施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶衰老及粒重的影响

在防雨池栽培条件下,研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对小麦旗叶衰老和粒重的影响.结果表明：各氮肥处理下,小麦旗叶SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和光合速率（P_n）均表现为：花后土壤含水量60%～70%处理>80%～90%处理>40%～50%处理,小麦旗叶丙二醛（MDA）含量表现为：花后土壤含水量40%～50%处理>80%～90%处理>60%～70%处理,表明花后土壤含水量过高或过低均可导致小麦旗叶早衰,影响籽粒灌浆,降低粒重.在花后相同土壤含水量条件下,旗叶SPAD值、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD活性、CAT活性和P_n均随施氮量的增加而升高,MDA含量随施氮量的增加而降低,表明增施氮肥可以延缓小麦旗叶衰老,但过量施用氮肥则不利于小麦粒重的提高,尤其是在花后土壤缺水的情况下,施用过多氮肥可导致小麦粒重下降.在小麦生产中可以将施用氮肥和控制花后土壤水分含量相结合,延缓小麦植株衰老,提高粒重.     

施氮对冬小麦旗叶RuBP羧化酶活性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以大穗型小麦品种'兰考矮早8'和多穗型品种'豫麦49-198'为材料,采用盆栽试验研究了不同施氮量对两种穗型冬小麦品种旗叶RuBP(1,5二磷酸核酮糖)羧化酶和PEPC(磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶)活性及叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的影响.结果表明,在本试验条件下,随着花后天数的增加,两小麦品种旗叶RuBP羧化酶和PEPC活性总体呈下降趋势;随着施氮量的增加,RuBP羧化酶和PEPC活性呈增加趋势,其中RuBP羧化酶活性多数以N4(N 4.8 g/盆)处理最高,PEPC活性多数以N3(N 3.6 g/盆)处理最高.随着施氮量的增加,两小麦品种旗叶Fv/F0、Fv/Fm和qP均呈增加趋势,且以N4 (N 4.8 g/盆)处理的值最高,并且处理之间的差异达显著水平(P<0.05).研究发现,本试验条件下,适量施用氮肥有利于小麦旗叶RuBP羧化酶和PEPC活性的增加及叶绿素a荧光动力学参数Fv/F0和Fv/Fm的提高,从而有助于光合同化物的积累和小麦穗粒重的提高.     

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对优质强筋小麦产量和品质的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对优质强筋小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在同一施氮量条件下,表现为花后土壤含水量过高(80%～90%)或过低(40%～50%)导致穗粒数减少,千粒重降低,最终使产量降低.在同一土壤含水量下,表现为增加施氮量有利于提高穗数,但过多(300kg/hm2)或过少(150kg/hm2)施氮均不利于穗粒数和千粒重的提高,而导致减产.在同一土壤含水量下,总蛋白质、醇溶蛋白、麦谷蛋白含量及谷/醇比随着施氮量的增加而增加.在同一施氮量条件下,总蛋白质及各组分均随着土壤含水量的增加而降低,同时谷/醇比也降低.在同一施氮量下,花后土壤含水量过高(80%～90%)或过低(40%～50%)均不利于淀粉及其组分含量的提高.在同一土壤含水量下,过高(300kg/hm2)或过低(150kg/hm2)施用氮肥均不利于淀粉及其组分含量的提高.只有保持适宜的花后土壤含水量和施适宜的氮肥才有利于支/直比的提高.适量增施氮肥或花后土壤含水量适宜可提高小麦的加工品质.这说明在小麦生产中可以通过施用氮肥和控制花后土壤水分含量技术,调控小麦品质和产量的形成,从而实现优质高产.     

氮素形态对不同专用型小麦生育后期光合特性及穗部性状的影响

采用盆栽的方法研究了氮素形态对不同专用型小麦生育后期光合特性及穗部性状的影响,结果表明：强筋型豫麦34在硝态氮处理下,生育后期衰老延缓,旗叶保持较高的光合速率、PSI活性(Fv／Fo)、PS Ⅱ最大光能转换效率(Fv／Fm)、实际光化学效率(фPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)较高,非光化学猝灭系数(qN)降低,发生光抑制的可能性较小,穗部性状较好,穗粒重最高。中筋型豫麦49和弱筋型豫麦50在酰胺态氮处理下,光合和荧光参数较优,穗粒重较高,有利于实现高产。     

水肥运筹对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

研究了不同灌水次数及等氮量不同施氮方式对优质强筋小麦品种郑麦9023旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光参数等光合性能及产量的影响。结果表明,旗叶Pn、PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv／Fo)、PSⅡ的光化学最大效率(Fv／Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)及产量在不同灌水次数间的差异均达到显著或极显著水平,其中不灌水处理与灌水处理间的差异较大;在不同施氮处理问,氮肥全部基施与返青期追施(占40％)处理间植株旗叶的Pn、Fv／Fo、Fv／Fm、qP和qN差异不大,但两处理的上述光合参数及产量均明显低于拔节期或孕穗期追施(40％)处理,表明拔节期或孕穗期追施氮肥有助于减缓旗叶光合功能的衰退,延长叶片功能期,提高植株的光合产物积累。研究结果还表明,水、氮运筹对Pn、叶绿素荧光参数及产量性状的调控存在显著的互作效应,其中以灌拔节水 孕穗水并于孕穗期追施氮肥(W2N4)处理组合表现最好。     

