔导度和水分利用率,增加了桑树光合碳同化能力,抑制了桑树叶片实际光化学效率、电子传递速率和最大光化学效率的下降,从而减缓了桑树的“光合午休”现象.桑树 谷子间作能明显提高桑树叶片的光合生产能力.     

分期施氮与CO2浓度升高对小麦光合及其物质积累和产量的互作效应

采用开顶式气室和盆栽方法,以冬小麦品种‘小偃22’为材料,探讨了分期施氮与CO2浓度升高对小麦抽穗期和灌浆中期旗叶光合、地上部物质积累和产量的互作效应.结果显示:(1)不施氮条件下CO2浓度升高对小麦旗叶叶绿素含量(SPAD)和可溶性蛋白含量、光合能力、地上部花后干物质和氮素累积量、籽粒产量的影响不明显(P>0.05)或产生显著负效应;在施氮(300mg/kg土)条件下各指标均不同程度增加,且大多数达到显著水平.(2)与氮肥全部基施相比,分期施氮时CO2浓度升高使灌浆期旗叶光合能力、地上部花后干物质和氮素累积以及产量增加的幅度较大,其中以播前、返青期和孕穗期施氮比例为5∶3∶2时最明显.研究表明,适当分期施氮可能更有利于发挥CO2浓度升高对冬小麦的增产作用.     

陕北谷子品种更替过程中产量及农艺性状的演变

选择不同年代(1960s—1970s、1980s—1990s、2000s—2010s)在陕北种植的6个谷子品种为试验材料,于2018—2019年在陕西榆林进行田间试验,研究分析了不同年代品种谷子产量及其农艺性状的演变特征。结果表明: 随年代更替,谷子品种产量呈现明显增加趋势,2000s—2010s选育的品种平均产量分别为0.46(2018)和0.66 kg·m^-2(2019),较2000s前的品种显著增产,增产幅度22%～53%;株高、穗重、叶重和杆重与产量趋势类似;而千粒重和穗长表现相对稳定,随品种更替并未呈现明显变化;旗叶宽度虽然变幅不大,但随品种更替呈明显增大趋势。相关性分析表明,穗重、杆重、叶重和株高与产量之间呈极显著相关。主成分分析显示,2000s—2010s谷子品种具有更大的优势。陕北谷子品种更替过程中主要通过株高和穗重的改良来增加单位面积产量,未来谷子高产育种应注重株高、穗重、杆重和叶重性状改良,尤其应探索适合机械收割的最优株高。     

Dryland Wheat Domestication Changed the Development of Aboveground Architecture for a Well-Structured Canopy

We examined three different-ploidy wheat species to elucidate the development of aboveground architecture and its domesticated mechanism under environment-controlled field conditions. Architecture parameters including leaf, stem, spike and canopy morphology were measured together with biomass allocation, leaf net photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i). Canopy biomass density was decreased from diploid to tetraploid wheat, but increased to maximum in hexaploid wheat. Population yield in hexaploid wheat was higher than in diploid wheat, but the population fitness and individual competition ability was higher in diploid wheats. Plant architecture was modified from a compact type in diploid wheats to an incompact type in tetraploid wheats, and then to a more compact type of hexaploid wheats. Biomass accumulation, population yield, harvest index and the seed to leaf ratio increased from diploid to tetraploid and hexaploid, associated with heavier specific internode weight and greater canopy biomass density in hexaploid and tetraploid than in diploid wheat. Leaf photosynthetic rate and WUE_i were decreased from diploid to tetraploid and increased from tetraploid to hexaploid due to more compact leaf type in hexaploid and diploid than in tetraploid. Grain yield formation and WUE_i were closely associated with spatial stance of leaves and stems. We conclude that the ideotype of dryland wheats could be based on spatial reconstruction of leaf type and further exertion of leaf photosynthetic rate.     

Polyploidy and cellular mechanisms changing leaf size: comparison of diploid and autotetraploid populations in two species of Lolium

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Growth and development of plant organs, including leaves, depend on cell division and expansion. Leaf size is increased by greater cell ploidy, but the mechanism of this effect is poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, the role of cell division and expansion in the increase of leaf size caused by polyploidy was examined by comparing various cell parameters of the mesophyll layer of developing leaves of diploid and autotetraploid cultivars of two grass species, Lolium perenne and L. multiflorum. METHODS: Three cultivars of each ploidy level of both species were grown under pot conditions in a controlled growth chamber, and leaf elongation rate and the cell length profile at the leaf base were measured on six plants in each cultivar. Cell parameters related to division and elongation activities were calculated by a kinematic method. KEY RESULTS: Tetraploid cultivars had faster leaf elongation rates than did diploid cultivars in both species, resulting in longer leaves, mainly due to their longer mature cells. Epidermal and mesophyll cells differed 20-fold in length, but were both greater in the tetraploid cultivars of both species. The increase in cell length of the tetraploid cultivars was caused by a faster cell elongation rate, not by a longer period of cell elongation. There were no significant differences between cell division parameters, such as cell production rate and cell cycle time, in the diploid and tetraploid cultivars. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated clearly that polyploidy increases leaf size mainly by increasing the cell elongation rate, but not the duration of the period of elongation, and thus increases final cell size.     

Determination of the ploidy level in chamomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch.) strains rich in alpha-bisabolol

The present study aimed to identify morphological traits whose performance depends on plant ploidy in Chamomilla recutita. Flowerhead diameter, 100-flowerhead weight, 1000-seed weight, pollen grain diameter, stoma length, and number of chloroplasts per guard cell, were examined in 5 tetraploid and 5 diploid strains. Out of these traits, stoma length, number of chloroplasts per guard cell, 100-flowerhead weight, and 1000-seed weight, proved to be significantly higher in tetraploid than in diploid strains, and can be used for indirect identification of tetraploid and diploid genotypes in various developmental stages of this species.     

不同倍性大青杨的光合特性及叶片解剖结构比较

通过对二年生二倍体、三倍体和四倍体大青杨叶片结构和光合特性的研究,探讨不同倍性大青杨生长性状差异的原因。结果表明：不同倍性大青杨的净光合速率（Pn）、光饱和点（LSP）、光补偿点（LCP）等光合指标差异显著。三倍体的最大净光合速率（Pmax）高出二倍体21%。叶片厚度、表皮细胞厚度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度的比值,都是三倍体和四倍体大青杨比二倍体高,且均呈现增加的趋势。其中,四倍体大青杨表皮细胞最厚,上下表皮分别高出二倍体64%和17%。三倍体大青杨的栅栏组织厚度及栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度的比值最大,比值高出二倍体50%。通过叶片光合特性和解剖结构比较证明,三倍体和四倍体大青杨对光的适应性和光合作用能力强于二倍体。     

不同倍性水稻亚种间杂种小孢子发生的细胞学观察

利用塑料半薄切片对水稻同源四倍体亚种间杂种F1及其对应的二倍体杂种F1小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程的细胞学变化进行观察研究.结果表明,同源四倍体水稻亚种间杂种造孢细胞期和小孢子母细胞期已经表现出较高频率的异常;减数分裂过程中,小孢子母细胞出现异常更加复杂,主要包括小孢子母细胞液泡化和退化两大类,这些异常是导致杂种花粉败育和花粉低育性的重要原因之一;此外,绒毡层异常也是导致杂种的花粉育性降低的因素.二倍体杂种小孢子母细胞在减数分裂过程的异常类型与水稻同源四倍体亚种间杂种基本相似,其绒毡层异常频率较低,对其花粉低育性影响不大.     

In vitro regeneration ability of diploid and autotetraploid plants of Cichorium intybus L.