花后干旱或渍水下氮素供应对小麦光合和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

防雨池栽条件下,设置渍水、干旱和对照3个土壤水分处理,每水分处理下再设置两个施氮水平,研究了花后渍水和干旱逆境下氮素水平对两个蛋白质含量不同的小麦品种光合特性和籽粒淀粉积累的影响.结果表明,与对照相比,花后渍水和干旱处理显著降低小麦旗叶净光合速率和SPAD值,干物质积累量下降.干旱处理下,增施氮肥提高旗叶光合速率和SPAD值,渍水处理下则相反.水分逆境明显降低籽粒可溶性总糖含量,且渍水处理下增施氮肥降低小麦叶片和籽粒可溶性总糖含量,干旱状态下规律相反.渍水处理下增施氮肥降低淀粉积累速率.水分逆境明显降低小麦粒重、产量和淀粉产量,且干旱处理下增施氮肥有利于籽粒重、产量和淀粉产量的提高,而渍水下增施氮肥使粒重和产量进一步降低.试验结果表明,花后渍水和干旱逆境下施用氮肥对小麦旗叶光合速率和籽粒淀粉积累有明显的调节效应.     

土壤水分对不同专用小麦后期光合特性及产量的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了土壤水分对专用小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明,强筋小麦豫麦34旗叶叶绿素计读数(SPAD值)、PSⅡ活性(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)在土壤相对含水量60%(FC)的条件下最高,光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)、有效电子传递速率(ETR)和传递的量子产率(Φ2)在80%FC下最高;高产小麦豫麦49旗叶SPAD值、qP、qN、ETR均以80%FC下最高,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和φ2受土壤水分影响不大;弱筋小麦豫麦0,除qN在80%FC下最低外,其余光合特性参数均以80%FC的条件下最高.豫麦34产量和蛋白质含量均以60%FC最高,且产量达极显著差异;豫麦49和豫麦0籽粒蛋白质含量以40%FC最高,籽粒产量以80%FC最高,且豫麦49产质差异均达显著水平,而豫麦0的产量差异达极显著水平.     

土壤水分对不同专用小麦后期光合特性及产量的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了土壤水分对专用小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明,强筋小麦豫麦34旗叶叶绿素计读数(SPAD值)、PSⅡ活性(Fv/Fo)和PSⅡ最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)在土壤相对含水量60%(FC)的条件下最高,光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)、有效电子传递速率(ETR)和传递的量子产率(Φ2)在80%FC下最高;高产小麦豫麦49旗叶SPAD值、qP、qN、ETR均以80%FC下最高,Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm和φ2受土壤水分影响不大;弱筋小麦豫麦0,除qN在80%FC下最低外,其余光合特性参数均以80%FC的条件下最高.豫麦34产量和蛋白质含量均以60%FC最高,且产量达极显著差异;豫麦49和豫麦0籽粒蛋白质含量以40%FC最高,籽粒产量以80%FC最高,且豫麦49产质差异均达显著水平,而豫麦0的产量差异达极显著水平.     

不同品质类型小麦非叶光合器官光合荧光特性研究

以强筋(郑麦9023)、中筋(新麦13)和弱筋(豫麦50)型小麦品种为试材,测定了它们非叶光合器官的叶绿素含量、荧光动力学参数、净光合速率及对籽粒的贡献率.结果显示,不同品质类型小麦非叶光合器官叶绿素含量表现为旗叶鞘>穗下节间>芒>穗部颖片,各非叶光合器官开花18d后叶绿素含量均表现为弱筋小麦>中筋小麦>强筋小麦;弱筋小麦的非叶光合器官在灌浆前期具有较高的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ值,在灌浆后期其Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ值下降幅度显著小于强筋小麦并有较高的净光合速率;非叶光合器官对籽粒的相对贡献率依次为穗部>旗叶>节鞘,且对弱筋小麦籽粒的贡献率高于中筋和强筋小麦,其中节鞘和穗对弱筋小麦粒重的相对贡献率分别为15.7%和35.4%.研究表明,弱筋小麦豫麦50的非叶光合器官能维持较较强的光合能力,生产更多的光合产物,花后形成的光合产物对其粒重的增加起重要作用.     

施氮量和花后土壤含水量对强筋小麦籽粒淀粉合成及品质的影响

以强筋小麦品种'济麦20'为材料,在防雨池栽培条件下研究了施氮量和花后土壤含水量对强筋小麦籽粒淀粉合成及其品质的影响,以明确强筋小麦获得高产优质的花后适宜土壤含水量及施氮量.结果表明:在同一施氮量下,适宜的花后土壤含水量(60%～70%)籽粒游离态淀粉合成酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性在籽粒发育过程中一直最高,有利于直链淀粉、支链淀粉的积累和支链淀粉/直链淀粉比的提高,提高峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度和衰减值;花后土壤含水量过高(80%～90%)或过低(40%～50%)均导致籽粒SSS和GBSS活性降低,从而使直链淀粉、支链淀粉的积累量降低,减小支链淀粉/直链淀粉比,使峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度降低.(2)在同一土壤含水量下,增施氮肥不利于灌浆前期SSS和GBSS活性和直链淀粉、支链淀粉积累量的提高,并且随着土壤含水量增加增施氮肥该趋势加重;适量增施氮肥能提高支链淀粉/直链淀粉比和峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度,过多或过少施氮则降低支/直比和峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度.研究认为,在本试验条件下,适量增施氮肥(纯氮225 kg/hm2)或适宜的花后土壤含水量(60%～70%)可促进强筋小麦籽粒淀粉的合成,有效改善其淀粉品质.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。