Polyploidy has played a significant role in the evolutionary history of plants and is a valuable tool for obtaining useful characteristics. Because of the novelty of polyploids, comparison of their in vitro culture responses with diploids would be notable. In this study, leaf explants from diploid, autotetraploid and mixoploid plants of Cichorium intybus L. were cultured in vitro on the similar media and under same conditions. The ploidy level of the obtained calluses and regenerants were determined by flow cytometry analysis. The callogenic response of leaf explants cultured on the callus induction medium did not depend on the ploidy level of their parental plants. According to the flow cytometry analysis, the increased ploidy levels (4x) and (8x) were observed in the callus cultures with diploid and tetraploid origin, respectively. A considerable difference was observed between the ploidy level of mixoploid plants and their calluses, indicating the dominance of diploid cells in the callus tissue. The results showed that polyploidy led to the loss of organogenic potential as the tetraploid origin calluses failed to regenerate, while the diploid origin calluses successfully regenerated to whole plants.     

石斛属植物倍性与形态学性状的相关性研究

采用根尖压片法对55份石斛属资源的倍性进行了鉴定,并测量它们的气孔长度、气孔密度、叶长、叶宽、叶厚、株高、茎粗、花朵直径和花瓣厚度9个形态学性状。结果显示:(1)55份供试石斛属资源材料中有:四倍体40份、占72.73%,三倍体11份、占20.00%,二倍体4份、占7.27%。(2)对石斛属倍性与9个形态学性状进行相关分析表明,气孔长度、叶长、叶宽、叶厚、茎粗、花朵直径和花瓣厚度7个性状与染色体倍性呈极显著正相关,气孔密度与染色体倍性呈极显著负相关,株高与染色体倍性相关性不显著。     

同源四倍体紫菜薹的诱导鉴定及其营养品质比较

该研究以二倍体紫菜薹为材料,采用浓度为0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的秋水仙素溶液,在二倍体紫菜薹生长至子叶期时对植株茎尖生长点进行4次点滴处理,鉴定筛选同源四倍体紫菜薹并进行二倍体和四倍体紫菜薹的营养品质比较。结果表明:(1)使用浓度为0.2%秋水仙素溶液点滴4次对紫菜薹的处理效果最好,四倍体紫菜薹的诱导率为6.62%。(2)在形态学上,四倍体植株的叶片、花簇、花器官、角果和种子与二倍体相比都在巨大性上呈现出明显差异;在解剖学上,四倍体植株在气孔密度减小的同时气孔变大,其花粉表现出矩形、梯形以及其他一些不规则的形状;在细胞学上,四倍体和二倍体植株的染色体数目分别为40条和20条;流式细胞仪鉴定结果显示,四倍体植株的DNA分子荧光强度(2 092 385.03)约为二倍体植株(956 725.15)的2倍。(3)植株营养品质方面,四倍体紫菜薹的游离氨基酸、叶绿素总浓度分别比二倍体植株显著增加了228.58%、110.02%,但四倍体紫菜薹的硝态氮、可溶性蛋白、维生素C、可溶性糖、纤维素总含量分别比二倍体植株显著减少了48.99%、43.20%、45.81%、44.50%、59.97%。(4)与二倍体植株相比,四倍体紫菜薹的单株质量、十叶厚、叶宽、叶柄宽都有不同程度的增加,叶片开展度有一定程度的降低。研究发现,秋水仙素诱导产生四倍体紫菜薹的最适浓度为0.2%;四倍体紫菜薹表现出明显的高产性,但多数营养品质极显著低于二倍体紫菜薹。     

同源四倍体铁皮石斛的生长及多糖积累

通过秋水仙素诱导铁皮石斛多倍体,以外观形态、气孔、染色体数目筛选多倍体植株,分析多倍化对铁皮石斛多糖累积及生长的影响。结果表明,同源四倍体铁皮石斛茎、叶及原球茎的多糖含量分别是二倍体的1.31、1．83及1．95倍,但生长速度显著或极显著低于对照。ISSR分析显示,同源四倍体植株产生较明显的基因变异。